Anthracene

Names
IUPAC name

Anthracene

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 120-12-7 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

Beilstein Reference

| 1905429
ChEBI |

* CHEBI:35298 Y

ChEMBL |

* ChEMBL333179 Y

ChemSpider |

* 8111 Y

DrugBank |

* DB07372 Y

EC Number |

* 217-004-5

Gmelin Reference

| 67837
KEGG |

* C14315 Y

PubChem CID

* 8418

RTECS number |

* CA9350000

UNII |

* EH46A1TLD7 Y

InChI

* InChI=1S/C14H10/c1-2-6-12-10-14-8-4-3-7-13(14)9-11(12)5-1/h1-10H Y

Key: MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/C14H10/c1-2-6-12-10-14-8-4-3-7-13(14)9-11(12)5-1/h1-10H

Key: MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYAK

SMILES

* c1ccc2cc3ccccc3cc2c1

Properties

Chemical formula

| C14H10
Molar mass | 178.234 g·mol−1
Appearance  | Colorless
Odor | Weak aromatic
Density | 1.28 g/cm3 (25 °C)[1]
0.969 g/cm3 (220 °C)
Melting point |  216 °C (421 °F; 489 K)[1] at 760 mmHg
Boiling point |  341.3 °C (646.3 °F; 614.5 K)[1] at 760 mmHg

Solubility in water

| 0.022 mg/L (0 °C)
0.044 mg/L (25 °C)
0.29 mg/L (50 °C)
0.00045% w/w (100 °C, 3.9 MPa)[2]
Solubility | Soluble in alcohol, (C2H5)2O, acetone, C6H6, CHCl3,[1] CS2[3]
Solubility in ethanol | 0.76 g/kg (16 °C)
19 g/kg (19.5 °C)
3.28 g/kg (25 °C)[3]
Solubility in methanol | 18 g/kg (19.5 °C)[3]
Solubility in hexane | 3.7 g/kg[3]
Solubility in toluene | 9.2 g/kg (16.5 °C)
129.4 g/kg (100 °C)[3]
Solubility in carbon tetrachloride | 7.32 g/kg[3]
log P | 4.56
Vapor pressure | 0.01 kPa (125.9 °C)
0.1 kPa (151.5 °C)[4]
13.4 kPa (250 °C)[5]

Henry's law
constant (kH)

| 0.0396 L·atm/mol[6]
UV-vis (λmax)  | 345.6 nm, 363.2 nm[5]

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| −129.8×10−6 cm3/mol[7]
Thermal conductivity | 0.1416 W/(m·K) (240 °C)
0.1334 W/(m·K) (270 °C)
0.1259 W/(m·K) (300 °C)[8]
Viscosity | 0.602 cP (240 °C)
0.498 cP (270 °C)
0.429 cP (300 °C)[8]
Structure

Crystal structure

| Monoclinic (290 K)[9]

Space group

| P21/b[9]

Point group

| D52h[9]

Lattice constant

a = 8.562 Å, b = 6.038 Å, c = 11.184 Å[9]

α = 90°, β = 124.7°, γ = 90°

Thermochemistry[10]

Heat capacity (C)

| 210.5 J/(mol·K)

Std molar
entropy (S ~~o~~ 298)

| 207.5 J/(mol·K)

Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)

| 129.2 kJ/mol

Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298)

| 7061 kJ/mol[5]
Hazards
GHS pictograms | [11]
GHS Signal word | Warning

GHS hazard statements

| H302, H305, H315, H319, H335, H410[11]

GHS precautionary statements

| P261, P273, P305+351+338, P501[11]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

[12]

Flash point |  121 °C (250 °F; 394 K)[11]

Autoignition
temperature

|  540 °C (1,004 °F; 813 K)[11]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 100-149 mg/kg (rats, oral)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Fluorescence of Anthracene under UV light

Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar. Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400–500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Occurrence and production
* 2 Reactions
* 2.1 Reduction
* 2.2 Cycloadditions
* 2.3 With electrophiles
* 3 Uses
* 3.1 Niche
* 3.2 Derivatives
* 4 Occurrence
* 5 Toxicology
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Cited sources
* 9 External links

## Occurrence and production

Coal tar, which contains around 1.5% anthracene, remains a major source of this material. Common impurities are phenanthrene and carbazole. The mineral form of anthracene is called freitalite and is related to a coal deposit.[14] A classic laboratory method for the preparation of anthracene is by cyclodehydration of o-methyl- or o-methylene-substituted diarylketones in the so-called Elbs reaction, for example from o-tolyl phenyl ketone.[15]

## Reactions

### Reduction

Reduction of anthracene with alkali metals yields the deeply colored radical anion salts M+[anthracene]− (M = Li, Na, K). Hydrogenation gives 9,10-dihydroanthracene, preserving the aromaticity of the two flanking rings.[16]

### Cycloadditions

Anthracene photodimerizes by the action of UV light:

The dimer, called dianthracene (or sometimes paranthracene), is connected by a pair of new carbon-carbon bonds, the result of the [4+4] cycloaddition. It reverts to anthracene thermally or with UV irradiation below 300 nm. Substituted anthracene derivatives behave similarly. The reaction is affected by the presence of oxygen.[17][18]

Anthracene also reacts with dienophile singlet oxygen in a [4+2]-cycloaddition (Diels–Alder reaction):

### With electrophiles

Chemical oxidation occurs readily, giving anthraquinone, C14H8O2 (below), for example using hydrogen peroxide and vanadyl acetylacetonate.[19]

Electrophilic substitution of anthracene occurs at the 9 position. For example, formylation affords 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde. Substitution at other positions is effected indirectly, for example starting with anthroquinone.[20] Bromination of anthracene gives 9,10-dibromoanthracene.[21]

## Uses

Anthracene is converted mainly to anthraquinone, a precursor to dyes.[22]

### Niche

Anthracene, a wide band-gap organic semiconductor is used as a scintillator for detectors of high energy photons, electrons and alpha particles. Plastics, such as polyvinyltoluene, can be doped with anthracene to produce a plastic scintillator that is approximately water-equivalent for use in radiation therapy dosimetry. Anthracene's emission spectrum peaks at between 400 nm and 440 nm.

It is also used in wood preservatives, insecticides, and coating materials.[citation needed]

Anthracene is commonly used as a UV tracer in conformal coatings applied to printed wiring boards. The anthracene tracer allows the conformal coating to be inspected under UV light.[23]

### Derivatives

False-color AFM image of anthracene diradical, where hydrogen atoms are removed at carbons 9 and 10

A variety of anthracene derivatives find specialized uses. Derivatives having a hydroxyl group are 1-hydroxyanthracene and 2-hydroxyanthracene, homologous to phenol and naphthols, and hydroxyanthracene (also called anthrol, and anthracenol)[24][25] are pharmacologically active. Anthracene may also be found with multiple hydroxyl groups, as in 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene.

Learned uses of Anthracene, includes in the synthesis of Bisantrene, Trazitiline, Benzoctamine & BRN 2382808 (antidepressant with CNS stimulant properties).

In addition, P. Rajagopalan reported a cycloaddition antidepressant made from anthracene with a potency that easily surpasses amitriptyline or imipramine.[26]

## Occurrence

Anthracene, as many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is generated during combustion processes. Exposure to humans happens mainly through tobacco smoke and ingestion of food contaminated with combustion products.

## Toxicology

Many investigations indicate that anthracene is noncarcinogenic: "consistently negative findings in numerous in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests". Early experiments suggested otherwise because crude samples were contaminated with other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, it is readily biodegraded in soil. It is especially susceptible to degradation in the presence of light.[22]

## See also

* 9,10-Dithioanthracene, derivative with two thiol groups added to the central ring
* Phenanthrene
* Tetracene

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Haynes, p. 3.28
2. ↑ Haynes, p. 5.157
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 81. https://archive.org/details/solubilitiesino01seidgoog.
4. ↑ Haynes, p. 6.116
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Anthracene in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD), http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-06-22)
6. ↑ Haynes, p. 5.157
7. ↑ Haynes, p. 3.579
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Properties of Anthracene". Wiley Information Services GmbH. http://www.infotherm.com/static/molpages/02/32/mol23245.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Douglas, Bodie E.; Ho, Shih-Ming (2007). Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-387-26147-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=hYRCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289.
10. ↑ Haynes, p. 5.41
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Sigma-Aldrich Co., Anthracene. Retrieved on 2014-06-22.
12. ↑ "MSDS of Anthracene". Fisher Scientific. https://www.fishersci.ca/viewmsds.do?catNo=AC104860050.
13. ↑ Lindsey, Jonathan. "Anthracene". PhotochemCAD. http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/022.html.
14. ↑ Freitalite, Mindat, https://www.mindat.org/min-54360.html
15. ↑ "Anthracene" (in en). https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/molecule-of-the-week/archive/a/anthracene.html.
16. ↑ Bass, K. C. (1962). "9,10-Dihydroanthracene". Organic Syntheses 42: 48. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.042.0048.
17. ↑ Rickborn, Bruce (1998). "The Retro– <SCP>D</SCP> iels– <SCP>A</SCP> lder Reaction Part <SCP>I</SCP> . <SCP>C</SCP>  <SCP>C</SCP> Dienophiles". Organic Reactions. pp. 1–393. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or052.01. ISBN 978-0471264187.
18. ↑ Bouas-Laurent, Henri; Desvergne, Jean-Pierre; Castellan, Alain; Lapouyade, Rene (2000). "Photodimerization of anthracenes in fluid solution: Structural aspects". Chemical Society Reviews 29: 43–55. doi:10.1039/a801821i.
19. ↑ Charleton, Kimberly D. M.; Prokopchuk, Ernest M. (2011). "Coordination Complexes as Catalysts: The Oxidation of Anthracene by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of VO(acac)2". Journal of Chemical Education 88 (8): 1155–1157. doi:10.1021/ed100843a. Bibcode: 2011JChEd..88.1155C.
20. ↑ Škalamera, Đani; Veljković, Jelena; Ptiček, Lucija; Sambol, Matija; Mlinarić-Majerski, Kata; Basarić, Nikola (2017). "Synthesis of asymmetrically disubstituted anthracenes". Tetrahedron 73 (40): 5892–5899. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2017.08.038.
21. ↑ Heilbron, I. M.; Heaton, J. S. (1923). "9,10-Dibromoanthracene". Organic Syntheses 3: 41. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.003.0041.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Collin, Gerd; Höke, Hartmut and Talbiersky, Jörg (2006) "Anthracene" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_343.pub2
23. ↑ Zeitler, Alex (2012-06-27) Conformal Coating 101: General Overview, Process Development, and Control Methods. BTW, Inc.
24. ↑ 1-Hydroxyanthracene. NIST datapage
25. ↑ 2-Hydroxyanthracene. NIST datapage
26. ↑ "Synthetic CNS agents. 1. (.+-.)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-Octahydro-5,10[1',2']-benzenobenz[g]isoquinoline hydrochloride. A new, highly potent, potential antidepressant". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 27 (8): 946–947. August 1984. doi:10.1021/jm00374a002. PMID 6747994.

## Cited sources

* Haynes, William M., ed (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.

## External links

| Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Anthracene.

|

* Image of anthracene crystals
* International Chemical Safety Card 0825
* IARC – Monograph 32
* National Pollutant Inventory – Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fact Sheet
* European Chemicals Agency – ECHA

* v
* t
* e

Hydrocarbons

Saturated
aliphatic
hydrocarbons|

| Alkanes
CnH2n \+ 2|

| Linear alkanes|

* Methane
* Ethane
* Propane
* Butane
* Pentane
* Hexane
* Heptane
* Octane
* Nonane
* Decane

|

Branched alkanes|

* Isobutane
* Isopentane
* 3-Methylpentane
* Neopentane
* Isohexane
* Isoheptane
* Isooctane
* Isononane
* Isodecane

Cycloalkanes|

* Cyclopropane
* Cyclobutane
* Cyclopentane
* Cyclohexane
* Cycloheptane
* Cyclooctane
* Cyclononane
* Cyclodecane

Alkylcycloalkanes|

* Methylcyclopropane
* Methylcyclobutane
* Methylcyclopentane
* Methylcyclohexane
* Isopropylcyclohexane

Bicycloalkanes|

* Housane (bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane)
* Norbornane (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane)
* Decalin (bicyclo[4.4.0]decane)

Polycycloalkanes|

* Adamantane
* Diamondoid
* Perhydrophenanthrene
* Sterane
* Cubane
* Prismane
* Dodecahedrane
* Basketane
* Churchane
* Pagodane
* Twistane

Other|

* Spiroalkanes

Unsaturated
aliphatic
hydrocarbons|

| Alkenes
CnH2n|

| Linear alkenes|

* Ethene
* Propene
* Butene
* Pentene
* Hexene
* Heptene
* Octene
* Nonene
* Decene

|

Branched alkenes|

* Isobutene
* Isopentene
* Isohexene
* Isoheptene
* Isooctene
* Isononene
* Isodecene

Alkynes
CnH2n − 2|

| Linear alkynes|

* Ethyne
* Propyne
* Butyne
* Pentyne
* Hexyne
* Heptyne
* Octyne
* Nonyne
* Decyne

|

Branched alkynes|

* Isopentyne
* Isohexyne
* Isoheptyne
* Isooctyne
* Isononyne
* Isodecyne

Cycloalkenes|

* Cyclopropene
* Cyclobutene
* Cyclopentene
* Cyclohexene
* Cycloheptene
* Cyclooctene
* Cyclononene
* Cyclodecene

Alkylcycloalkenes|

* Methylcyclopropene
* Methylcyclobutene
* Methylcyclopentene
* Methylcyclohexene
* Isopropylcyclohexene

Bicycloalkenes|

* Norbornene

Cycloalkynes|

* Cyclopropyne
* Cyclobutyne
* Cyclopentyne
* Cyclohexyne
* Cycloheptyne
* Cycloctyne
* Cyclononyne
* Cyclodecyne

Dienes|

* Propadiene
* Butadiene
* Pentadiene
* Hexadiene
* Heptadiene
* Octadiene
* Nonadiene
* Decadiene

Other|

* Alkatriene
* Alkadiyne
* Cumulene
* Cyclooctatetraene
* Cyclododecatriene
* Enyne

Aromatic
hydrocarbons|

| PAHs|

| Acenes|

* Naphthalene
* Anthracene
* Tetracene
* Pentacene
* Hexacene
* Heptacene

|

Other|

* Azulene
* Fluorene
* Helicenes
* Circulenes
* Butalene
* Phenanthrene
* Chrysene
* Pyrene
* Corannulene
* Kekulene

Alkylbenzenes|

* Toluene
* Xylene
* Ethylbenzene
* Cumene
* Styrene
* Mesitylene
* Pseudocumene
* Hemellitene
* Cymene
* Hexamethylbenzene

Other|

* Benzene
* Cyclopropenylidene

Other|

* Annulenes
* Annulynes
* Alicyclic compounds
* Petroleum jelly

* v
* t
* e

Tricyclics

Classes|

* Acridine
* Anthracene
* Dibenzazepine
* Dibenzocycloheptene
* Dibenzodiazepine
* Dibenzothiazepine
* Dibenzothiepin
* Dibenzoxazepine
* Dibenzoxepin
* Phenothiazine
* Pyridazinobenzoxazine
* Pyridinobenzodiazepine
* Thioxanthene

Antidepressants
(TCAs and TeCAs)|

* 7-OH-Amoxapine
* Amezepine
* Amineptine
* Amitriptyline
* Amitriptylinoxide
* Amoxapine
* Aptazapine
* Azepindole
* Azipramine
* Batelapine
* Butriptyline
* Cianopramine
* Ciclazindol
* Ciclopramine
* Cidoxepin
* Clomipramine
* Cotriptyline
* Cyanodothiepin
* Demexiptiline
* Depramine (balipramine)
* Desipramine (desmethylimipramine)
* Desmethylclomipramine
* Desmethyltrimipramine
* Dibenzepin
* Dimetacrine
* Dosulepin (dothiepin)
* Doxepin
* Enprazepine
* Esmirtazapine
* Fantridone
* Fluotracen
* Hepzidine
* Homopipramol
* Imipramine
* Imipraminoxide
* Intriptyline
* Iprindole
* Ketipramine
* Litracen
* Lofepramine
* Losindole
* Loxapine
* Maprotiline
* Mariptiline
* Mazindol
* Melitracen
* Metapramine
* Mezepine
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine
* Monometacrine
* Naranol
* Nitroxazepine
* Norbutriptyline
* Nordoxepin
* Northiaden (nordosulepin)
* Nortriptyline (noramitriptyline)
* Noxiptiline
* Octriptyline
* Opipramol
* Oxaprotiline
* Pipofezine
* Pirandamine
* Propizepine
* Protriptyline
* Quinupramine
* Setiptiline (teciptiline)
* Spiroxepin
* Tandamine
* Tampramine
* Tianeptine
* Tienopramine
* Trimipramine

Antihistamines|

* Azatadine
* Bisulepin
* Clobenzepam
* Cyproheptadine
* Dacemazine
* Deptropine
* Desloratadine
* Epinastine
* Etymemazine
* Fenethazine
* Hydroxyethylpromethazine
* Isopromethazine
* Isothipendyl
* Ketotifen
* Latrepirdine
* Loratadine
* Mebhydrolin
* Mequitazine
* Methdilazine
* Olopatadine
* Oxomemazine
* Phenindamine
* Pimethixene
* Promethazine
* Propiomazine
* Rupatadine
* Thiazinamium

Antipsychotics|

* Acetophenazine
* Alimemazine
* Amoxapine
* Asenapine
* Butaclamol
* Butaperazine
* Carfenazine (carphenazine)
* Carpipramine
* Chlorpromazine
* Chlorprothixene
* Ciclindole
* Citatepine
* Clocapramine
* Clomacran
* Clorotepine
* Clotiapine
* Clozapine
* Cyanothepin
* Doclothepin
* Docloxythepin
* Erizepine
* Flucindole
* Flumezapine
* Fluotracen
* Flupentixol
* Fluphenazine
* Gevotroline
* Homopipramol
* Isofloxythepin
* Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine
* Loxapine
* Lurasidone
* Maroxepin
* Meperathiepin
* Mesoridazine
* Metiapine
* Metitepine
* Metoxepin
* Mosapramine
* Naranol
* Octomethothepin
* Olanzapine
* Oxyclothepin
* Oxyprothepin
* Pentiapine
* Peradithiepin
* Perathiepin
* Perazine
* Perphenazine
* Periciazine
* Pinoxepin
* Piperacetazine
* Pipotiazine
* Piquindone
* Prochlorperazine
* Promazine
* Prothipendyl
* Quetiapine
* Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine
* Sulforidazine
* Tenilapine
* Thiethylperazine
* Thiopropazate
* Thioridazine
* Thiothixene
* Tilozepine
* Traboxopine
* Trifluoperazine
* Triflupromazine
* Trifluthepin
* Zotepine
* Zuclopenthixol

Anticonvulsants|

* Carbamazepine
* Dizocilpine
* Eslicarbazepine
* Eslicarbazepine acetate
* Etazepine
* Licarbazepine
* Oxcarbazepine
* Oxitriptyline
* Rispenzepine

Others|

* Adosopine
* Aminopromazine
* Atiprosin
* Beloxepin
* Benzoctamine
* Carvedilol
* Cidoxepin
* Cyclobenzaprine
* Damotepine
* Darenzepine
* Elanzepine
* Fluradoline
* Methylene blue
* Monatepil
* Nuvenzepine
* Oxetorone
* Perlapine
* P7C3
* Pinadoline
* Pirenzepine
* Pirolate
* Pitrazepin
* Pizotifen
* Profenamine
* Serazapine
* Siltenzepine
* Telenzepine
* Tipindole
* Tropatepine
* Zolenzepine

* v
* t
* e

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

2 rings|

* Butalene
* Azulene
* Naphthalene

3 rings|

* Acenaphthene
* Acenaphthylene
* Anthracene
* Fluorene
* Phenalene
* Phenanthrene

4 rings|

* Benz[a]anthracene
* Benzo[a]fluorene
* Benzo[c]fluorene
* Benzo[c]phenanthrene
* Chrysene
* Fluoranthene
* Pyrene
* Tetracene
* Triphenylene
* Tricyclobutabenzene

5 rings|

* Benz[e]acephenanthrylene
* Benzopyrene
* Benzo[a]pyrene
* Benzo[e]pyrene
* Benzo[a]fluoranthene
* Benzo[b]fluoranthene
* Benzo[j]fluoranthene
* Benzo[k]fluoranthene
* trans-Bicalicene
* Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
* Dibenz[a,j]anthracene
* Olympicene
* Pentacene
* Perylene
* Picene
* Tetraphenylene

6+ rings|

* Anthanthrene
* Benzo[ghi]perylene
* Circulene
* Corannulene
* Coronene
* Dicoronylene
* Diindenoperylene
* Heptacene
* Hexacene
* Kekulene
* Ovalene
* Zethrene

General classes|

* Acene
* Helicene
* Phenacene

* v
* t
* e

Molecules detected in outer space

Molecules|

| Diatomic|

* Aluminium monochloride
* Aluminium monofluoride
* Aluminium monoxide
* Argonium
* Carbon monophosphide
* Carbon monosulfide
* Carbon monoxide
* Carborundum
* Cyanogen radical
* Diatomic carbon
* Fluoromethylidynium
* Helium hydride ion
* Hydrogen chloride
* Hydrogen fluoride
* Hydrogen (molecular)
* Hydroxyl radical
* Iron(II) oxide
* Magnesium monohydride cation
* Methylidyne radical
* Nitric oxide
* Nitrogen (molecular)
* Nitrogen monohydride
* Nitrogen sulfide
* Oxygen (molecular)
* Phosphorus monoxide
* Phosphorus mononitride
* Potassium chloride
* Silicon carbide
* Silicon mononitride
* Silicon monoxide
* Silicon monosulfide
* Sodium chloride
* Sodium iodide
* Sulfur monohydride
* Sulfur monoxide
* Titanium oxide

|
|

Triatomic|

* Aluminium hydroxide
* Aluminium isocyanide
* Amino radical
* Carbon dioxide
* Carbonyl sulfide
* CCP radical
* Chloronium
* Diazenylium
* Dicarbon monoxide
* Disilicon carbide
* Ethynyl radical
* Formyl radical
* Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
* Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
* Hydrogen sulfide
* Hydroperoxyl
* Iron cyanide
* Isoformyl
* Magnesium cyanide
* Magnesium isocyanide
* Methylene radical
* N2H+
* Nitrous oxide
* Nitroxyl
* Ozone
* Phosphaethyne
* Potassium cyanide
* Protonated molecular hydrogen
* Sodium cyanide
* Sodium hydroxide
* Silicon carbonitride
* c-Silicon dicarbide
* SiNC
* Sulfur dioxide
* Thioformyl
* Thioxoethenylidene
* Titanium dioxide
* Tricarbon
* Water

Four
atoms|

* Acetylene
* Ammonia
* Cyanic acid
* Cyanoethynyl
* Cyclopropynylidyne
* Formaldehyde
* Fulminic acid
* HCCN
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Hydromagnesium isocyanide
* Isocyanic acid
* Isothiocyanic acid
* Ketenyl
* Methylene amidogen
* Methyl radical
* Propynylidyne
* Protonated carbon dioxide
* Protonated hydrogen cyanide
* Silicon tricarbide
* Thioformaldehyde
* Tricarbon monoxide
* Tricarbon sulfide
* Thiocyanic acid

Five
atoms|

* Ammonium ion
* Butadiynyl
* Carbodiimide
* Cyanamide
* Cyanoacetylene
* Cyanoformaldehyde
* Cyanomethyl
* Cyclopropenylidene
* Formic acid
* Isocyanoacetylene
* Ketene
* Methane
* Methoxy radical
* Methylenimine
* Propadienylidene
* Protonated formaldehyde
* Protonated formaldehyde
* Silane
* Silicon-carbide cluster

Six
atoms|

* Acetonitrile
* Cyanobutadiynyl radical
* E-Cyanomethanimine
* Cyclopropenone
* Diacetylene
* Ethylene
* Formamide
* HC4N
* Ketenimine
* Methanethiol
* Methanol
* Methyl isocyanide
* Pentynylidyne
* Propynal
* Protonated cyanoacetylene

Seven
atoms|

* Acetaldehyde
* Acrylonitrile
* Vinyl cyanide
* Cyanodiacetylene
* Ethylene oxide
* Glycolonitrile
* Hexatriynyl radical
* Methylacetylene
* Methylamine
* Methyl isocyanate
* Vinyl alcohol

Eight
atoms|

* Acetic acid
* Aminoacetonitrile
* Cyanoallene
* Ethanimine
* Glycolaldehyde
* Heptatrienyl radical
* Hexapentaenylidene
* Methylcyanoacetylene
* Methyl formate
* Propenal

Nine
atoms|

* Acetamide
* Cyanohexatriyne
* Cyanotriacetylene
* Dimethyl ether
* Ethanol
* Methyldiacetylene
* Octatetraynyl radical
* Propene
* Propionitrile

Ten
atoms
or more|

* Acetone
* Benzene
* Benzonitrile
* Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)
* C70 fullerene
* Cyanodecapentayne
* Cyanopentaacetylene
* Cyanotetra-acetylene
* Ethylene glycol
* Ethyl formate
* Methyl acetate
* Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
* Methyltriacetylene
* Propanal
* n-Propyl cyanide
* Pyrimidine

Deuterated
molecules|

* Ammonia
* Ammonium ion
* Formaldehyde
* Formyl radical
* Heavy water
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Hydrogen deuteride
* Hydrogen isocyanide
* Methylacetylene
* N2D+
* Trihydrogen cation

Unconfirmed|

* Anthracene
* Dihydroxyacetone
* Ethyl methyl ether
* Glycine
* Graphene
* H2NCO+
* Linear C5
* Naphthalene cation
* Phosphine
* Pyrene
* Silylidine

Related|

* Abiogenesis
* Astrobiology
* Astrochemistry
* Atomic and molecular astrophysics
* Chemical formula
* Circumstellar envelope
* Cosmic dust
* Cosmic ray
* Cosmochemistry
* Diffuse interstellar band
* Earliest known life forms
* Extraterrestrial life
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Forbidden mechanism
* Homochirality
* Intergalactic dust
* Interplanetary medium
* Interstellar medium
* Photodissociation region
* Iron–sulfur world theory
* Kerogen
* Molecules in stars
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Organic compound
* Outer space
* PAH world hypothesis
* Panspermia
* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
* RNA world hypothesis
* Spectroscopy
* Tholin

* Category:Astrochemistry
*   *   *

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene. Read more

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Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Anthracene&oldid=3422070"
*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H302]: Harmful if swallowed
*[H305]: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways
*[H315]: Causes skin irritation
*[H319]: Causes serious eye irritation
*[H335]: May cause respiratory irritation
*[H410]: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
*[P261]: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P273]: Avoid release to the environment
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