Antidepressant treatment tachyphylaxis

Short description: When antidepressants become ineffective

Antidepressant treatment tachyphylaxis (ADT tachyphylaxis), also known as Prozac poop-out, is a medical condition in which progressive or acute tolerance effects are seen following chronic administration of a drug.[1] It occurs more often with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants.[2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Characteristics
* 1.1 Common examples
* 2 Treatment
* 3 References

## Characteristics

Patients affected by ADT tachyphylaxis experience a noticeably sudden progressive decrease in response to SSRIs. The reported rates of this condition vary from 9% to 33% of SSRI users, and the majority of those affected are responsive to subsequent treatments.[4] In most observational studies, these individuals suffer a recurrence or relapse of depression without changing the previously effective dose.[5]

ADT tachyphylaxis incorporates drug sensitivity as a potential causal factor for the decreased response. However, tolerance provides a more accurate explanation. While the exact cause of ADT tachyphylaxis in individual cases is unknown, drug tolerance is a more comprehensive model, as it includes mechanisms of pharmacodynamic tolerance, metabolic tolerance, and others.[5]

### Common examples

ADT tachyphylaxis specifically occurs in patients experiencing depression who are using SSRIs and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs). Currently, SSRIs are the preferred treatment for depression among clinicians, as MAOIs, despite being very effective, require a few dietary restrictions and some caution when taking with other medications due to the potential for interactions capable of inducing dangerous side effects.[6]

## Treatment

Following a declination or total extinction in response to a previously therapeutic dose of an antidepressant, the issue is clinically addressed as stemming from tolerance development. Several strategies are available, such as exploring drug options from a different drug class used to treat depression. The patient can also choose to switch to another SSRI (or MAOI, if applicable) while maintaining proportionate dose. If tolerance develops in a drug from the same class, the clinician may recommend a regular cycle consisting of all effective treatments within the SSRI or MAOI classes, in order to minimize transitional side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.[7]

Other options include increasing dose of the same medication, or supplementation with another antidepressant. Dual reuptake inhibitors, such as serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and some tricyclic antidepressants, have been preliminarily found to have lower rates of tachyphylaxis.[8]

## References

1. ↑ Bunnel, Craig A. "Intensive Review of Internal Medicine, Harvard Medical School" 2009.
2. ↑ Schimelpfening, Nancy (January 14, 2016). "What Is "Prozac Poop-out"?". http://depression.about.com/od/resistance/f/poopout.htm.
3. ↑ "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)". Mayo Clinic. July 9, 2013. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825.
4. ↑ Targum, Steven D. (2014). "Identification and Treatment of Antidepressant Tachyphylaxis". Innov Clin Neurosci 11 (3–4): 24–28. PMID 24800130.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Katz, Gregory (2011). "Tachyphylaxis/Tolerance to Antidepressive Medications: A Review". Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 48 (2): 129. http://doctorsonly.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Untitled-Extract-Pages9.pdf.
6. ↑ Edmondson, Dale E.; Binda, Claudia; Mattevi, Andrea (15 August 2007). "Structural insights into the mechanism of amine oxidation by monoamine oxidases A and B". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 464 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.006. PMID 17573034.
7. ↑ Katz, Gregory (2011). "Tachyphylaxis/tolerance to antidepressants in treatment of dysthymia: Results of a retrospective naturalistic chart review study". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 65 (5): 499–504. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02231.x. PMID 21851459.
8. ↑ Posternak, Michael A; Zimmerman, Mark (July 2005). "Dual reuptake inhibitors incur lower rates of tachyphylaxis than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a retrospective study". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66 (6): 705–7. doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0605. PMID 15960562.

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