Birthstone

Short description: Gemstones representing a person's birth month

Some common monthly birthstones

A birthstone is a gemstone that represents a person's period of birth that is usually the month or zodiac sign. Birthstones are often worn as jewelry or as a pendant necklace.

## Contents

* 1 History of birthstones
* 1.1 Western custom
* 1.1.1 Modern birthstones
* 1.1.2 Eastern traditions
* 2 Birthstones by time frame
* 3 Zodiacal
* 3.1 Tropical zodiac
* 4 Birthday (day of the week) stones
* 5 Gallery
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## History of birthstones

### Western custom

The first century historian Josephus believed there was a connection between the twelve stones in Aaron's breastplate (signifying the tribes of Israel, as described in the Book of Exodus), the twelve months of the year, and the twelve signs of the zodiac.[1]: 275–306 Translations and interpretations of the passage in Exodus regarding the breastplate have varied widely, with Josephus himself giving two different lists for the twelve stones.[2]: 130–131 George Frederick Kunz argues that Josephus saw the breastplate of the Second Temple, not the one described in Exodus. St. Jerome, referencing Josephus, said the Foundation Stones of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:19–20) would be appropriate for Christians to use.[3]: 294

In the eighth and ninth century, religious treatises associating a particular stone with an apostle were written, so that "their name would be inscribed on the Foundation Stones, and his virtue."[3]: 299 Practice became to keep twelve stones and wear one a month.[3]: 298 The custom of wearing a single birthstone is only a few centuries old, though modern authorities differ on dates. Kunz places the custom in eighteenth century Poland , while the Gemological Institute of America starts it in Germany in the 1560s.[3]: 293

Recreation of the high priest's breastplate in front of the central Sephardic synagogue in Ramat Gan, Israel

Modern lists of birthstones have little to do with either the breastplate or the Foundation Stones of Christianity. Tastes, customs and confusing translations have distanced them from their historical origins,[3]: 310 with one author calling the 1912 Kansas list (see below) "nothing but a piece of unfounded salesmanship."[2]: 132

There are poems that match each month of the Gregorian calendar with a birthstone. These are traditional stones of English-speaking societies. Tiffany & Co. published these poems "of unknown author" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870.[4]

#### Modern birthstones

In 1912, in an effort to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers (now called Jewelers of America) met in Kansas and officially adopted a list.[1]: 317 The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated the list in 1952[3]: 311 by adding Alexandrite for June, citrine for November and pink tourmaline for October. They also replaced December's lapis with zircon and switched the primary/alternative gems for March. The American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002.[5] In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America added spinel as an additional birthstone for August.[6] Britain's National Association of Goldsmiths created their own standardized list of birthstones in 1937.[7]

#### Eastern traditions

Eastern culture recognizes a similar range of gemstones associated with birth, though rather than associating a gem with a birth month, gemstones are associated with celestial bodies, and astrology is employed to determine the gemstones most closely associated with and beneficial to a particular individual. For example, in Hinduism there are nine gemstones associated with the Navagraha (celestial forces including the planets, the sun, and the moon), known in Sanskrit as Navaratna (nine gems). At birth, an astrological chart is calculated, and certain stones are recommended to be worn on the body to ward off potential problems based on the place of these forces in the sky at the exact place and time of birth.[8]

## Birthstones by time frame

Month  | 15th–20th century[1]: 315 | U.S. (1912)[1]: 319–320 | UK (2013)[9] | U.S. (2019)[10]

|
|
|
|

January  | garnet | garnet | garnet | garnet
February  | amethyst, hyacinth, pearl | amethyst | amethyst | amethyst
March  | bloodstone, jasper  | bloodstone, aquamarine | aquamarine, bloodstone | aquamarine, bloodstone
April  | diamond, sapphire | diamond | diamond, rock crystal | diamond
May  | emerald, agate | emerald | emerald, chrysoprase | emerald
June  | cat's eye, turquoise, agate | pearl, moonstone | pearl, moonstone | pearl, moonstone, alexandrite
July  | turquoise, onyx | ruby | ruby, carnelian | ruby
August  | sardonyx, carnelian, moonstone, topaz | sardonyx, peridot | peridot, sardonyx  | peridot, spinel
September  | chrysolite | sapphire | sapphire, lapis lazuli | sapphire
October  | opal, aquamarine | opal, tourmaline | opal | opal, tourmaline
November  | topaz, pearl | topaz | topaz, citrine  | topaz, citrine
December  | bloodstone, ruby | turquoise, lapis lazuli | tanzanite, turquoise | turquoise, zircon, tanzanite

## Zodiacal

### Tropical zodiac

Sign  | Dates[3]: 318 | Stone[1]: 345–347

|
|

Aries | 21 March – 19 April  | bloodstone
Taurus | 20 April – 20 May  | sapphire
Gemini | 21 May – 20 June  | agate
Cancer | 21 June – 22 July  | emerald
Leo | 23 July – 22 August  | onyx
Virgo | 23 August – 22 September  | carnelian
Libra | 23 September – 22 October  | chrysolite
Scorpio | 23 October – 21 November  | beryl
Sagittarius | 22 November – 21 December  | topaz
Capricorn | 22 December – 19 January  | ruby
Aquarius | 20 January – 18 February  | garnet
Pisces | 19 February – 20 March  | amethyst

## Birthday (day of the week) stones

While the term "birthday stone" is sometimes used as a synonym for birthstone, each day of the week is also assigned a unique gemstone and these assignments are distinct from the monthly assignments.[1]

Day of the Week  | Stone(s)

|

Sunday  | topaz, diamond
Monday  | pearl, crystal
Tuesday  | ruby, emerald
Wednesday  | amethyst, lodestone
Thursday  | sapphire, carnelian
Friday  | emerald, cat's eye
Saturday  | turquoise, diamond

## Gallery

* Garnet, the birthstone for January

* Amethyst, the birthstone for February

* Aquamarine, the birthstone for March

* Diamond, the birthstone for April

* Emerald, the birthstone for May

* Pearl, one of three June birthstones

* Moonstone, one of three June birthstones

* Alexandrite, one of three June birthstones

* Ruby, the birthstone for July

* Peridot, the modern birthstone for August

* Sardonyx, the traditional birthstone for August

* Spinel, a more recent (2019) alternative birthstone for August

* Sapphire, the birthstone for September

* Lapis lazuli, the traditional birthstone for September

* Opal, one of two October birthstones

* Tourmaline, one of two October birthstones

* Citrine, one of two November birthstones

* Topaz, one of two November birthstones

* Turquoise, one of three December birthstones

* Tanzanite, one of three December birthstones

* Zircon, one of three December birthstones

## See also

* Navaratna
* Birth Flowers

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kunz, George F. (1913). The curious lore of precious stones. Lippincott. https://archive.org/details/curiousloreprec00kunzgoog.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gleadow, Rupert (2001). The Origin of the Zodiac. Dover Publications.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Knuth, Bruce G. (2007). Gems in Myth, Legend and Lore (Revised ed.). Parachute: Jewelers Press.
4. ↑ Farrington, Oliver Cummins (1903). Gems and Gem Minerals. Mumford. pp. 63–64. https://archive.org/details/gemsgemminerals00farrrich.
5. ↑ Grande, Lance; Augustyn, Allison (2009). Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World. University of Chicago Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0226305110.
6. ↑ National Jeweler Magazine, "JA, AGTA Add Spinel as August Birthstone"
7. ↑ Osborne, Harold, ed (1985). The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts. Oxford University Press. p. 513. ISBN 978-0192818638. https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000osbo/page/513.
8. ↑ Johari, Harish (1986). The Healing Power of Gemstones: In Tantra, Ayurveda, and Astrology. Destiny Books. pp. 15–34.
9. ↑ "Tips & Tools: Birthstones". The National Association of Goldsmiths. http://www.jewellers-online.org/pages/tips.php?id=2&idnew=2.
10. ↑ "Birthstones For Each Month". Gemological Institute of America. https://www.gia.edu/birthstones.

## External links

* Jewelers of America leaflet
* The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, G.F. Kunz – full text online version
* Gems and Gem Minerals, Oliver Cummings Farrington – full text online version

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