Cadmium oxide

Short description: Inorganic compound with the formula CdO

Cadmium oxide

Names
IUPAC name

Cadmium oxide

Other names

Cadmium(II) oxide,
Cadmium monoxide

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 1306-19-0 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChemSpider |

* 14099 Y

EC Number |

* 215-146-2

PubChem CID

* 14782

RTECS number |

* EV1925000

UNII |

* 0H3KWS8KJ3 Y

UN number | 2570

InChI

* InChI=1S/Cd.O Y

Key: CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/Cd.O/rCdO/c1-2

Key: CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-MBQGENNCAM

SMILES

* [Cd]=O

Properties

Chemical formula

| CdO
Molar mass | 128.413 g·mol−1
Appearance  | colorless powder (alpha form)
red-brown crystal (beta form) [1]
Odor | odorless
Density | 8.15 g/cm3(crystalline),
6.95 g/cm3 (amorphous)[2] solid.
Melting point |  900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F; 1,170–1,270 K)
decomposition of amorphous form[3]
Boiling point |  1,559 °C (2,838 °F; 1,832 K) sublimation[3]

Solubility in water

| 4.8 mg/L (18 °C)[4]
Solubility | soluble in dilute acid
slowly soluble in ammonium salts
insoluble in alkalies
Vapor pressure | 0.13 kPa (1000 °C)
2.62 kPa (1200 °C)
61.4 kPa (1500 °C)[5]
Band gap | 2.18 eV
Electron mobility | 531 cm2/V·s

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| −3.0·10−5 cm3/mol
Thermal conductivity | 0.7 W/m·K

Refractive index (nD)

| 2.49
Structure

Crystal structure

| cubic, cF8

Space group

| Fm3m, No. 225

Lattice constant

a = 4.6958 Å

Thermochemistry

Heat capacity (C)

| 43.64 J/mol·K[4]

Std molar
entropy (S ~~o~~ 298)

| 55 J/mol·K[6]

Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)

| −258 kJ/mol[5][6]

Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)

| −229.3 kJ/mol[4]
Hazards
Safety data sheet | [1]
GHS pictograms | [7]
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H330, H341, H350, H361, H372, H410[7]

GHS precautionary statements

| P201, P260, P273, P281, P284, P310[7]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point | Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 72 mg/kg (oral, rat)[9]
72 mg/kg (oral, mouse)[10]

LC50 (median concentration)

| 500 mg/m3 (rat, 10 min)
2500 mg/m3 (rabbit, 10 min)
3500 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 10 min)
4000 mg/m3 (dog, 10 min)
780 mg/m3 (rat, 10 min)
340 mg/m3 (mouse, 10 min)
3000 mg/m3 (rabbit, 15 min)
3000 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 15 min)
400 mg/m3 (dog, 10 min)[10]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):

PEL (Permissible)

| [1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 (as Cd)[8]

REL (Recommended)

| Ca[8]

IDLH (Immediate danger)

| Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)][8]
Related compounds

Other anions

| Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium selenide
Cadmium telluride

Other cations

| Zinc oxide
Mercury oxide

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Cadmium oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO. It is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds. It crystallizes in a cubic rocksalt lattice like sodium chloride, with octahedral cation and anion centers.[11] It occurs naturally as the rare mineral monteponite. Cadmium oxide can be found as a colorless amorphous powder or as brown or red crystals.[12] Cadmium oxide is an n-type semiconductor[13] with a band gap of 2.18 eV (2.31 eV) at room temperature (298 K).[14]

## Contents

* 1 Production and structure
* 2 Uses
* 2.1 Transparent conductor
* 2.2 Cadmium plating
* 3 Reactivity
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Production and structure

Since cadmium compounds are often found in association with zinc ores, cadmium oxide is a common by-product of zinc refining.[15] It is produced by burning elemental cadmium in air. Pyrolysis of other cadmium compounds, such as the nitrate or the carbonate, also affords this oxide. When pure, it is red, but CdO is unusual in being available in many differing colours due to its tendency to form defect structures resulting from anion vacancies.[16] Cadmium oxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing cadmium vapor in air.[17] Nanoparticles of cadmium oxide have been prepared from cadmium sulfite through calcination.[18]

## Uses

Cadmium oxide is used in cadmium plating baths, electrodes for storage batteries, cadmium salts, catalysts, ceramic glazes, phosphors, and nematocide.[12] Major uses for cadmium oxide are as an ingredient for electroplating baths, optoelectronic devices, and in pigments.[19]

### Transparent conductor

CdO is used as a transparent conductive material,[20] which was prepared as a transparent conducting film as early as 1907 by Karl Baedeker.[21] Cadmium oxide in the form of thin films has been used in applications such as photodiodes, phototransistors, photovoltaic cells, transparent electrodes, liquid crystal displays, IR detectors, and anti reflection coatings.[22] CdO microparticles undergo bandgap excitation when exposed to UV-A light and is also selective in phenol photodegradation.[23]

### Cadmium plating

Most commercial electroplating of cadmium is done by electrodeposition from cyanide baths. These cyanide baths consist of cadmium oxide and sodium cyanide in water, which likely form cadmium cyanide and sodium hydroxide. A typical formula is 32 g/L cadmium oxide and 75 g/L sodium cyanide. The cadmium concentration may vary by as much as 50%. Brighteners are usually added to the bath and the plating is done at room temperature with high-purity cadmium anodes.[24]

## Reactivity

CdO is a basic oxide and is thus attacked by aqueous acids to give solutions of [Cd(H2O)6]2+. Upon treatment with strong alkaline solutions, [Cd(OH)4]2− forms. A thin coat of cadmium oxide forms on the surface of cadmium in moist air at room temperature.[12] Cadmium will oxidize at room temperatures to form CdO.[24] Cadmium vapor and steam will form CdO and hydrogen in a reversible reaction.[24]

## References

1. ↑ Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC.
2. ↑ "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards". https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0088.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "INCHEM: Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations". http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0117.htm.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Cadmium oxide". http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=500.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cadmium oxide in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD), http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-05-23)
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed.. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A21. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sigma-Aldrich Co., Cadmium oxide. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0087". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0087.html.
9. ↑ nih.gov
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Cadmium compounds (as Cd)". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440439.html.
11. ↑ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lewis, Richard J. Sr., Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 13th ed., 1997, p. 189
13. ↑ T. L. Chu; Shirley S. Chu (1990). "Degenerate cadmium oxide films for electronic devices". Journal of Electronic Materials 19 (9): 1003–1005. doi:10.1007/BF02652928. Bibcode: 1990JEMat..19.1003C.
14. ↑ S. K. Vasheghani Farahani (2013). "Temperature dependence of the direct bandgap and transport properties of CdO". Applied Physics Letters 102 (2): 022102. doi:10.1063/1.4775691. Bibcode: 2013ApPhL.102b2102V.
15. ↑ "Cadmium and compounds fact sheet". http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html.
16. ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
17. ↑ Hampel, C. A.; Hawley, G. G. (1973). The encyclopedia of Chemistry (3rd ed.). New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 169. ISBN 9780442230951. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamprich.
18. ↑ Mohammadikish, Maryam; Hajisadeghi, Haneih (2016-06-01). "Synthesis and growth mechanism of CdO nanoparticles prepared from thermal decomposition of CdSO3 nanorods" (in en). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 27 (6): 6480–6487. doi:10.1007/s10854-016-4589-z. ISSN 1573-482X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-4589-z.
19. ↑ Clifford A. Hampel and Gessner G. Hawley, The encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd Ed., 1973, p. 169
20. ↑ Varkey, A (1994). "Transparent conducting cadmium oxide thin films prepared by a solution growth technique". Thin Solid Films 239 (2): 211–213. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(94)90853-2. Bibcode: 1994TSF...239..211V.
21. ↑ Dou, Y (1998). "N-type doping in CdO ceramics: a study by EELS and photoemission spectroscopy". Surface Science 398 (1–2): 241–258. doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(98)80028-9. Bibcode: 1998SurSc.398..241D.
22. ↑ Lokhande, B (2004). "Studies on cadmium oxide sprayed thin films deposited through non-aqueous medium". Materials Chemistry and Physics 84 (2–3): 238–242. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(03)00231-1.
23. ↑ Karunakaran, C; Dhanalakshmi, R (2009). "Selectivity in photocatalysis by particulate semiconductors". Central European Journal of Chemistry 7 (1): 134. doi:10.2478/s11532-008-0083-7.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Clifford A. Hampel, Rare Metals Handbook, 1954, p. 87-103

## External links

* Cadmium(II) oxide information at Webelements.

* v
* t
* e

Cadmium compounds

Cadmium(I)|

* Cd2(AlCl4)2

Cadmium(II)|

* Cd(BF4)2
* CdF2
* CdCl2
* CdBr2
* CdI2
* Cd(CN)2
* CdH2
* CdO
* CdS
* CdSe
* CdTe
* Cd(OH)2
* Cd(NO3)2
* CdSO4
* CdWO4
* Cd3As2
* CsCdCl3
* CsCdBr3

* v
* t
* e

Oxides

Mixed oxidation states|

* Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4)
* Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4)
* Europium(II,III) oxide (Eu3O4)
* Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe<sub>3O4)
* Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4)
* Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4)
* Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2)
* Triuranium octoxide (U3O8)
* Carbon suboxide (C3O2)
* Mellitic anhydride (C12O9)
* [[Chemistry:Praseodymium(III,IV) Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide]] (Pr6O11)
* Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7)

+1 oxidation state|

* Copper(I) oxide (Cu<sub>2O)
* Caesium oxide (Cs2O)
* Dicarbon monoxide (C2O)
* Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O)
* Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O)
* Lithium oxide (Li2O)
* Potassium oxide (K2O)
* Rubidium oxide (Rb2O)
* Silver oxide (Ag2O)
* Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O)
* Sodium oxide (Na2O)
* Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)

+2 oxidation state|

* Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO)
* Barium oxide (BaO)
* Beryllium oxide (BeO)
* Cadmium oxide (CdO)
* Calcium oxide (CaO)
* Carbon monoxide (CO)
* Chromium(II) oxide (CrO)
* Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO)
* Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
* Europium(II) oxide (EuO)
* Germanium monoxide (GeO))
* Iron(II) oxide (FeO)
* Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
* Magnesium oxide (MgO)
* Manganese(II) oxide (MnO)
* Mercury(II) oxide (HgO)
* Nickel(II) oxide (NiO)
* Nitric oxide (NO)
* Palladium(II) oxide (PdO)
* Silicon monoxide (SiO)
* Strontium oxide (SrO)
* Sulfur monoxide (SO)
* Disulfur dioxide (S2O2)
* Thorium monoxide (ThO)
* Tin(II) oxide (SnO)
* Titanium(II) oxide (TiO)
* Vanadium(II) oxide (VO)
* Zinc oxide (ZnO)

+3 oxidation state|

* Aluminium oxide (Al<sub>2O3)
* Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3)
* Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
* Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3)
* Boron trioxide (B2O3)
* Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3)
* Dibromine trioxide (Br2O3)
* Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)
* Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3)
* Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3)
* Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3)
* Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)
* Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3)
* Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3)
* Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3)
* Indium(III) oxide (In<sub>2O3)
* Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)
* Lanthanum oxide (La2O3)
* Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3)
* Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3)
* Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3)
* Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3)
* Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6)
* Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3)
* Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3)
* Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3)
* [[Chemistry:Samarium(III) Samarium(III) oxide]] (Sm2O3)
* Scandium oxide (Sc2O3)
* Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3)
* Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3)
* Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3)
* Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3)
* Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3)
* Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3)
* Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3)
* Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3)

+4 oxidation state|

* Americium dioxide (AmO2)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Carbon trioxide (CO3)
* Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2)
* Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
* Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO<sub>2)
* Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)
* Germanium dioxide (GeO<sub>2)
* [[Chemistry:Hafnium(IV) Hafnium(IV) oxide]] (HfO2)
* Lead dioxide (PbO2)
* Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
* Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2)
* Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
* Osmium dioxide (OsO2)
* Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2)
* Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2)
* Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2)
* Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2)
* Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO<sub>2)
* Selenium dioxide (SeO2)
* Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
* Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
* Tellurium dioxide (TeO<sub>2)
* [[Chemistry:Terbium(IV) Terbium(IV) oxide]] (TbO2)
* Thorium dioxide (ThO2)
* Tin dioxide (SnO2)
* Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2)
* Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2)
* Uranium dioxide (UO2)
* Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2)
* Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)

+5 oxidation state|

* Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5)
* Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
* Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)
* Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)
* Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
* Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5)
* Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5)
* Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5)

+6 oxidation state|

* Chromium trioxide (CrO3)
* Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)
* Rhenium trioxide (ReO3)
* Selenium trioxide (SeO3)
* Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
* Tellurium trioxide (TeO3)
* Tungsten trioxide (WO3)
* Uranium trioxide (UO3)
* Xenon trioxide (XeO3)
* Iridium trioxide (IrO3)

+7 oxidation state|

* Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7)
* Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7)
* [[Chemistry:Rhenium(VII) Rhenium(VII) oxide]] (Re2O7)
* Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7)

+8 oxidation state|

* Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)
* Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)
* Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
* Iridium tetroxide (IrO4)
* Hassium tetroxide (HsO4)

Related|

* Oxocarbon
* Suboxide
* Oxyanion
* Ozonide
* Peroxide
* Superoxide

Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides

* v
* t
* e

Oxygen compounds

* AgO
* Al2O3
* AmO2
* Am2O3
* As2O3
* As2O5
* Au2O3
* B2O3
* BaO
* BeO
* Bi2O3
* BiO2
* Bi2O5
* BrO2
* Br2O3
* Br2O5
* CO
* CO2
* C2O3
* CaO
* CaO2
* CdO
* CeO2
* Ce3O4
* Ce2O3
* ClO2
* Cl2O
* Cl2O3
* Cl2O4
* Cl2O6
* Cl2O7
* CoO
* Co2O3
* Co3O4
* CrO3
* Cr2O3
* Cr2O5
* Cr5O12
* CsO2
* Cs2O3
* CuO
* D2O
* Dy2O3
* Er2O3
* Eu2O3
* FeO
* Fe2O3
* Fe3O4
* Ga2O
* Ga2O3
* GeO
* GeO2
* H2O
* H218O
* H2O2
* HfO2
* HgO
* Hg2O
* Ho2O3
* I2O4
* I2O5
* I2O6
* I4O9
* In2O3
* IrO2
* KO2
* K2O2
* La2O3
* Li2O
* Li2O2
* Lu2O3
* MgO
* Mg2O3
* MnO
* MnO2
* Mn2O3
* Mn2O7
* MoO2
* MoO3
* Mo2O3
* NO
* NO2
* N2O
* N2O3
* N2O4
* N2O5
* NaO2
* Na2O
* Na2O2
* NbO
* NbO2
* Nd2O3
* OF2
* O2F2
* O3F2
* O4F2
* O2PtF6

Chemical formulas

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*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H330]: Fatal if inhaled
*[H341]: Suspected of causing genetic defects
*[H350]: May cause cancer
*[H361]: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
*[H372]: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
*[H410]: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
*[P201]: Obtain special instructions before use
*[P260]: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P273]: Avoid release to the environment
*[P281]: Use personal protective equipment as required
*[P284]: Wear respiratory protection
*[P310]: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
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