Carbohydride

Carbohydrides (or carbide hydrides) are solid compounds in one phase composed of a metal with carbon and hydrogen in the form of carbide and hydride ions.[citation needed] The term carbohydride can also refer to a hydrocarbon.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Structure and bonding
* 2 Nomenclature
* 3 Properties
* 3.1 Reactions
* 4 Ligand
* 5 Natural occurrence
* 6 Applications
* 7 Preparation
* 8 List
* 9 References

## Structure and bonding

Many of the transition metal carbohydrides are non-stochiometric, particularly with respect to the hydrogen that can vary in proportion up to a theoretical balanced proportion. The hydrogen and carbon occupy holes in the metal crystalline lattice. The carbon takes up octahedral sites (surrounded by six metal atoms) and the hydrogen takes up tetrahedral sites in the metal lattice. The hydrogen atoms go to sites away from the carbon atoms, and away from each other, at least 2 Å apart, so there are no covalent bonds between the carbon or hydrogen atoms. Overall the lattice retains a high symmetry of the original metal.[2]

## Nomenclature

A carbodeuteride (or carbo-deuteride) is a compound where the hydrogen is of the isotope deuterium.[3][4]

## Properties

### Reactions

Metal carbide hydrides give off hydrogen when heated, and are in equilibrium with a partial pressure of hydrogen that depends on the temperature.

When Ca2LiC3H is heated with ammonium chloride, the gas C3H4 (methylacetylene-propadiene) is produced.[5]

## Ligand

There are also metal cluster molecules and ions that contain both carbon and hydrogen. Methylidyne (or carbyne) complexes contain the CH group with three bonds to a metal e.g. NiCH+ or PtCH+. complexes also involve Sc,[6] W,[7][8] and Os.[9]

## Natural occurrence

Iron carbide hydrides do not appear to be stable at the conditions present in the Earth's inner core, even though carbon or hydrogen have been proposed as alloying light elements in the core.[10]

## Applications

Carbohydrides are studied for their ability in hydrogen storage.[11] Carbohydrides may be made when carbides are manufactured by milling, using hydrocarbons as a carbon source. Since the carbohydride is not the desired outcome, other material like graphite is added to try to maximise carbide production.[12]

## Preparation

Transition metal carbohydrides can be produced by heating a metal carbide in hydrogen, for example at 2000 °C and 3 bars. This reaction is exothermic, and just needs to be ignited at a much lower temperature.[11] The process is called self-propagating high-temperature synthesis or SHS.[13] A hydrocarbide may be formed when the metal is milled in a hydrocarbon, for example in the manufacture of titanium carbide.[12]

Rare earth carbohydrides can be prepared by heating a metal hydride with graphite in a closed metal container, with a hydrogen atmosphere.[14]

## List

Name  | formula  | form  | space group  | unit cell  | appearance  | density  | structure  | ref

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Lithium dicalcium tricarbide hydride  | Ca2LiC3H  | tetragonal  | P4/mbm | a=6.8236 c=3.7518 Z=2  | silver  | 2.36  | has C34− | [5]
Titanium carbo-deuteride  | TiC0.48D0.60 | cubic  | Fm3m | a=4.30963  |  |  |  | [11]
Titanium carbo-deuteride  | TiC0.48D0.60 | trigonal  | Fm31 | a=3.08208 c=5.0405  |  |  |  | [11]
Zirconium carbohydride  | ZrC0.3H  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [15]
Hafnium carbohydride  | Hf2CH2 |  |  | a=3.427 c=5.476  |  |  |  | [15][16]
thorium carbohydride  | ThCH2 | is cubic under 380°,

and above is hexagonal.

|  |  |  |  |  | [17][18]
| Th2CH2 | hexagonal  |  | a=3.083 c=5.042  |  |  |  | [16]
| Th3CH4 | monoclinic  |  |  |  |  |  | [16]
Niobium carbohydride  | NbC0.76H0.18 |  |  |  |  |  |  | [19]
Barium indium allenylide hydride  | Ba12InC18H4 | cubic  | Im3 | a=11.1447  |  |  | InBa12 icosahedrons  | [20]
| Y5Si3C0.5H7.33 |  |  |  |  |  |  | [21]
| La2C3H1.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | [22]
| La2CH4 |  |  | a=5.642  |  |  |  | [23]
| La2CH2 | monoclinic  | C2/m | a = 7.206, b = 3.932, c = 6.739, β = 94.66 °  |  |  |  | [23]
| La15(FeC6)4H  | hexagonal  | P6 | a=8.7764 c=10.7355 Z=1 V=720.42  | silver  |  |  | [24]
Ytterbium carbide hydride  | Yb2CH2 | hexgonal  |  | a=3.575 c=5.786  |  |  |  | [14]
Ytterbium dicarbide hydride  | Yb2C2H  | cubic  |  | a=4.974  |  |  | fcc  | [14]
| Pr3Fe27.5Ti1.5CxH  | monoclinic  | A2/m |  |  |  |  | [25]
| Dy2Co17C0.2H2.8 |  | P63/mmc | a=8.418 c=8.165 V=501.1  |  |  |  | [26]
| Dy2Ni17C0.4H2.7 |  | P63/mmc | a=8.3789 c=8.054 V=489.7  |  |  |  | [26]
| Gd2ICH  |  | P63/mmc | a = 3.8128 c = 14.844  | grey  | 8.071  |  | [27]
| Gd2BrCH  |  | P63/mmc |  | grey  |  |  | [27]
| Gd2ClCH  |  | P63/mmc |  | grey  |  |  | [27]
| Tb2ICH  |  | P63/mmc |  | grey  |  |  | [27]
| Tb2BrCH  |  | P63/mmc |  | grey  |  |  | [27]

## References

1. ↑ Ure, Andrew (1867) (in en). Ures̓ Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines: Containing a Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice. Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 648–649. https://books.google.com/books?id=kDJRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA648.
2. ↑ Rundqvist, Stig; Tellgren, Roland; Andersson, Yvonne (August 1984). "Hydrogen and deuterium in transition metal-p element compounds: Crystal chemical aspects of interstitial solid solubility and hydride phase formation". Journal of the Less Common Metals 101: 145–168. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(84)90092-4.
3. ↑ Makovec, M.; Ban, Z. (June 1970). "The crystal structure of thorium carbohydrides". Journal of the Less Common Metals 21 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(70)90115-3.
4. ↑ Renaudin, G.; Yvon, K.; Dolukhanyan, S.K.; Aghajanyan, N.N.; Shekhtman, V.Sh. (August 2003). "Crystal structures and thermal properties of titanium carbo-deuterides as prepared by combustion synthesis". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 356-357: 120–127. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00107-5.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lang, David A.; Zaikina, Julia V.; Lovingood, Derek D.; Gedris, Thomas E.; Latturner, Susan E. (2010-12-15). "Ca 2 LiC 3 H: A New Complex Carbide Hydride Phase Grown in Metal Flux" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (49): 17523–17530. doi:10.1021/ja107436n. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 21090715. Bibcode: 2010JAChS.13217523L.
6. ↑ Deng, Peng; Shi, Xianghui; Gong, Xun; Cheng, Jianhua (2021). "Trinuclear scandium methylidyne complexes stabilized by pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands". Chemical Communications 57 (52): 6436–6439. doi:10.1039/D1CC01645H.
7. ↑ Hill, Anthony F.; Ward, Jas S.; Xiong, Yaoyao (26 October 2015). "Synthesis of a Stable Methylidyne Complex". Organometallics 34 (20): 5057–5064. doi:10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00635.
8. ↑ Manna, Joseph; Mlinar, Linda A.; Kuk, Raymond J.; Dallinger, Richard F.; Geib, Steven J.; Hopkins, Michael D. (1993). "Methylidyne Complexes: Structures, Spectra, and Bonding" (in en). Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes. Springer Netherlands. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-94-011-1666-4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-1666-4_8.
9. ↑ Cho, Han-Gook; Andrews, Lester (1 April 2008). "Methylidyne Complexes Prepared by Reactions of Laser-Ablated Os Atoms with Methane, Methyl Halides, and Ethane: Observation of the C—H and Os—H Stretching Absorptions". Organometallics 27 (8): 1786–1796. doi:10.1021/om701041u.
10. ↑ Litasov, K. D.; Shatskiy, A. F.; Ohtani, E. (12 October 2016). "Interaction of Fe and Fe3C with hydrogen and nitrogen at 6–20 GPa: a study by in situ X-ray diffraction". Geochemistry International 54 (10): 914–921. doi:10.1134/S0016702916100074. Bibcode: 2016GeocI..54..914L.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Renaudin, G.; Yvon, K.; Dolukhanyan, S.K.; Aghajanyan, N.N.; Shekhtman, V.Sh. (August 2003). "Crystal structures and thermal properties of titanium carbo-deuterides as prepared by combustion synthesis". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 356-357: 120–127. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00107-5.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Eryomina, M.A.; Lomayeva, S.F.; Demakov, S.L.; Yurovskikh, A.S. (15 April 2019). "SPS of "Titanium Carbide/Carbohydride – Copper" Composites". KnE Engineering 1 (1): 246. doi:10.18502/keg.v1i1.4416.
13. ↑ Dolukhanyan, S.K; Aghajanyan, N.N; Hakobyan, H.G; Shekhtman, V.Sh; Ter-Galstyan, O.P (December 1999). "The structural peculiarities of the transition metals carbohydrides produced by combustion synthesis". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 293-295: 452–457. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00335-7.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Haschke, John M. (April 1975). "Preparation and some properties of ytterbium carbide hydrides" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 14 (4): 779–783. doi:10.1021/ic50146a016. ISSN 0020-1669.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Dolukhanyan, Seda K. (2017). "Hydridonitrides and Carbohydrides of Transition Metals". Concise Encyclopedia of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis. pp. 159–160. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804173-4.00071-5. ISBN 9780128041734.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Rexer, Joachim (1962). Ternary metal-carbon-hydrogen compounds of some transition metals. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2073.
17. ↑ Makovec, M.; Ban, Z. (June 1970). "The crystal structure of thorium carbohydrides". Journal of the Less Common Metals 21 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(70)90115-3.
18. ↑ Makovec, M.; Ban, Z. (December 1970). "The crystal structure of thorium carbohydrides part II. Hexagonal thorium carbohydride". Journal of the Less Common Metals 22 (4): 383–388. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(70)90125-6.
19. ↑ Skripov, A.V.; Wu, H.; Udovic, T.J.; Huang, Q.; Hempelmann, R.; Soloninin, A.V.; Rempel, A.A.; Gusev, A.I. (June 2009). "Hydrogen in nonstoichiometric cubic niobium carbides: Neutron vibrational spectroscopy and neutron diffraction studies". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 478 (1–2): 68–74. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.12.012.
20. ↑ Blankenship, Trevor V.; Dickman, Matthew J.; van de Burgt, Lambertus J.; Latturner, Susan E. (2015-02-02). "Ca 12 InC 13– x and Ba 12 InC 18 H 4 : Alkaline-Earth Indium Allenylides Synthesized in AE/Li Flux (AE = Ca, Ba)" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 54 (3): 914–921. doi:10.1021/ic502315m. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 25375309.
21. ↑ Hassen, M.A.; McColm, I.J. (December 2000). "The preparation of high hydrogen content yttrium silicide carbides with reversible storage potential" (in en). Journal of Alloys and Compounds 313 (1–2): 95–103. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(00)01174-9.
22. ↑ Kienle, L.; García García, F.J.; Duppel, V.; Simon, A. (April 2006). "Direct observation of crystallographic and chemical changes during dehydrogenation of oxygen contaminated La2C3H1.5" (in en). Journal of Solid State Chemistry 179 (4): 993–1002. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2005.12.019. Bibcode: 2006JSSCh.179..993K.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Simon, Arndt; Gulden, Thomas (November 2004). "La2C3 und seine Reaktion mit Wasserstoff" (in de). Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 630 (13–14): 2191–2198. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400226. ISSN 0044-2313. Bibcode: 2004ZAACh.630.2191S.
24. ↑ Engstrand, Tate O.; Cope, Emily M.; Vasquez, Guillermo; Haddock, Jo W.; Hertz, Mary B.; Wang, Xiaoping; Latturner, Susan E. (2020-08-17). "Flux Synthesis of a Metal Carbide Hydride Using Anthracene As a Reactant" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 59 (16): 11651–11657. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01505. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 32799481. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01505.
25. ↑ Psycharis, V; Gjoka, M; Kalogirou, O; Niarchos, D; Papaefthymiou, V; Christodoulou, Ch (July 2000). "Magnetic properties of interstitial modified Pr3(Fe,Ti)29 hydrocarbide". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 307 (1–2): 234–239. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(00)00741-6.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Levytskyy, Volodymyr; Babizhetskyy1, Volodymyr; Myakush1, Oksana; Kotur1, Bogdan; Koval’chuk, Ihor (2014). "Crystal structure and hydrogenation properties of the hexagonal Dy2M17 and Dy2M17Cx" (in en). Chemistry of Metals and Alloys 7: 26–31. doi:10.30970/cma7.0264. https://studfile.net/preview/8171926/. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Ruck, M.; Simon, A. (November 1992). "Ln2XCHy: Kondensierte Cluster mit zwei verschiedenen interstitiellen Atomen" (in de). Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 617 (11): 7–18. doi:10.1002/zaac.19926170102. ISSN 0044-2313. Bibcode: 1992ZAACh.617....7R.

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