Germane

| Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationBall-and-stick model of the germane molecule | Space-filling model of the germane molecule

Germanium, Ge

Hydrogen, H

|

Names
IUPAC name

Germane

Other names

Germanium tetrahydride
Germanomethane
Monogermane

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7782-65-2 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:30443 Y

ChemSpider |

* 22420 Y

EC Number |

* 231-961-6

Gmelin Reference

| 587
KEGG |

* C15472 Y

PubChem CID

* 23984

RTECS number |

* LY4900000

UNII |

* 619P6J82AE Y

UN number | 2192

InChI

* InChI=1S/GeH4/h1H4 Y

Key: QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/GeH4/h1H4

Key: QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYAE

SMILES

* [H][Ge]([H])([H])[H]

Properties

Chemical formula

| GeH4
Molar mass | 76.62 g/mol
Appearance  | Colorless gas
Odor | Pungent[1]
Density | 3.3 kg/m3
Melting point |  −165 °C (−265 °F; 108 K)
Boiling point |  −88 °C (−126 °F; 185 K)

Solubility in water

| Low
Vapor pressure | >1 atm[1]
Viscosity | 17.21 μPa·s
(theoretical estimate)[2]
Structure

Molecular shape

| Tetrahedral

Dipole moment

| 0 D
Hazards
Main hazards | Toxic, flammable, may ignite spontaneously in air
Safety data sheet | ICSC 1244
GHS pictograms |
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H220, H280, H302, H330

GHS precautionary statements

| P210, P260, P264, P270, P271, P284, P301+312, P304+340, P310, P320, P330, P377, P381, P403, P403+233, P405, P410+403, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

NIOSH (US health exposure limits):

PEL (Permissible)

| None[1]

REL (Recommended)

| TWA 0.2 ppm (0.6 mg/m3)[1]

IDLH (Immediate danger)

| N.D.[1]
Related compounds

Related compounds

| Methane
Silane
Stannane
Plumbane
Germyl

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Germane is the chemical compound with the formula GeH4, and the germanium analogue of methane. It is the simplest germanium hydride and one of the most useful compounds of germanium. Like the related compounds silane and methane, germane is tetrahedral. It burns in air to produce GeO2 and water. Germane is a group 14 hydride.

## Contents

* 1 Occurrence
* 2 Synthesis
* 3 Reactions
* 4 Use in semiconductor industry
* 5 Safety
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Occurrence

Germane has been detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter.[3]

## Synthesis

Germane is typically prepared by reduction of germanium oxides, notably germanates, with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, sodium aluminium hydride. The reaction with borohydrides is catalyzed by various acids and can be carried out in either aqueous or organic solvent. On laboratory scale, germane can be prepared by the reaction of Ge(IV) compounds with these hydride reagents.[4][5] A typical synthesis involved the reaction of potassium germanate with sodium borohydride.[6]

NaHGeO3 \+ KBH4 \+ H2O → KGeH3 \+ KB(OH)4
KGeH3 \+ HO2CCH3 → GeH4 \+ KO2CCH3

Other methods for the synthesis of germane include electrochemical reduction and a plasma-based method.[7] The electrochemical reduction method involves applying voltage to a germanium metal cathode immersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution and an anode counter-electrode composed of a metal such as molybdenum or cadmium. In this method, germane and hydrogen gases evolve from the cathode while the anode reacts to form solid molybdenum oxide or cadmium oxides. The plasma synthesis method involves bombarding germanium metal with hydrogen atoms (H) that are generated using a high frequency plasma source to produce germane and digermane.

## Reactions

Germane is weakly acidic. In liquid ammonia GeH4 is ionised forming NH4+ and GeH3−.[8] With alkali metals in liquid ammonia GeH4 reacts to give white crystalline MGeH3 compounds. The potassium (potassium germyl or potassium trihydrogen germanide KGeH3) and rubidium compounds (rubidium germyl or rubidium trihydrogen germanide RbGeH3) have the sodium chloride structure implying a free rotation of the trihydrogen germanide anion GeH3−, the caesium compound, caesium germyl or caesium trihydrogen germanide CsGeH3 in contrast has the distorted sodium chloride structure of TlI.[8]

## Use in semiconductor industry

The gas decomposes near 600K (327°C; 620°F) to germanium and hydrogen. Because of its thermal lability, germane is used in the semiconductor industry for the epitaxial growth of germanium by MOVPE or chemical beam epitaxy.[9] Organogermanium precursors (e.g. isobutylgermane, alkylgermanium trichlorides, and dimethylaminogermanium trichloride) have been examined as less hazardous liquid alternatives to germane for deposition of Ge-containing films by MOVPE.[10]

## Safety

Germane is a highly flammable, potentially pyrophoric,[11] and a highly toxic gas. In 1970, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) published the latest changes and set the occupational exposure threshold limit value at 0.2 ppm for an 8-hour time weighted average.[12] The LC50 for rats at 1 hour of exposure is 622 ppm.[13] Inhalation or exposure may result in malaise, headache, dizziness, fainting, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, kidney injury, and hemolytic effects.[14][15][16]

The US Department of Transportation hazard class is 2.3 Poisonous Gas.[12]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0300". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0300.html.
2. ↑ Yaws, Carl L. (1997), Handbook Of Viscosity: Volume 4: Inorganic Compounds And Elements, Gulf Professional Publishing, ISBN 978-0123958501
3. ↑ Kunde, V.; Hanel, R.; Maguire, W.; Gautier, D.; Baluteau, J. P.; Marten, A.; Chedin, A.; Husson, N. et al. (1982). "The tropospheric gas composition of Jupiter's north equatorial belt (NH3, PH3, CH3D, GeH4, H2O) and the Jovian D/H isotopic ratio". Astrophysical Journal 263: 443–467. doi:10.1086/160516. Bibcode: 1982ApJ...263..443K.
4. ↑ W. L. Jolly "Preparation of the Volatile Hydrides of Groups IVA and VA by Means of Aqueous Hydroborate" Journal of the American Chemical Society 1961, volume 83, pp. 335-7.
5. ↑ US Patent 4,668,502
6. ↑ Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B.; Angelici, R. J. (1999). Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
7. ↑ US Patent 7,087,102 (2006)
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
9. ↑ Venkatasubramanian, R.; Pickett, R. T.; Timmons, M. L. (1989). "Epitaxy of germanium using germane in the presence of tetramethylgermanium". Journal of Applied Physics 66 (11): 5662–5664. doi:10.1063/1.343633. Bibcode: 1989JAP....66.5662V.
10. ↑ Woelk, E.; Shenai-Khatkhate, D. V.; DiCarlo, R. L. Jr.; Amamchyan, A.; Power, M. B.; Lamare, B.; Beaudoin, G.; Sagnes, I. (2006). "Designing Novel Organogermanium MOVPE Precursors for High-purity Germanium Films". Journal of Crystal Growth 287 (2): 684–687. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.10.094. Bibcode: 2006JCrGr.287..684W.
11. ↑ Brauer, 1963, Vol.1, 715
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Praxair MSDS accessed Sep. 2011
13. ↑ NIOSH Germane Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)accessed Sep. 2011
14. ↑ Gus'kova, E. I. (1974). "K toksikologii Gidrida Germaniia" (in Russian). Gigiena Truda I Professionalnye Zabolevaniia 18 (2): 56–57. PMID 4839911.
15. ↑ US EPA Germane
16. ↑ Paneth, F.; Joachimoglu, G. (1924). "Über die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften des Zinnwasserstoffs und Germaniumwasserstoffs" (in German). Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 57 (10): 1925–1930. doi:10.1002/cber.19240571027.

## External links

* Metaloids (manufacturer) datasheet
* Arkonic Specialty Gases China (manufacturer) datasheet
* Licensintorg Russia (process technology sale)
* Honjo Chemical Japan (manufacturer)
* Praxair datasheet
* Air liquide gas encyclopedia entry
* CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* Voltaix (manufacturer) datasheet
* Foshan Huate Gas Co., Ltd. (manufacturer)
* Horst Technologies, Russia (manufacturer)

* v
* t
* e

Binary compounds of hydrogen

Alkali metal (Group 1) hydrides|

* LiH
* NaH
* KH
* RbH
* CsH

Lithium hydride, LiH
ionic metal hydride

Beryllium hydride
Left (gas phase): BeH2
covalent metal hydride
Right: (BeH2)n (solid phase)
polymeric metal hydride

Borane and diborane
Left: BH3 (special conditions), covalent metalloid hydride
Right: B2H6 (standard conditions), dimeric metalloid hydride

Methane, CH4
covalent nonmetal hydride

Ammonia, NH3
covalent nonmetal hydride

Water, H2O
covalent nonmetal hydride

Hydrogen fluoride, HF
covalent nonmetal hydride

Alkaline (Group 2) earth hydrides|

| Monohydrides|

* BeH
* MgH
* CaH
* SrH
* BaH

|

Dihydrides|

* BeH2
* MgH2
* CaH2
* SrH2
* BaH2

|

Group 13 hydrides|

| Boranes|

* BH3
* B2H6
* B2H2
* B2H4
* B4H10
* B5H9
* B5H11
* B6H10
* B6H12
* B10H14
* B18H22

|

Alanes|

* AlH3
* Al2H6

|

Gallanes|

* GaH3
* Ga2H6

|

Indiganes|

* InH3
* In2H6

|

Thallanes|

* TlH3
* Tl2H6

|

Group 14 hydrides|

| Linear alkanes|

* CH4
* C2H6
* C3H8
* C4H10
* C5H12
* C6H14
* C7H16
* C8H18
* C9H20
* C10H22
* more...

|

Linear alkenes|

* C2H4
* C3H6
* C4H8
* C5H10
* C6H12
* C7H14
* C8H16
* C9H18
* C10H20
* more...

|

Linear alkynes|

* C2H2
* C3H4
* C4H6
* C5H8
* C6H10
* C7H12
* C8H14
* C9H16
* C10H18
* more...

|

Silanes|

* SiH4
* Si2H6
* Si3H8
* Si4H10
* Si5H12
* Si6H14
* Si7H16
* Si8H18
* Si9H20
* Si10H22
* more...

|

Silenes|

* Si2H4

|

Silynes|

* Si2H2
* SiH

|

Germanes|

* GeH4
* Ge2H6
* Ge3H8
* Ge4H10
* Ge5H12

|

Stannanes|

* SnH4
* Sn2H6

|

Plumbanes|

* PbH4

|

* CH
* CH2
* CH3
* C2H
* Cycloalkanes
* Cycloalkenes
* Annulenes
* Many more

Pnictogen (Group 15) hydrides|

| Azanes|

* NH3
* N2H4
* N3H5
* N4H6
* N5H7
* N6H8
* N7H9
* N8H10
* N9H11
* N10H12
* more...

|

Azenes|

* N2H2
* N3H3
* N4H4

|

Phosphanes|

* PH3
* P2H4
* P3H5
* P4H6
* P5H7
* P6H8
* P7H9
* P8H10
* P9H11
* P10H12
* more...

|

Phosphenes|

* P2H2
* P3H3
* P4H4

|

Arsanes|

* AsH3
* As2H4

|

Stibanes|

* SbH3

|

Bismuthanes|

* BiH3

|

* HN3
* NH
* radical

Hydrogen chalcogenides (Group 16 hydrides)|

| Polyoxidanes|

* H2O
* H2O2
* H2O3
* H2O4
* H2O5
* H2O6
* H2O7
* H2O8
* H2O9
* H2O10
* more...

|

Polysulfanes|

* H2S
* H2S2
* H2S3
* H2S4
* H2S5
* H2S6
* H2S7
* H2S8
* H2S9
* H2S10
* more...

|

Selanes|

* H2Se
* H2Se2

|

Tellanes|

* H2Te
* H2Te2

|

Polanes|

* PoH2

|

* HO
* HO2
* HO3
* H2O+–O–
* H2S=S
* (HS)2S+–S–
* HS
* HDO
* D2O
* T2O

Hydrogen halides (Group 17 hydrides)|

* HF
* HCl
* HBr
* HI
* HAt

Transition metal hydrides|

* ScH2
* YH2
* YH3
* TiH2
* ZrH2
* HfH2
* VH
* VH2
* NbH
* NbH2
* TaH
* CrH
* CrH2
* CrHx
* NiH
* PdHx (x < 1)
* FeH
* FeH2
* FeH5
* CuH
* ZnH2
* CdH2
* HgH2

Lanthanide hydrides|

* LaH2
* LaH3
* LaH10
* CeH2
* CeH3
* PrH2
* PrH3
* NdH2
* NdH3
* SmH2
* SmH3
* EuH2
* GdH2
* GdH3
* TbH2
* TbH3
* DyH2
* DyH3
* HoH2
* HoH3
* ErH2
* ErH3
* TmH2
* TmH3
* YbH2
* YbH2.5
* LuH2
* LuH3

Actinide hydrides|

* AcH2
* ThH2
* Th4H15
* PaH3
* UH3
* NpH2
* NpH3
* PuH2
* PuH3
* AmH2
* AmH3
* CmH2

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germane. Read more

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Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Germane&oldid=1037953"
*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H220]: Extremely flammable gas
*[H280]: Contains gas under pressure: may explode if heated
*[H302]: Harmful if swallowed
*[H330]: Fatal if inhaled
*[P210]: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking
*[P260]: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P264]: Wash … thoroughly after handling
*[P270]: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product
*[P271]: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area
*[P284]: Wear respiratory protection
*[P301+312]: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell
*[P304+340]: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing
*[P310]: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P320]: Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label)
*[P330]: Rinse mouth
*[P377]: Leaking gas fire – do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely
*[P381]: Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so
*[P403]: Store in a well ventilated place
*[P403+233]: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed
*[P405]: Store locked up
*[P410+403]: Protect from sunlight. Store in a well ventilated place
*[P501]: Dispose of contents/container to …
*[TWA]: Time weighted average
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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template