List of antidepressants

Short description: none

This is a complete list of clinically approved prescription antidepressants throughout the world, as well as clinically approved prescription drugs used to augment antidepressants or mood stabilizers, by pharmacological and/or structural classification. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with brand names in parentheses. All drugs listed are approved specifically for major depressive disorder unless noted otherwise.

## Contents

* 1 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
* 1.1 Discontinued/withdrawn
* 2 Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
* 3 Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs)
* 4 Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)
* 5 Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)
* 5.1 Discontinued/withdrawn
* 6 Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
* 6.1 Off-label only
* 7 Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
* 7.1 Off-label only
* 7.2 Discontinued/withdrawn
* 8 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
* 8.1 Discontinued/withdrawn
* 9 Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)
* 10 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
* 10.1 Irreversible
* 10.1.1 Non-selective
* 10.1.2 Selective for MAO-B
* 10.2 Reversible
* 10.2.1 Non-selective
* 10.2.2 Selective for MAO-A
* 10.3 Mixed
* 10.3.1 Non-selective
* 11 Atypical antipsychotics
* 12 Others
* 12.1 Marketed
* 12.2 Off-label only
* 12.3 Discontinued/withdrawn
* 12.4 Over-the-counter
* 13 Adjunctive treatments
* 13.1 Atypical antipsychotics
* 13.1.1 Off-label only
* 13.2 Typical antipsychotics
* 13.2.1 Off-label only
* 13.3 Others
* 13.3.1 Off-label only
* 14 Combination products
* 15 References

## Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

* Citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil)
* Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex)
* Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
* Fluvoxamine (Luvox, Faverin)
* Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat)
* Sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral)

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Indalpine (Upstene)
* Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid)

## Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

* Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
* Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
* Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
* Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Milnaneurax)
* Venlafaxine (Effexor, Trevilor)

## Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs)

* Toludesvenlafaxine (Ruoxinlin)
* Nefazodone (Serzone)[1]

## Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)

* Vilazodone (Viibryd)
* Vortioxetine (Trintellix, Brintellix)

## Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)

* Nefazodone (Dutonin, Nefadar, Serzone) – withdrawn/discontinued in most countries
* Trazodone (Desyrel)

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Etoperidone (Axiomin, Etonin)

## Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

* Reboxetine (Edronax)
* Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone) – also a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist
* Viloxazine (Vivalan) – also a 5-HT2B receptor antagonist and 5-HT2C receptor agonist

### Off-label only

* Atomoxetine (Strattera)[2][3][4][5]

## Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)

* Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Elontril) – also a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors[6]

### Off-label only

* Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Dexedrine, Vyvanse) – actually norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents (NDRAs)[7][5]
* Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)[8][9]
* Modafinil (Provigil) – actually a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor plus other actions[10][11][12][13]

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Amineptine (Survector, Maneon)
* Nomifensine (Merital, Alival)

## Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

* Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
* Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin)
* Clomipramine (Anafranil)
* Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane)
* Dibenzepin (Noveril, Victoril)
* Dimetacrine (Istonil)
* Dosulepin (Prothiaden)
* Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
* Imipramine (Tofranil)
* Lofepramine (Lomont, Gamanil)
* Melitracen (Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun)
* Nitroxazepine (Sintamil)
* Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)
* Noxiptiline (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal)
* Pipofezine (Azafen/Azaphen)
* Protriptyline (Vivactil)
* Trimipramine (Surmontil)

Opipramol (Insidon), tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil) and amineptine (discontinued; formerly Survector, Maneon) are chemically TCAs but are pharmacodynamically atypical, and are therefore grouped elsewhere.

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Butriptyline (Evadyne)
* Demexiptiline (Deparon, Tinoran)
* Fluacizine (Phtorazisin)
* Imipraminoxide (Imiprex, Elepsin)
* Iprindole (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran)
* Metapramine (Timaxel)
* Propizepine (Depressin, Vagran)
* Quinupramine (Kinupril, Kevopril)
* Tiazesim (Altinil) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant
* Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant

## Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)

* Amoxapine (Asendin)
* Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
* Mianserin (Tolvon)
* Mirtazapine (Remeron)
* Setiptiline (Tecipul)

Mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline are also sometimes described as noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs).

## Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

### Irreversible

#### Non-selective

* Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
* Phenelzine (Nardil)
* Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Discontinued/withdrawn

* Benmoxin (Neuralex)
* Iproclozide (Sursum)
* Iproniazid (Marsilid)
* Mebanazine (Actomol)
* Nialamide (Niamid)
* Octamoxin (Ximaol)
* Pheniprazine (Catron)
* Phenoxypropazine (Drazine)
* Pivhydrazine (Tersavid)
* Safrazine (Safra)

#### Selective for MAO-B

* Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam)

### Reversible

#### Non-selective

Discontinued/withdrawn

* Caroxazone (Surodil, Timostenil)

#### Selective for MAO-A

* Metralindole (Inkazan)
* Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
* Pirlindole (Pirazidol)

These drugs are sometimes described as reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).

Discontinued/withdrawn

* Eprobemide (Befol)
* Minaprine (Brantur, Cantor)
* Toloxatone (Humoryl)

### Mixed

#### Non-selective

* Bifemelane (Alnert, Celeport) – RIMA, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI

## Atypical antipsychotics

* Amisulpride (Solian) – approved in low doses as a monotherapy for persistent depression
* Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
* Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
* Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression

## Others

### Marketed

* Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist
* Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; Zulresso) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator – approved for postpartum depression
* Esketamine (Spravato) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions[14]
* Gepirone (Exxua) – 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist
* Opipramol (Insidon) — σ1 receptor agonist, other actions
* Tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil, Tianeurax) – weak and atypical μ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions

### Off-label only

* Ketamine (Ketalar) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[15]

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* α-Methyltryptamine [αMT] (Indopan) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), and weak RIMA
* Etryptamine [α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)] (Monase) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, SNDRA, and weak RIMA
* Indeloxazine (Elen, Noin) – serotonin releasing agent (SRA), NRI, and NMDA receptor antagonist
* Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl) – weak serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) and 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist
* Oxaflozane (Conflictan) – 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist
* Pivagabine (Tonerg) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

### Over-the-counter

The following antidepressants are available both with a prescription and over-the-counter:

* Ademetionine [S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)] (Heptral, Transmetil, Samyl) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis
* Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort (SJW)] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – TRPC6 activator, and various other actions
* Oxitriptan [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)] (Cincofarm, Levothym, Triptum) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
* Tryptophan (Tryptan, Optimax, Aminomine) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis

## Adjunctive treatments

### Atypical antipsychotics

* Aripiprazole (Abilify) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
* Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
* Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
* Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
* Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
* Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant or mood stabilizer for major depression and bipolar depression

#### Off-label only

* Risperidone (Risperdal)

### Typical antipsychotics

#### Off-label only

* Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)[16]

### Others

#### Off-label only

* Buspirone (Buspar) – 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist
* Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (mechanism of action unknown/unclear)
* Thyroxine (T4) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)
* Triiodothyronine (T3) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)

## Combination products

* Amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide (Limbitrol) – TCA and benzodiazepine combination
* Amitriptyline/perphenazine (Etafron) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
* Flupentixol/melitracen (Deanxit) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
* Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax) – SSRI and atypical antipsychotic combination – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression and treatment-resistant depression
* Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine (Parstelin, Parmodalin, Jatrosom N, Stelapar) – MAOI and typical antipsychotic combination
* Bupropion/dextromethorphan (Auvelity) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, σ1 receptor agonist, SNRI, NDRI, other actions

## References

1. ↑ Tatsumi, M; Groshan, K; Blakely, RD; Richelson, E (11 December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters.". European Journal of Pharmacology 340 (2–3): 249–58. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
2. ↑ Atomoxetine. 2021. PMID 29630286.
3. ↑ "The noradrenergic action in antidepressant treatments: pharmacological and clinical aspects". CNS Neurosci Ther 17 (6): 723–32. December 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00217.x. PMID 21155988.
4. ↑ "A systematic review of augmentation strategies for patients with major depressive disorder". Psychopharmacol Bull 42 (3): 57–90. 2009. PMID 19752841.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "A review of the use of stimulants and stimulant alternatives in treating bipolar depression and major depressive disorder". J Clin Psychiatry 75 (9): 1010–8. September 2014. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08851. PMID 25295426.
6. ↑ "Pharmacological and neurotoxicological actions mediated by bupropion and diethylpropion". Int. Rev. Neurobiol.. International Review of Neurobiology 88: 223–55. 2009. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88009-4. ISBN 9780123745040. PMID 19897080.
7. ↑ "Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs". Biochem. Pharmacol. 95 (2): 81–97. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011. PMID 25813654.
8. ↑ "Methylphenidate: its pharmacology and uses". Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 (7): 711–21. 2000. doi:10.4065/75.7.711. PMID 10907387.
9. ↑ "Methylphenidate: established and expanding roles in symptom management". Am J Hosp Palliat Care 29 (6): 483–90. 2012. doi:10.1177/1049909111427029. PMID 22144657.
10. ↑ "The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders". Psychiatr Pol 54 (1): 21–33. February 2020. doi:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/90687. PMID 32447354.
11. ↑ "Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: A systematic review of the evidence". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 27 (5): 423–441. May 2017. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003. PMID 28318897.
12. ↑ "Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive modafinil/armodafinil in bipolar depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Bipolar Disord 22 (2): 109–120. March 2020. doi:10.1111/bdi.12859. PMID 31643130.
13. ↑ "Dopaminergic agents in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Acta Psychiatr Scand 135 (6): 527–538. June 2017. doi:10.1111/acps.12712. PMID 28256707.
14. ↑ "SPRAVATO™ (esketamine) nasal spray FDA label". Food and Drug Administration. 5 March 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/211243lbl.pdf.
15. ↑ "Is off-label repeat prescription of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant safe? Controversies, ethical concerns, and legal implications". BMC Med Ethics 17: 4. 2016. doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0087-3. PMID 26768892.
16. ↑ "Adverse Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics as Adjuncts to Antidepressants: Are the Risks Worth the Benefits?". Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 39 (3): 477–86. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.008. PMID 27514300.

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Antidepressants (N06A)

Specific reuptake inhibitors and/or receptor modulators

| SSRIs|

* Citalopram
* Escitalopram
* Fluoxetine#
* Fluvoxamine
* Indalpine‡
* Paroxetine
* Sertraline
* Zimelidine‡

|

SNRIs|

* Desvenlafaxine
* Duloxetine
* Levomilnacipran
* Milnacipran
* Tofenacin
* Venlafaxine

NRIs|

* Atomoxetine
* Reboxetine
* Viloxazine

NDRIs|

* Amineptine‡
* Bupropion
* Nomifensine‡

NaSSAs|

* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine
* Setiptiline

SARIs|

* Etoperidone
* Nefazodone
* Trazodone

SMS|

* Vilazodone
* Vortioxetine

Others|

* Agomelatine
* Amisulpride
* Esketamine†
* Etryptamine‡
* Indeloxazine
* flupentixol
* Ketamine†
* Medifoxamine‡
* Metryptamine‡
* Oxaflozane‡
* Pivagabine‡
* Tandospirone
* Teniloxazine
* Tianeptine

Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants

| TCAs|

* Amineptine‡
* Amitriptyline#
* Amitriptylinoxide
* Butriptyline‡
* Clomipramine#
* Demexiptiline‡
* Desipramine
* Dibenzepin
* Dimetacrine‡
* Dosulepin
* Doxepin
* Imipramine
* Imipraminoxide‡
* Iprindole‡
* Lofepramine
* Melitracen
* Metapramine‡
* Nitroxazepine
* Nortriptyline
* Noxiptiline
* Opipramol
* Pipofezine
* Propizepine‡
* Protriptyline
* Quinupramine‡
* Tianeptine
* Trimipramine

|

TeCAs|

* Amoxapine
* Maprotiline
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine
* Setiptiline

Others|

* Tiazesim

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

| Non-selective|

* Irreversible: Benmoxin‡
* Iproclozide‡
* Iproniazid‡
* Isocarboxazid
* Isoniazid#
* Linezolid#
* Mebanazine‡
* Nialamide‡
* Octamoxin‡
* Phenelzine
* Pheniprazine‡
* Phenoxypropazine‡
* Pivhydrazine‡
* Safrazine‡
* Tedizolid
* Tranylcypromine

* Reversible: Caroxazone‡

* Mixed: Bifemelane

|

MAOA-selective|

* Reversible: Eprobemide
* Metralindole
* Minaprine‡
* Moclobemide
* Pirlindole
* Tetrindole
* Toloxatone

MAOB-selective|

* Irreversible: Selegiline

Adjunctive therapies

* Atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, lurasidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
* Buspirone
* Lithium (lithium carbonate, lithium citrate)
* Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), levothyroxine (T4))

Miscellaneous

* Ademetionine (SAMe)
* Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort)
* Oxitriptan (5-HTP)
* Rubidium chloride (RbCl)
* Tryptophan

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

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* e

Mood stabilizers

Anticonvulsants|

* Carbamazepine
* Lamotrigine
* Oxcarbazepine
* Valproate
* Valnoctamide
* Valproate pivoxil
* Valpromide

Atypical antipsychotics|

* Aripiprazole
* Cariprazine
* Clozapine
* Lurasidone
* Olanzapine (+fluoxetine)
* Paliperidone
* Quetiapine
* Risperidone
* Ziprasidone

Others|

* Ketamine
* Lithium (lithium acetate, lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium citrate, lithium hydroxide, lithium orotate)
* Omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid)

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*[SSRIs]: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
*[SNRIs]: Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
*[NRIs]: Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
*[NDRIs]: Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors
*[NaSSAs]: Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants
*[SARIs]: Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors
*[SMS]: Serotonin modulator and stimulators
*[TCAs]: Tricyclic antidepressants
*[TeCAs]: Tetracyclic antidepressants
*[MAOA]: Monoamine oxidase A
*[MAOB]: Monoamine oxidase B
*[SAMe]: S-adenosyl-L-methionine
*[5-HTP]: 5-hydroxytryptophan