List of copper alloys

Short description: Metal alloy with copper as its principal component

Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-Sumerian "Foundation Nail" of Gudea, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day Iraq, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms, having both been commonly referred to as lattens in the past. Today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted, especially by museums.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Composition
* 2 Brasses
* 3 Bronzes
* 4 Precious metal alloys
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Bibliography
* 7 External links

## Composition

The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, copper-nickel-zinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the Bronze Age, are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable.

Classification of copper and its alloys  Family | Principal alloying element | UNS numbers

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Copper alloys, brass | Zinc (Zn) | C1xxxx-C4xxxx,C66400-C69800
Phosphor bronze | Tin (Sn) | C5xxxx
Aluminium bronzes | Aluminium (Al) | C60600-C64200
Silicon bronzes | Silicon (Si) | C64700-C66100
Cupronickel, nickel silvers | Nickel (Ni) | C7xxxx
Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-ehttps://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusi/cusi.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzesBinary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/al-elem/alcu/alcu.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/ Binary Cu Sn phase diagramBinary Cu Sn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusn/cusn.htm \- DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/ Binary Cu Zn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for brasses, generated using NIMS Open database https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cu_index.htm Cu-Zn - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/ Mechanical properties of common copper alloys[2] Name  | Nominal composition (percentages)  | Form and condition  | Yield strength (0.2% offset, ksi)  | Tensile strength (ksi)  | Elongation in 2 inches (percent)  | Hardness (Brinell scale)  | Comments

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Copper (ASTM B1, B2, B3, B152, B124, R133)  | Cu 99.9  | Annealed  | 10  | 32  | 45  | 42  | Electrical equipment, roofing, screens
Cold-drawn  | 40  | 45  | 15  | 90
Cold-rolled  | 40  | 46  | 5  | 100
Gilding metal (ASTM B36)  | Cu 95.0, Zn 5.0  | Cold-rolled  | 50  | 56  | 5  | 114  | Coins, bullet jackets
Cartridge brass (ASTM B14, B19, B36, B134, B135)  | Cu 70.0, Zn 30.0  | Cold-rolled  | 63  | 76  | 8  | 155  | Good for cold-working; radiators, hardware, electrical, drawn cartridge cases.
Phosphor bronze (ASTM B103, B139, B159)  | Cu 89.75, Sn 10.0, P 0.25  | Spring temper  | —  | 122  | 4  | 241  | High fatigue-strength and spring qualities
Yellow or High brass (ASTM B36, B134, B135)  | Cu 65.0, Zn 35.0  | Annealed  | 18  | 48  | 60  | 55  | Good corrosion resistance
Cold-drawn  | 55  | 70  | 15  | 115
Cold-rolled (HT)  | 60  | 74  | 10  | 180
Manganese bronze (ASTM 138)  | Cu 58.5, Zn 39.2, Fe 1.0, Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3  | Annealed  | 30  | 60  | 30  | 95  | Forgings
Cold-drawn  | 50  | 80  | 20  | 180
Naval brass (ASTM B21)  | Cu 60.0, Zn 39.25, Sn 0.75  | Annealed  | 22  | 56  | 40  | 90  | Resistance to salt corrosion
Cold-drawn  | 40  | 65  | 35  | 150
Muntz metal (ASTM B111)  | Cu 60.0, Zn 40.0  | Annealed  | 20  | 54  | 45  | 80  | Condensor tubes
Aluminium bronze (ASTM B169 alloy A, B124, B150)  | Cu 92.0, Al 8.0  | Annealed  | 25  | 70  | 60  | 80  | —
Hard  | 65  | 105  | 7  | 210
Beryllium copper (ASTM B194, B196, B197)  | Cu 97.75, Be 2.0, Co or Ni 0.25  | Annealed, solution-treated  | 32  | 70  | 45  | B60 (Rockwell)  | Electrical, valves, pumps, oilfield tools, aerospace landing gears, robotic welding, mold making [3]
Cold-rolled  | 104  | 110  | 5  | B81 (Rockwell)
Free-cutting brass  | Cu 62.0, Zn 35.5, Pb 2.5  | Cold-drawn  | 44  | 70  | 18  | B80 (Rockwell)  | Screws, nuts, gears, keys
Nickel silver (ASTM B122)  | Cu 65.0, Zn 17.0, Ni 18.0  | Annealed  | 25  | 58  | 40  | 70  | Hardware
Cold-rolled  | 70  | 85  | 4  | 170
Nickel silver (ASTM B149)  | Cu 76.5, Ni 12.5, Pb 9.0, Sn 2.0  | Cast  | 18  | 35  | 15  | 55  | Easy to machine; ornaments, plumbing [4]
Cupronickel (ASTM B111, B171)  | Cu 88.35, Ni 10.0, Fe 1.25, Mn 0.4  | Annealed  | 22  | 44  | 45  | –  | Condensor, salt-water pipes
Cold-drawn tube  | 57  | 60  | 15  | –
Cupronickel  | Cu 70.0, Ni 30.0  | Wrought  | –  | –  | –  | –  | Heat-exchange equipment, valves
Ounce metal[5] Copper alloy C83600 (also known as "Red brass" or "composition metal") (ASTM B62)  | Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0  | Cast  | 17  | 37  | 25  | 60  | —
Gunmetal (known as "red brass" in US)  | Varies Cu 80-90%, Zn <5%, Sn ~10%, +other elements@ <1%  |  |  |  |  |
Mechanical properties of Copper Development Association (CDA) copper alloys[6] Family | CDA | Tensile strength [ksi] | Yield strength [ksi] | Elongation (typ.) [%] | Hardness
[Brinell 10 mm-500 kg] | Machinability [YB = 100]

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Min. | Typ. | Min. | Typ.
Red brass | 833 |  | 32 |  | 10 | 35 | 35 | 35
836 | 30 | 37 | 14 | 17 | 30 | 50–65 | 84
838 | 29 | 35 | 12 | 16 | 25 | 50–60 | 90
Semi-red brass | 844 | 29 | 34 | 13 | 15 | 26 | 50–60 | 90
848 | 25 | 36 | 12 | 14 | 30 | 50–60 | 90
Manganese bronze | 862 | 90 | 95 | 45 | 48 | 20 | 170–195† | 30
863 | 110 | 119 | 60 | 83 | 18 | 225† | 8
865 | 65 | 71 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 130† | 26
Tin bronze | 903 | 40 | 45 | 18 | 21 | 30 | 60–75 | 30
905 | 40 | 45 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 75 | 30
907 | 35 | 44 | 18 | 22 | 20 | 80 | 20
Leaded tin bronze | 922 | 34 | 40 | 16 | 20 | 30 | 60–72 | 42
923 | 36 | 40 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 60–75 | 42
926 | 40 | 44 | 18 | 20 | 30 | 65–80 | 40
927 | 35 | 42 |  | 21 | 20 | 77 | 45
High-leaded tin bronze | 932 | 30 | 35 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 60–70 | 70
934 | 25 | 32 |  | 16 | 20 | 55–65 | 70
935 | 25 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 30 | 55–65 | 70
936 | 33 | 30 | 16 | 21 | 15 | 79-83 | 80
937 | 25 | 35 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 55–70 | 80
938 | 25 | 30 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 50–60 | 80
943 | 21 | 27 |  | 13 | 10 | 42–55 | 80
Aluminium bronze | 952 | 65 | 80 | 25 | 27 | 35 | 110–140† | 50
953 | 65 | 75 | 25 | 27 | 25 | 140† | 55
954 | 75 | 85 | 30 | 35 | 18 | 140–170† | 60
955 | 90 | 100 | 40 | 44 | 12 | 180–200† | 50
958 | 85 | 95 | 35 | 38 | 25 | 150-170† | 50
Silicon bronze | 878 | 80 | 83 | 30 | 37 | 29 | 115 | 40
† Brinell scale with 3000 kg load
Comparison of copper alloy standards[6] Family | CDA | ASTM | SAE | SAE superseded | Federal | Military

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Red brass | 833 |  |  |  |  |
836 | B145-836 | 836 | 40 | QQ-C-390 (B5) | C-2229 Gr2
838 | B145-838 | 838 |  | QQ-C-390 (B4) |
Semi-red brass | 844 | B145-844 |  |  | QQ-C-390 (B2) |
848 | B145-848 |  |  | QQ-C-390 (B1) |
Manganese bronze | 862 | B147-862 | 862 | 430A | QQ-C-390 (C4) | C-2229 Gr9
863 | B147-863 | 863 | 430B | QQ-C-390 (C7) | C-2229 Gr8
865 | B147-865 | 865 | 43 | QQ-C-390 (C3) | C-2229 Gr7
Tin bronze | 903 | B143-903 | 903 | 620 | QQ-C-390 (D5) | C-2229 Gr1
905 | B143-905 | 905 | 62 | QQ-C-390 (D6) |
907 |  | 907 | 65 |  |
Leaded tin bronze | 922 | B143-922 | 922 | 622 | QQ-C-390 (D4) | B-16541
923 | B143-923 | 923 | 621 | QQ-C-390 (D3) | C-15345 Gr10
926 |  | 926 |  |  |
927 |  | 927 | 63 |  |
High-leaded tin bronze | 932 | B144-932 | 932 | 660 | QQ-C-390 (E7) | C-15345 Gr12
934 |  |  |  | QQ-C-390 (E8) | C-22229 Gr3
935 | B144-935 | 935 | 66 | QQ-C-390 (E9) |
937 | B144-937 | 937 | 64 | QQ-C-390 (E10) |
938 | B144-938 | 938 | 67 | QQ-C-390 (E6) |
943 | B144-943 | 943 |  | QQ-C-390 (E1) |
Aluminium bronze | 952 | B148-952 | 952 | 68A | QQ-C-390 (G6) | C-22229 Gr5
953 | B148-953 | 953 | 68B | QQ-C-390 (G7) |
954 | B148-954 | 954 |  | QQ-C-390 (G5) | C-15345 Gr13
955 | B148-955 | 955 |  | QQ-C-390 (G3) | C-22229 Gr8
958 |  |  |  | QQ-C-390 (G8) |
Silicon bronze | 878 | B30 | 878 |  |  |

The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys.

Chemical composition of copper alloys[6][7] Family | CDA | AMS | UNS | Cu [%] | Sn [%] | Pb [%] | Zn [%] | Ni [%] | Fe [%] | Al [%] | Other [%]

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Red brass | 833 |  | C83300 | 93 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 4 |  |  |  |
|  | C83400[8] | 90 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |
836 | 4855B | C83600 | 85 | 5 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |
838 |  | C83800 | 83 | 4 | 6 | 7 |  |  |  |
Semi-red brass | 844 |  | C84400 | 81 | 3 | 7 | 9 |  |  |  |
845 |  | C84500 | 78 | 3 | 7 | 12 |  |  |  |
848 |  | C84800 | 76 | 3 | 6 | 15 |  |  |  |
Manganese bronze |  |  | C86100[9] | 67 | 0.5 |  | 21 |  | 3 | 5 | Mn 4
862† |  | C86200 | 64 |  |  | 26 |  | 3 | 4 | Mn 3
863† | 4862B | C86300 | 63 |  |  | 25 |  | 3 | 6 | Mn 3
865 | 4860A | C86500 | 58 | 0.5 |  | 39.5 |  | 1 | 1 | Mn 0.25
Tin bronze | 903 |  | C90300 | 88 | 8 |  | 4 |  |  |  |
905 | 4845D | C90500 | 88 | 10 | 0.3 max | 2 |  |  |  |
907 |  | C90700 | 89 | 11 | 0.5 max | 0.5 max |  |  |  |
Leaded tin bronze | 922 |  | C92200 | 88 | 6 | 1.5 | 4.5 |  |  |  |
923 |  | C92300 | 87 | 8 | 1 max | 4 |  |  |  |
926 | 4846A | C92600 | 87 | 10 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |
927 |  | C92700 | 88 | 10 | 2 | 0.7 max |  |  |  |
High-leaded tin bronze | 932 |  | C93200 | 83 | 7 | 7 | 3 |  |  |  |
934 |  | C93400 | 84 | 8 | 8 | 0.7 max |  |  |  |
935 |  | C93500 | 85 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 0.5 max |  |  |
937 | 4842A | C93700 | 80 | 10 | 10 |  | 0.7 max |  |  |
938 |  | C93800 | 78 | 7 | 15 |  | 0.75 max |  |  |
943 | 4840A | C94300 | 70 | 5 | 25 |  | 0.7 max |  |  |
Aluminium bronze | 952 |  | C95200 | 88 |  |  |  |  | 3 | 9 |
953 |  | C95200 | 89 |  |  |  |  | 1 | 10 |
954 | 4870B
4872B | C95400 | 85 |  |  |  |  | 4 | 11 |
|  | C95410[10] | 85 |  |  |  |  | 4 | 11 | Ni 2
955 |  | C95500 | 81 |  |  |  | 4 | 4 | 11 |
|  | C95600[11] | 91 |  |  |  |  |  | 7 | Si 2
|  | C95700[12] | 75 |  |  |  | 2 | 3 | 8 | Mn 12
958 |  | C95800 | 81 |  |  |  | 5 | 4 | 9 | Mn 1
Silicon bronze |  |  | C87200[13] | 89 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Si 4
|  | C87400[14] | 83 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | Si 3
|  | C87500[15] | 82 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | Si 4
|  | C87600[16] | 90 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | Si 4.5
878 |  | C87800[17] | 80 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | Si 4
|  | C87900[18] | 65 |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | Si 1
† Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties

## Brasses

Main article: Chemistry:Brass

A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in colour. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper.

Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (dezincification), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.

* Nordic Gold

## Bronzes

Main article: Chemistry:Bronze

A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also aluminium and silicon.

* Aluminium bronzes are alloys of copper and aluminium. The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5% and 11%. Iron, nickel, manganese and silicon are sometimes added. They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low reactivity to sulphur compounds. Aluminium forms a thin passivation layer on the surface of the metal.
* Bell metal
* Phosphor bronze
* Nickel bronzes, e.g. nickel silver and cupronickel
* Speculum metal
* UNS C69100

## Precious metal alloys

Copper is often alloyed with precious metals like gold (Au) and silver (Ag).

Name | Cu [%] | Au [%] | Ag [%] | Other [%]

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Auricupride | † | † |  |
Ashtadhatu | † | † | † | Fe†, Hg†, Sn†, Zn†
Billon | † |  | † | Hg†
Chinese silver | 58 |  | 2 | 17.5 Zn, 11.5 Ni,
Corinthian bronze | † | † | † |
CuSil | 28 |  | 72 |
Dymalloy | 20 |  | 80 | C (type I diamond)
Electrum, Green gold | 6-23 | 75-80 | 0-15 | 0-4 Cd
Grey gold | † | † |  | Mn†
Guanín | 25 | 56 | 18 |
Hepatizon | † | trace | trace |
Niello | † | † |  | Pb sulfides†
Panchaloha | † | † | † | Fe†, Sn†, Pb†, Zn†,
Rose, red, and pink gold | 20-50 | 50-75 | 0-5 |
Spangold | 18-19 | 76 |  | 5-6 Al
Shakudō | 90-96 | 4-10 |  |
Shibuichi | 40-77 | 0-1 | 23-60 |
Tibetan silver | † |  | † | Ni†, Sn†
Tumbaga | 3-97 | 3-97 |  |
White gold | † | † |  | Ni†, Zn†

† amount unspecified

## See also

* Copper-clad steel
* Copper alloys in aquaculture
* Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
* Lubaloy C41100

## References

1. ↑ British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"
2. ↑ Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.) Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering, Elsevier, 2006
3. ↑ National Bronze & Metals | Beryllium Copper
4. ↑ Lewis Brass & Company | Copper Alloy Data
5. ↑ Cast copper alloy C83600 (Ounce Metal)  substech.com
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Industrial Investment Castings - Franklin Bronze, https://www.franklinbronze.com/capabilities/industrial-castings/, retrieved 2009-09-07 .
7. ↑ Brass and Bronze Alloys, http://www.ischumann.com/brass_bronze.html, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
8. ↑ UNS C83400, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C83400&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C83400, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
9. ↑ UNS C86100, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C86100&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C86100, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
10. ↑ UNS C95410, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95410&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C95410, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
11. ↑ UNS C95600, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95600&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C95600, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
12. ↑ UNS C95700, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95700 &show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C95700, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
13. ↑ UNS C87200, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87200&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C87200, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
14. ↑ UNS C87400, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87400&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C87400, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
15. ↑ UNS C87500, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87500&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C87500, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
16. ↑ UNS C87600, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87600&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C87600, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
17. ↑ UNS C87800, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87800&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C87800, retrieved 2009-09-08 .
18. ↑ UNS C87900, http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87900&show_prop=all&Page_Title=UNS C87900, retrieved 2009-09-08 .

### Bibliography

* Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L. (1992). Machinery's Handbook (24 ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. p. 501. ISBN 0-8311-2492-X.

## External links

* Corrosion tests and standards: application and interpretation
* Copper Development Association
* [1]
* Copper Binary Phase Diagrams generation code (batch file - http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/ramefabio.txt ) using open thermodynamic databases available at NIMS https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/periodic.htm and a commercial software, Computherm Pandat, available for free at https://computherm.com/ ( help for use https://computherm.com/docs/pandat_manual.pdf. Images of the 34 binary phase diagrams are available at http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/PNG/

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