Mie potential

Short description: Interaction potential

The potential curve of the Mie potential in reduced units, for different values of the repulsive exponent (n), all depicted curves use the attractive exponent m=6. The black curve corresponds to the Lennard-Jones potential.

The Mie potential is an interaction potential describing the interactions between particles on the atomic level. It is mostly used for describing intermolecular interactions, but at times also for modeling intramolecular interaction, i.e. bonds.

The Mie potential is named after the German physicist Gustav Mie;[1] yet the history of intermolecular potentials is more complicated.[2][3][4] The Mie potential is the generalized case of the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential, which is perhaps the most widely used pair potential.[5][6]

The Mie potential V(r) is a function of r, the distance between two particles, and is written as[7]

V(r)=Cε[(σr)n−(σr)m],(1)

with

C=nn−m(nm)mn−m

such that the potential minimum is Vmin=−ε.

The Lennard-Jones potential corresponds to the special case where n=12 and m=6 in Eq. (1). In Eq. (1), ε is the dispersion energy, and σ indicates the distance at which V=0, which is sometimes called the "collision radius." The parameter σ is generally indicative of the size of the particles involved in the collision. The parameters n and m characterize the shape of the potential: n describes the character of the repulsion and m describes the character of the attraction.

The attractive exponent m=6 is physically justified by the London dispersion force,[4] whereas no justification for a certain value for the repulsive exponent is known. The repulsive steepness parameter n has a significant influence on the modeling of thermodynamic derivative properties, e.g. the compressibility and the speed of sound. Therefore, the Mie potential is a more flexible intermolecular potential than the simpler Lennard-Jones potential.

The Mie potential is used today in many force fields in molecular modeling. Typically, the attractive exponent is chosen to be m=6, whereas the repulsive exponent is used as an adjustable parameter during the model fitting.

## Thermophysical properties of the Mie substance

The reduced phase diagram of a fluid consisting of particles interacting through a Mie potential with different values for the repulsive exponent (n), all with the attractive exponent m=6. The cross indicates the critical point.

As for the Lennard-Jonesium, where a theoretical substance exists that is defined by particles interacting by the Lennard-Jones potential, a substance class of Mie substances exists that are defined as single site spherical particles interacting by a given Mie potential. Since an infinite number of Mie potentials exist (using different n, m parameters), equally many Mie substances exist, as opposed to Lennard-Jonesium, which is uniquely defined. For practical applications in molecular modelling, the Mie substances are mostly relevant for modelling small molecules, e.g. noble gases, and for coarse grain modelling, where larger molecules, or even a collection of molecules, are simplified in their structure and described by a single Mie particle. However, more complex molecules, such as long-chained alkanes, have successfully been modelled as homogeneous chains of Mie particles.[8] As such, the Mie potential is useful for modelling far more complex systems than those whose behaviour is accurately captured by "free" Mie particles.

Thermophysical properties of both the Mie fluid, and chain molecules built from Mie particles have been the subject of numerous papers in recent years. Investigated properties include virial coefficients[9] and interfacial,[10] vapor-liquid equilibrium,[11][12][13][14] and transport properties.[15] Based on such studies the relation between the shape of the interaction potential (described by n and m) and the thermophysical properties has been elucidated.

Also, many theoretical (analytical) models have been developed for describing thermophysical properties of Mie substances and chain molecules formed from Mie particles, such as several thermodynamic equations of state[8][16][17] and models for transport properties.[18]

It has been observed that many combinations of different (n,m) can yield similar phase behaviour,[19] and that this degeneracy is captured by the parameter

α=C[1m−3−1n−3],

where fluids with different exponents, but the same α-parameter will exhibit the same phase behavior.[19]

## Mie potential used in molecular modeling

Due to its flexibility, the Mie potential is a popular choice for modelling real fluids in force fields. It is used as an interaction potential many molecular models today. Several (reliable) united atom transferable force fields are based on the Mie potential, such as that developed by Potoff and co-workers.[20][21][22] The Mie potential has also been used for coarse-grain modeling.[23] Electronic tools are available for building Mie force field models for both united atom force fields and transferable force fields.[24][23] The Mie potential has also been used for modeling small spherical molecules (i.e. directly the Mie substance - see above). The Table below gives some examples. There, the molecular models have only the parameters of the Mie potential itself.

Specie  | σ [Å]  | ε [kBK]  | n [ – ]  | m [ – ]  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Ar | 3.404  | 117.84  | 12.085  | 6.0  | [25]
CHA4 | 3.7412  | 153.36  | 12.65  | 6.0  | [26]
HA2 | 3.2574  | 17.931  | 8.0  | 6.0  | [27]
He | 3.3530  | 4.44  | 14.84  | 6.0  | [27]
Kr | 3.645  | 176.10  | 14.0  | 6.0  | [28]
NA2 | 3.609  | 105.79  | 14.08  | 6.0  | [29]
OA2 | 3.46  | 118.0  | 12.0  | 6.0  | [30]

## References

1. ↑ Mie, Gustav (1903). "Zur kinetischen Theorie der einatomigen Körper" (in de). Annalen der Physik 316 (8): 657–697. doi:10.1002/andp.19033160802. Bibcode: 1903AnP...316..657M. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/andp.19033160802.
2. ↑ Fischer, Johann; Wendland, Martin (October 2023). "On the history of key empirical intermolecular potentials". Fluid Phase Equilibria 573. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2023.113876. ISSN 0378-3812. Bibcode: 2023FlPEq.57313876F.
3. ↑ Lenhard, Johannes; Stephan, Simon; Hasse, Hans (February 2024). "A child of prediction. On the History, Ontology, and Computation of the Lennard-Jonesium". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 103: 105–113. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.11.007. ISSN 0039-3681. PMID 38128443.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lafitte, Thomas; Apostolakou, Anastasia; Avendaño, Carlos; Galindo, Amparo; Adjiman, Claire S.; Müller, Erich A.; Jackson, George (2013-10-21). "Accurate statistical associating fluid theory for chain molecules formed from Mie segments" (in en). The Journal of Chemical Physics 139 (15): 154504. doi:10.1063/1.4819786. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 24160524. Bibcode: 2013JChPh.139o4504L. http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4819786.
5. ↑ Stephan, Simon; Staubach, Jens; Hasse, Hans (November 2020). "Review and comparison of equations of state for the Lennard-Jones fluid" (in en). Fluid Phase Equilibria 523. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2020.112772. Bibcode: 2020FlPEq.52312772S. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378381220303204.
6. ↑ Stephan, Simon; Thol, Monika; Vrabec, Jadran; Hasse, Hans (2019-10-28). "Thermophysical Properties of the Lennard-Jones Fluid: Database and Data Assessment" (in en). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 59 (10): 4248–4265. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00620. ISSN 1549-9596. PMID 31609113. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00620.
7. ↑ J., Stone, A. (2013). The theory of intermolecular forces. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-175141-7. OCLC 915959704.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lafitte, Thomas; Apostolakou, Anastasia; Avendaño, Carlos; Galindo, Amparo; Adjiman, Claire S.; Müller, Erich A.; Jackson, George (2013). "Accurate statistical associating fluid theory for chain molecules formed from Mie segments". The Journal of Chemical Physics 139 (15). doi:10.1063/1.4819786. PMID 24160524. Bibcode: 2013JChPh.139o4504L.
9. ↑ Sadus, Richard J. (2018-08-21). "Second virial coefficient properties of the n - m Lennard-Jones/Mie potential" (in en). The Journal of Chemical Physics 149 (7): 074504. doi:10.1063/1.5041320. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 30134705. Bibcode: 2018JChPh.149g4504S. http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5041320.
10. ↑ Galliero, Guillaume; Piñeiro, Manuel M.; Mendiboure, Bruno; Miqueu, Christelle; Lafitte, Thomas; Bessieres, David (2009-03-14). "Interfacial properties of the Mie n−6 fluid: Molecular simulations and gradient theory results" (in en). The Journal of Chemical Physics 130 (10): 104704. doi:10.1063/1.3085716. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 19292546. Bibcode: 2009JChPh.130j4704G. http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3085716.
11. ↑ Werth, Stephan; Stöbener, Katrin; Horsch, Martin; Hasse, Hans (2017-06-18). "Simultaneous description of bulk and interfacial properties of fluids by the Mie potential" (in en). Molecular Physics 115 (9–12): 1017–1030. doi:10.1080/00268976.2016.1206218. ISSN 0026-8976. Bibcode: 2017MolPh.115.1017W. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00268976.2016.1206218.
12. ↑ Janeček, Jiří; Said-Aizpuru, Olivier; Paricaud, Patrice (2017-09-12). "Long Range Corrections for Inhomogeneous Simulations of Mie n – m Potential" (in en). Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 13 (9): 4482–4491. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00212. ISSN 1549-9618. PMID 28742959. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00212.
13. ↑ Potoff, Jeffrey J.; Bernard-Brunel, Damien A. (2009-11-05). "Mie Potentials for Phase Equilibria Calculations: Application to Alkanes and Perfluoroalkanes" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113 (44): 14725–14731. doi:10.1021/jp9072137. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 19824622. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp9072137.
14. ↑ Stephan, Simon; Urschel, Maximilian (August 2023). "Characteristic curves of the Mie fluid". Journal of Molecular Liquids 383. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122088. ISSN 0167-7322.
15. ↑ Eskandari Nasrabad, Afshin; Oghaz, Nader Mansoori; Haghighi, Behzad (2008-07-10). "Transport properties of Mie(14,7) fluids: Molecular dynamics simulation and theory". The Journal of Chemical Physics 129 (2): 024507. doi:10.1063/1.2953331. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 18624538. Bibcode: 2008JChPh.129b4507E.
16. ↑ Chaparro, Gustavo; Müller, Erich A. (2023-05-10). "Development of thermodynamically consistent machine-learning equations of state: Application to the Mie fluid". The Journal of Chemical Physics 158 (18). doi:10.1063/5.0146634. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 37161943. Bibcode: 2023JChPh.158r4505C.
17. ↑ Pohl, Sven; Fingerhut, Robin; Thol, Monika; Vrabec, Jadran; Span, Roland (2023-02-27). "Equation of state for the Mie (λr,6) fluid with a repulsive exponent from 11 to 13". The Journal of Chemical Physics 158 (8). doi:10.1063/5.0133412. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 36859099.
18. ↑ Jervell, Vegard G.; Wilhelmsen, Øivind (2023-06-08). "Revised Enskog theory for Mie fluids: Prediction of diffusion coefficients, thermal diffusion coefficients, viscosities, and thermal conductivities". The Journal of Chemical Physics 158 (22). doi:10.1063/5.0149865. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 37290070. Bibcode: 2023JChPh.158v4101J.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Ramrattan, N.S.; Avendaño, C.; Müller, E.A.; Galindo, A. (2015-05-19). "A corresponding-states framework for the description of the Mie family of intermolecular potentials" (in en). Molecular Physics 113 (9–10): 932–947. doi:10.1080/00268976.2015.1025112. ISSN 0026-8976. Bibcode: 2015MolPh.113..932R.
20. ↑ Mick, Jason R.; Soroush Barhaghi, Mohammad; Jackman, Brock; Schwiebert, Loren; Potoff, Jeffrey J. (2017-06-08). "Optimized Mie Potentials for Phase Equilibria: Application to Branched Alkanes" (in en). Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 62 (6): 1806–1818. doi:10.1021/acs.jced.6b01036. ISSN 0021-9568. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jced.6b01036.
21. ↑ Potoff, Jeffrey J.; Bernard-Brunel, Damien A. (2009-11-05). "Mie Potentials for Phase Equilibria Calculations: Application to Alkanes and Perfluoroalkanes" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113 (44): 14725–14731. doi:10.1021/jp9072137. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 19824622. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp9072137.
22. ↑ Schmitt, Sebastian; Fleckenstein, Florian; Hasse, Hans; Stephan, Simon (2023-03-02). "Comparison of Force Fields for the Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Long Linear and Branched Alkanes" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 127 (8): 1789–1802. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07997. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 36802607. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07997.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Müller, Erich A.; Jackson, George (2014-06-07). "Force-Field Parameters from the SAFT-γ Equation of State for Use in Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations" (in en). Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 5 (1): 405–427. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103314. ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 24702297. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103314.
24. ↑ Schmitt, Sebastian; Kanagalingam, Gajanan; Fleckenstein, Florian; Froescher, Daniel; Hasse, Hans; Stephan, Simon (2023-11-27). "Extension of the MolMod Database to Transferable Force Fields" (in en). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 63 (22): 7148–7158. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01484. ISSN 1549-9596. PMID 37947503. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01484.
25. ↑ Dufal, Simon; Lafitte, Thomas; Galindo, Amparo; Jackson, George; Haslam, Andrew J. (September 2015). "Developing intermolecular-potential models for use with the SAFT - VR M ie equation of state" (in en). AIChE Journal 61 (9): 2891–2912. doi:10.1002/aic.14808. ISSN 0001-1541. Bibcode: 2015AIChE..61.2891D.
26. ↑ Lafitte, Thomas; Apostolakou, Anastasia; Avendaño, Carlos; Galindo, Amparo; Adjiman, Claire S.; Müller, Erich A.; Jackson, George (2013-10-16). "Accurate statistical associating fluid theory for chain molecules formed from Mie segments". The Journal of Chemical Physics 139 (15). doi:10.1063/1.4819786. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 24160524. Bibcode: 2013JChPh.139o4504L.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Aasen, Ailo; Hammer, Morten; Ervik, Åsmund; Müller, Erich A.; Wilhelmsen, Øivind (2019-08-13). "Equation of state and force fields for Feynman–Hibbs-corrected Mie fluids. I. Application to pure helium, neon, hydrogen, and deuterium". The Journal of Chemical Physics 151 (6). doi:10.1063/1.5111364. ISSN 0021-9606. Bibcode: 2019JChPh.151f4508A.
28. ↑ Mick, Jason R.; Soroush Barhaghi, Mohammad; Jackman, Brock; Rushaidat, Kamel; Schwiebert, Loren; Potoff, Jeffrey J. (2015-09-16). "Optimized Mie potentials for phase equilibria: Application to noble gases and their mixtures with n-alkanes". The Journal of Chemical Physics 143 (11). doi:10.1063/1.4930138. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 26395716. Bibcode: 2015JChPh.143k4504M.
29. ↑ Hoang, Hai; Delage-Santacreu, Stéphanie; Galliero, Guillaume (2017-08-16). "Simultaneous Description of Equilibrium, Interfacial, and Transport Properties of Fluids Using a Mie Chain Coarse-Grained Force Field" (in en). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56 (32): 9213–9226. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01397. ISSN 0888-5885. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01397.
30. ↑ Nichele, Jakler; Abreu, Charlles R. A.; Alves, Leonardo S. de B.; Borges, Itamar (2018-05-01). "Accurate non-asymptotic thermodynamic properties of near-critical N2 and O2 computed from molecular dynamics simulations". The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 135: 225–233. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2018.01.011. ISSN 0896-8446. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844617308367.

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