Pradofloxacin

Short description: Chemical compound

Pradofloxacin

Clinical data
ATCvet code|

* QJ01MA97 (WHO)

Legal status
Legal status|

* CA: ℞-only

Identifiers

IUPAC name

* 8-Cyano-1-cyclopropyl-7-(1S,6S)-2,8-diazabicyclo-(4.3.0)nonan-8-yl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid

CAS Number|

* 195532-12-8 N

PubChem CID|

* 9802884

ChemSpider|

* 7978646 N

UNII|

* 6O0T5E048I

Chemical and physical data
Formula| C21H21FN4O3
Molar mass| 396.422 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)|

* Interactive image

SMILES

* O=C(O)C1=CN(C2CC2)c3c(C1=O)cc(F)c(c3C#N)N4C[C@H]5NCCC[C@H]5C4

InChI

* InChI=1S/C21H21FN4O3/c22-16-6-13-18(26(12-3-4-12)9-15(20(13)27)21(28)29)14(7-23)19(16)25-8-11-2-1-5-24-17(11)10-25/h6,9,11-12,17,24H,1-5,8,10H2,(H,28,29)/t11-,17+/m0/s1 N

* Key:LZLXHGFNOWILIY-APPDUMDISA-N N

NY (what is this?) (verify)

Pradofloxacin, sold under the brand name Veraflox, is a third-generation enhanced spectrum veterinary antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class. It was developed by Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health GmbH, and received approval from the European Commission in April 2011 for prescription-only use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs and cats.[1]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Mechanism of action
* 3 Indications
* 3.1 Dogs
* 3.2 Cats
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## History

Pradofloxacin was first discovered by chemists at Bayer in 1994 and patented in 1998. The name pradofloxacin was issued in December 2000 by the World Health Organization. Following submission for marketing authorisation to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2004, the application was refused in 2006,[2] prompting further studies.

Having reviewed the additional studies, the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) recommended granting marketing authorisation of pradofloxacin by consensus in February 2011.[3] Marketing authorisation of pradofloxacin was granted by the European Commission in April 2011.[1]

## Mechanism of action

The primary mode of action of fluoroquinolones involves interaction with enzymes essential for major DNA functions such as replication, transcription and recombination. The primary targets for pradofloxacin are the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. Reversible association between pradofloxacin and DNA gyrase or DNA topoisomerase IV in the target bacteria results in inhibition of these enzymes and rapid death of the bacterial cell. The rapidity and extent of bacterial killing are directly proportional to the drug concentration.[4]

As a result, pradofloxacin is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobic bacteria.[4]

## Indications

As with all prescription veterinary medicine, advice on the use of pradofloxacin should always be sought from a suitably qualified veterinarian.[4]

### Dogs

In Europe Pradofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of:[4]

* wound infections and superficial and deep pyoderma caused by susceptible strains of the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius),
* acute urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius) and
* as adjunctive treatment to mechanical or surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of severe infections of the gingiva and periodontal tissues caused by susceptible strains of anaerobic organisms, for example Porphyromonas spp. and Prevotella spp.[5]

### Cats

Pradofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of:[4]

* acute infections of the upper respiratory tract caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius).
* wound infections and abscesses caused by susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida and the Staphylococcus intermedius group (including S. pseudintermedius) [for oral suspension only].

## See also

* Quinolone

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Community register of veterinary medicinal products". Ec.europa.eu. http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/v107.htm.
2. ↑ "European Medicines Agency - Find medicine - Veraflox". Ema.europa.eu. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/veterinary/medicines/000099/vet_med_000194.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001fa1c.
3. ↑ "European Medicines Agency - Find medicine - Veraflox". Ema.europa.eu. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/veterinary/medicines/000159/vet_med_000217.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001fa1c.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Veraflox Summary of Product Characteristics". Ema.europa.eu. April 2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/veterinary/000159/WC500109014.pdf.
5. ↑ "NOAH Compendium of Animal Medicines: Veraflox Tablets - Dosage and administration". http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/Bayer_plc/Veraflox_Tablets/-57913.html.

## External links

* Summary of Product Characteristics

* v
* t
* e

Antibacterials: nucleic acid inhibitors (J01E, J01M)

Antifolates
(inhibits
purine metabolism,
thereby inhibiting
DNA and RNA synthesis)|

| DHFR inhibitor|

* 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine
* Trimethoprim#
* Brodimoprim
* Tetroxoprim
* Iclaprim†

|

Sulfonamides
(DHPS inhibitor)|

| Short-
acting|

* Sulfaisodimidine
* Sulfamethizole
* Sulfadimidine
* Sulfapyridine
* Sulfafurazole
* Sulfanilamide
* Prontosil
* Sulfathiazole
* Sulfathiourea

|

Intermediate-
acting|

* Sulfamethoxazole
* Sulfadiazine#
* Sulfamoxole

Long-
acting|

* Sulfadimethoxine
* Sulfadoxine
* Sulfalene
* Sulfametomidine
* Sulfametoxydiazine
* Sulfamethoxypyridazine
* Sulfaperin
* Sulfamerazine
* Sulfaphenazole
* Sulfamazone

Other/ungrouped|

* Sulfacetamide
* Sulfadicramide
* Sulfametrole
* Sulfanitran

Combinations|

* Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole#
* Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine

Other DHPS inhibitors|

* Dapsone

Topoisomerase
inhibitors/
quinolones/
(inhibits
DNA replication)|

| 1st g.|

* Cinoxacin‡
* Flumequine‡
* Nalidixic acid‡
* Oxolinic acid‡
* Pipemidic acid‡
* Piromidic acid‡
* Rosoxacin‡

|

Fluoro-
quinolones|

| 2nd g.|

* Ciprofloxacin#
* Ofloxacin
* Enoxacin‡
* Fleroxacin‡
* Lomefloxacin‡
* Nadifloxacin‡
* Norfloxacin‡
* Pefloxacin‡
* Rufloxacin‡

|

3rd g.|

* Levofloxacin#
* Balofloxacin‡
* Grepafloxacin‡
* Pazufloxacin‡
* Sparfloxacin‡
* Temafloxacin‡
* Tosufloxacin‡

4th g.|

* Besifloxacin
* Delafloxacin
* Gatifloxacin
* Finafloxacin
* Gemifloxacin
* Moxifloxacin#
* Clinafloxacin†
* Garenoxacin‡
* Prulifloxacin‡
* Sitafloxacin‡
* Trovafloxacin‡/Alatrofloxacin‡

Vet.|

* Danofloxacin
* Difloxacin
* Enrofloxacin
* Ibafloxacin
* Marbofloxacin
* Orbifloxacin
* Pradofloxacin
* Sarafloxacin‡

Newer non-fluorinated|

* Nemonoxacin

Related (DG)|

* Aminocoumarins: Novobiocin

Anaerobic DNA
inhibitors|

| Nitro- imidazole derivatives|

* Metronidazole#
* Tinidazole
* Ornidazole

|

Nitrofuran derivatives|

* Nitrofurantoin#
* Furazolidone‡
* Nifurtoinol

RNA synthesis|

| Rifamycins/
RNA polymerase|

* Rifampicin#
* Rifabutin#
* Rifapentine#
* Rifaximin
* Rifalazil§

|

Lipiarmycins|

* Fidaxomicin

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

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