Prices of chemical elements

Short description: none

This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison.

(As of 2020), the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars. While the difficulty of obtaining macroscopic samples of synthetic elements in part explains their high value, there has been interest in converting base metals to gold (Chrysopoeia) since ancient times, but only deeper understanding of nuclear physics has allowed the actual production of a tiny amount of gold from other elements for research purposes as demonstrated by Glenn Seaborg.[1][2] However, both this and other routes of synthesis of precious metals via nuclear reactions is orders of magnitude removed from economic viability.

Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure.

When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero. For elements whose radiological properties are important, individual isotopes and isomers are listed. The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive.

## Contents

* 1 Chart
* 2 See also
* 3 Notes
* 4 References

## Chart

Z | Symbol | Name  | Density[lower-alpha 1] (kg/L) | Abundance and total mass in Earth's crust[lower-alpha 2] (mg/kg) | Price[7] | Year  | Source  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

United States dollar /kg  | USD/L[lower-alpha 3]
1 | H | Hydrogen | 0.00008988 | 1400 (3.878×1019 kg) | 1.39 | 0.000125 | 2012 | DOE Hydrogen[8] | Prices of hydrogen produced by distributed steam methane reforming, as predicted by H2A Production Model from United States Department of Energy,[9] assuming price of natural gas of US$3/MMBtu (US$10/MWh; US$0.10/m3). Does not include cost of storage and distribution.
1 | 2H (D) | Deuterium | 0.0001667[10] |  | 13400 | 2.23 | 2020 | CIL[11] | 99.8% pure compressed deuterium gas, in lot size of 850 L (142 g). Also sold by same supplier in the form of heavy water at price of 3940 USD per kg deuterium.[12]

In 2016, Iran sold 32 tons of heavy water to United States for 1336 USD per kg deuterium.[13]

2 | He | Helium | 0.0001785 | 0.008 (2.216×1014 kg) | 24.0 | 0.00429 | 2018 | USGS MCS[14] | Crude helium sold to non-government users in United States in 2018. In the same year, stockpiles of US government helium were sold on auctions for average price of US$0.00989/L.[15]
3 | Li | Lithium | 0.534 | 20 (5.54×1017 kg) | 81.4–85.6 | 43.4–45.7 | 2020 | SMM[16][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99% pure.
4 | Be | Beryllium | 1.85 | 2.8 (7.756×1016 kg) | 857 | 1590 | 2020 | ISE 2020[17][lower-alpha 5] | Min. 99% pure.
5 | B | Boron | 2.34 | 10 (2.77×1017 kg) | 3.68 | 8.62 | 2019 | CEIC Data[18][lower-alpha 6] | In the form of boric acid, price per boron contained. Min. 99% pure.
6 | C | Carbon | 2.267 | 200 (5.54×1018 kg) | 0.122 | 0.28 | 2018 | EIA Coal[19] | In the form of anthracite, price per carbon contained, assuming 90% carbon content. There is a wide variation of price of carbon depending on its form. Lower ranks of coal can be less expensive, for example sub-bituminous coal can cost around US$0.038/kg carbon.[19] Graphite flakes can cost around US$0.9/kg carbon.[20] Price of synthetic industrial diamond for grinding and polishing can range from 1200 to 13300 USD/kg, while cost per weight of large synthetic diamonds for industrial applications can be on the order of million dollars per kilogram.[21]
7 | N | Nitrogen | 0.0012506 | 19 (5.263×1017 kg) | 0.140 | 0.000175 | 2001 | Hypertextbook[24] | As liquid nitrogen.
8 | O | Oxygen | 0.001429 | 461000 (1.277×1022 kg) | 0.154 | 0.000220 | 2001 | Hypertextbook[24] | As liquid oxygen.
9 | F | Fluorine | 0.001696 | 585 (1.62×1019 kg) | 1.84–2.16 | 0.00311 – 0.00365 | 2017 | Echemi[25] | In the form of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, price per fluorine contained. Range of prices on Chinese market, week of 1–7 December 2017.
10 | Ne | Neon | 0.0008999 | 0.005 (1.385×1014 kg) | 240 | 0.21 | 1999 | Ullmann[26] | Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
11 | Na | Sodium | 0.971 | 23600 (6.537×1020 kg) | 2.57–3.43 | 2.49–3.33 | 2020 | SMM[27][lower-alpha 4] | Min 99.7% pure industrial grade sodium.
12 | Mg | Magnesium | 1.738 | 23300 (6.454×1020 kg) | 2.32 | 4.03 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min 99.9% pure.
13 | Al | Aluminium | 2.698 | 82300 (2.28×1021 kg) | 1.79 | 4.84 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | High-grade primary aluminium, at London Metal Exchange warehouse.
14 | Si | Silicon | 2.3296 | 282000 (7.811×1021 kg) | 1.70 | 3.97 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.1% pure, max. 0.4% iron, 0.4% aluminium, 0.1% calcium.[28] 10–100 mm.
15 | P | Phosphorus | 1.82 | 1050 (2.909×1019 kg) | 2.69 | 4.90 | 2019 | CEIC Data[18][lower-alpha 6] | Min. 99.9% pure yellow phosphorus.
16 | S | Sulfur | 2.067 | 350 (9.695×1018 kg) | 0.0926 | 0.191 | 2019 | CEIC Data[18][lower-alpha 6] |
17 | Cl | Chlorine | 0.003214 | 145 (4.075×1018 kg) | 0.082 | 0.00026 | 2013 | CnAgri[29] | As chlorine is manufactured together with sodium hydroxide in chloralkali process, relative demand for one product changes the price for the other. When demand for sodium hydroxide is relatively high, chlorine price can fall to arbitrarily low levels, even to zero.[30]
18 | Ar | Argon | 0.0017837 | 3.5 (9.695×1016 kg) | 0.931 | 0.00166 | 2019 | UNLV[31] | Liquid argon supply contract for University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
19 | K | Potassium | 0.862 | 20900 (5.789×1020 kg) | 12.1–13.6 | 10.5–11.7 | 2020 | SMM[32][lower-alpha 4] | Min 98.5% pure industrial grade potassium.
20 | Ca | Calcium | 1.54 | 41500 (1.15×1021 kg) | 2.21–2.35 | 3.41–3.63 | 2020 | SMM[33][lower-alpha 4] | Blocks of 98.5% pure calcium obtained by reduction process.
21 | Sc | Scandium | 2.989 | 22 (6.094×1017 kg) | 3460 | 10300 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.99% pure.
22 | Ti | Titanium | 4.54 | 5650 (1.565×1020 kg) | 11.1–11.7 | 50.5–53.1 | 2020 | SMM[35][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99.6% pure titanium sponge.
23 | V | Vanadium | 6.11 | 120 (3.324×1018 kg) | 357–385 | 2180–2350 | 2020 | SMM[36][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99.5% pure.
24 | Cr | Chromium | 7.15 | 102 (2.825×1018 kg) | 9.40 | 67.2 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.2% pure.
25 | Mn | Manganese | 7.44 | 950 (2.632×1019 kg) | 1.82 | 13.6 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Electrolytic manganese, min. 99.7% pure.
26 | Fe | Iron | 7.874 | 56300 (1.565×1021 kg) | 0.424 | 3.34 | 2020 | SMM[37][lower-alpha 4] | L8-10 pig iron. At Tangshan, China.
27 | Co | Cobalt | 8.86 | 25 (6.925×1017 kg) | 32.8 | 291 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
28 | Ni | Nickel | 8.912 | 84 (2.327×1018 kg) | 13.9 | 124 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Primary nickel. Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
29 | Cu | Copper | 8.96 | 60 (1.662×1018 kg) | 6.00 | 53.8 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Spot price. Grade A.[38] At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
30 | Zn | Zinc | 7.134 | 70 (1.939×1018 kg) | 2.55 | 18.2 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.995% pure special high grade zinc metal. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
31 | Ga | Gallium | 5.907 | 19 (5.263×1017 kg) | 148 | 872 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.99% pure. Free on Board China.
32 | Ge | Germanium | 5.323 | 1.5 (4.155×1016 kg) | 914–1010 | 4860–5390 | 2020 | SMM[39][lower-alpha 4] | Ingot. 50 Ω/cm.
33 | As | Arsenic | 5.776 | 1.8 (4.986×1016 kg) | 0.999–1.31 | 5.77–7.58 | 2020 | SMM[40][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99.5% pure.
34 | Se | Selenium | 4.809 | 0.05 (1.385×1015 kg) | 21.4 | 103 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Selenium powder, min. 99.9% pure.
35 | Br | Bromine | 3.122 | 2.4 (6.648×1016 kg) | 4.39 | 13.7 | 2019 | CEIC Data[18][lower-alpha 6] |
36 | Kr | Krypton | 0.003733 | .0001 1×10−4

(2.77×1012 kg) || 290 || 1.1 || 1999 || Ullmann[26] ||  Approximate European price for buying small quantities.

37 | Rb | Rubidium | 1.532 | 90 (2.493×1018 kg) | 15500 | 23700 | 2018 | USGS MCS[14] | 100 g ampoules of 99.75% pure rubidium metal.
38 | Sr | Strontium | 2.64 | 370 (1.025×1019 kg) | 6.53–6.68 | 17.2–17.6 | 2019 | ISE 2019[41] | Min. 99% pure, Ex Works China.
39 | Y | Yttrium | 4.469 | 33 (9.141×1017 kg) | 31.0 | 139 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
40 | Zr | Zirconium | 6.506 | 165 (4.571×1018 kg) | 35.7–37.1 | 232–241 | 2020 | SMM[42][lower-alpha 4] | Zirconium sponge, min. 99% pure.
41 | Nb | Niobium | 8.57 | 20 (5.54×1017 kg) | 61.4–85.6 | 526–734 | 2020 | SMM[43][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99.9% pure.
42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 10.22 | 1.2 (3.324×1016 kg) | 40.1 | 410 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.95% pure.
43 | Tc | Technetium | 11.5 | .000000003 ~ 3×10−9

[lower-alpha 9] (8.31×107 kg) || 100000 || 1200000 || 2004[lower-alpha 10] || CRC Handbook[lower-alpha 11] ||

43 | 99mTc | Technetium-99m | 11.5 |  | 1.9×1012 | 22×1012 | 2008 | NRC[46] | In the form of medical doses of sodium pertechnetate made on-site in technetium-99m generators. Price per technetium contained. Range of prices for medical doses available in the United States. Technetium-99m has half-life of 6 hours, which limits its ability to be directly traded.
44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 12.37 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 10400 – 10600 | 129000 – 131000 | 2020 | SMM[47][lower-alpha 4] | 99.95% pure.
45 | Rh | Rhodium | 12.41 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 147000 | 1820000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | 99.95% pure.
46 | Pd | Palladium | 12.02 | 0.015 (4.155×1014 kg) | 49500 | 595000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | 99.95% pure. London bullion market afternoon fix. In warehouse.
47 | Ag | Silver | 10.501 | 0.075 (2.0775×1015 kg) | 521 | 5470 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | 99.5% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
48 | Cd | Cadmium | 8.69 | 0.159 (4.4043×1015 kg) | 2.73 | 23.8 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Ingot, min. 99.99% pure.
49 | In | Indium | 7.31 | 0.25 (6.925×1015 kg) | 167 | 1220 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.99% pure.
50 | Sn | Tin | 7.287 | 2.3 (6.371×1016 kg) | 18.7 | 136 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.85% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
51 | Sb | Antimony | 6.685 | 0.2 (5.54×1015 kg) | 5.79 | 38.7 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Ingot, min. 99.65% pure.
52 | Te | Tellurium | 6.232 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 63.5 | 396 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.99% pure. Europe.
53 | I | Iodine | 4.93 | 0.45 (1.2465×1016 kg) | 35 | 173 | 2019 | Industrial Minerals[48] | Min 99.5% pure. Spot market price on 2 August 2019.
54 | Xe | Xenon | 0.005887 | .00003 3×10−5

(8.31×1011 kg) || 1800 || 11 || 1999 || Ullmann[26] ||  Approximate European price for buying small quantities.

55 | Cs | Caesium | 1.873 | 3 (8.31×1016 kg) | 61800 | 116000 | 2018 | USGS MCS[14] | 1 g ampoules of 99.8% pure caesium.
56 | Ba | Barium | 3.594 | 425 (1.177×1019 kg) | 0.246–0.275 | 0.886–0.990 | 2016 | USGS MYB 2016[49] | In the form of chemical-grade barite (barium sulfate) exported from China to United States. Price per barium contained, includes cost, insurance, and freight. Barium sulfate is the primary feedstock for production of barium chemicals.[50]
57 | La | Lanthanum | 6.145 | 39 (1.08×1018 kg) | 4.78–4.92 | 29.4–30.3 | 2020 | SMM[51][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99% pure.
58 | Ce | Cerium | 6.77 | 66.5 (1.84205×1018 kg) | 4.57–4.71 | 30.9–31.9 | 2020 | SMM[52][lower-alpha 4] | Min. 99% pure.
59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 6.773 | 9.2 (2.5484×1017 kg) | 103 | 695 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
60 | Nd | Neodymium | 7.007 | 41.5 (1.14955×1018 kg) | 57.5 | 403 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
61 | 147Pm | Promethium-147 | 7.26 |  | 460000 | 3400000 | 2003 | Radiochemistry Society[53] | From Periodic Table of the Elements published on website of Radiochemistry Society. There is no further information as to source or specifics of this price.
62 | Sm | Samarium | 7.52 | 7.05 (1.95285×1017 kg) | 13.9 | 104 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
63 | Eu | Europium | 5.243 | 2 (5.54×1016 kg) | 31.4 | 165 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.999% pure.
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 7.895 | 6.2 (1.7174×1017 kg) | 28.6 | 226 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.5% pure.
65 | Tb | Terbium | 8.229 | 1.2 (3.324×1016 kg) | 658 | 5410 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 8.55 | 5.2 (1.4404×1017 kg) | 307 | 2630 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
67 | Ho | Holmium | 8.795 | 1.3 (3.601×1016 kg) | 57.1 | 503 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.5% pure.
68 | Er | Erbium | 9.066 | 3.5 (9.695×1016 kg) | 26.4 | 240 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.5% pure.
69 | Tm | Thulium | 9.321 | 0.52 (1.4404×1016 kg) | 3000 | 28000 | 2003 | IMAR[54][lower-alpha 12] | Price quotes from Canadian producer, for 1 kg order. 99.5–99.99% purity, Free on Board Vancouver, Canada.
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 6.965 | 3.2 (8.864×1016 kg) | 17.1 | 119 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.99% pure.
71 | Lu | Lutetium | 9.84 | 0.8 (2.216×1016 kg) | 643 | 6330 | 2020 | ISE 2020[34][lower-alpha 8] | Min. 99.99% pure.
72 | Hf | Hafnium | 13.31 | 3 (8.31×1016 kg) | 900 | 12000 | 2017 | USGS MCS[14] | Unwrought hafnium.
73 | Ta | Tantalum | 16.654 | 2 (5.54×1016 kg) | 298–312 | 4960–5200 | 2019 | ISE 2019[41] | Min. 99.95% pure. Ex Works China.
74 | W | Tungsten | 19.25 | 1.3 (3.601×1016 kg) | 35.3 | 679 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Powder, particle size 2–10 µm, 99.7% pure. Free on Board China.
75 | Re | Rhenium | 21.02 | .0007 7×10−4

(1.939×1013 kg) || 3010–4150 || 63300 – 87300 || 2020 || SMM[55][lower-alpha 4] ||  99.99% pure.

76 | Os | Osmium | 22.61 | 0.002 (5.54×1013 kg) | 12000 | 280000 | 2016 | Fastmarkets[lower-alpha 13] |
77 | Ir | Iridium | 22.56 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 55500 – 56200 | 1250000 – 1270000 | 2020 | SMM[58][lower-alpha 4] | 99.95% pure.
78 | Pt | Platinum | 21.46 | 0.005 (1.385×1014 kg) | 27800 | 596000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | 99.95% pure. London bullion market morning fix. In warehouse.
79 | Au | Gold | 19.282 | 0.004 (1.108×1014 kg) | 44800 | 863000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | 99.9% pure. Morning London gold fix.
80 | Hg | Mercury | 13.5336 | 0.085 (2.3545×1015 kg) | 30.2 | 409 | 2017 | USGS MCS[14] | Average European Union price of 99.99% pure mercury.
81 | Tl | Thallium | 11.85 | 0.85 (2.3545×1016 kg) | 4200 | 49800 | 2017 | USGS MCS[14] |
82 | Pb | Lead | 11.342 | 14 (3.878×1017 kg) | 2.00 | 22.6 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Min. 99.97% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
83 | Bi | Bismuth | 9.807 | 0.009 (2.493×1014 kg) | 6.36 | 62.4 | 2019 | Preismonitor[20][lower-alpha 7] | Refined bismuth, min. 99.99% pure.
84 | 209Po | Polonium-209 | 9.32 |  | 49.2×1012 | 458×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
85 | At | Astatine | 7 | 0.000000000000000000003 3×10−20

[lower-alpha 9] (8.31×10−4 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. || Only under a tenth of microgram of astatine has ever been produced.[44] Most stable isotope has half-life of 8.1 hours.

86 | Rn | Radon | 0.00973 | .0000000000004 4×10−13

[lower-alpha 9] (1.108×104 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. || Used in brachytherapy until 1960s,[59] currently radon is not used commercially.[60]

87 | Fr | Francium | 1.87 | 0.000000000000000001 ~ 1×10−18

[lower-alpha 9] (2.77×10−2 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. || Only quantities of the order of millions of atoms have been obtained for research.[61] Most stable isotope, 223Fr, has half-life of 22 minutes. Francium has no commercial or medical uses.[60]

88 | Ra | Radium | 5.5 | .0000009 9×10−7

[lower-alpha 9] (2.493×1010 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Negative price. || Radium was historically used in the treatment of cancer, but stopped being used when more effective treatments were introduced. As medical facilities had to pay for its disposal, its price can be considered negative.[62]

89 | 225Ac | Actinium-225 | 10.07 |  | 29×1012 | 290×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
90 | Th | Thorium | 11.72 | 9.6 (2.6592×1017 kg) | 287 | 3360 | 2010 | USGS MYB 2012[63] | As 99.9% pure thorium oxide, price per thorium contained. Free on Board port of entry, duty paid.
91 | Pa | Protactinium | 15.37 | .0000014 1.4×10−6

[lower-alpha 9] (3.878×1010 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | No reliable price available. || In 1959–1961 Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority produced 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium at a cost of $500000, giving the cost of 4000000 USD per kg.[44] Periodic Table of Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory website at one point listed protactinium-231 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a price of 280000 USD/kg.[64]

92 | U | Uranium | 18.95 | 2.7 (7.479×1016 kg) | 101 | 1910 | 2018 | EIA Uranium Marketing[65] | Mainly as triuranium octoxide, price per uranium contained.
93 | Np | Neptunium | 20.45 | 0.000000000003 ≤ 3×10−12

[lower-alpha 9] (8.31×104 kg) || 660000 || 13500000 || 2003[lower-alpha 10] || Pomona[66] || Periodic Table published by Pomona College Chemistry Department lists neptunium-237 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 660 USD/g plus packing costs.

94 | 239Pu | Plutonium-239 | 19.84 |  | 6490000 | 129000000 | 2019 | DOE OSTI[67] | Certified reference material sample in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide, price per plutonium-239 contained.
95 | 241Am | Americium-241 | 13.69 | 0 0  | 728000 | 9970000 | 1998 | NWA[68][lower-alpha 15] | Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in Nuclear Weapons FAQ.
95 | 243Am | Americium-243 | 13.69 | 0 0  | 750000 | 10300000 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
96 | 244Cm | Curium-244 | 13.51 | 0 0  | 185000000 | 2.50×109 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
96 | 248Cm | Curium-248 | 13.51 | 0 0  | 160×109 | 2.16×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
97 | 249Bk | Berkelium-249 | 14.79 | 0 0  | 185×109 | 2.74×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
98 | 249Cf | Californium-249 | 15.1 | 0 0  | 185×109 | 2.79×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
98 | 252Cf | Californium-252 | 15.1 | 0 0  | 60.0×109 | 906×109 | 2004[lower-alpha 10] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14] |
99 | Es | Einsteinium | 8.84 | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only microgram quantities have ever been produced.[44] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 471.7 days.
100 | Fm | Fermium | 9.7 (9.7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only tracer amounts have ever been produced.[44][69]:13.2.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 100.5 days.
101 | Md | Mendelevium | 10.3 (10.3)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only around 106 atoms have been produced in experiments.[69]:13.3.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 days.
102 | No | Nobelium | 9.9 (9.9)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only around 105 atoms have been produced in experiments.[69]:13.4.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 58 minutes.
103 | Lr | Lawrencium | 15.6 (15.6)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only around 1000 atoms have been produced in experiments.[69]:13.5.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 11 hours.
104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | 23.2 (23.2)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only a few thousand atoms have been produced in experiments.[44] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.5 hours.
105 | Db | Dubnium | 29.3 (29.3)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Atoms of dubnium have been prepared experimentally at a rate of at most one per minute.[70] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 hours.
106 | Sg | Seaborgium | 35.0 (35.0)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[71] The most stable known isotope has half-life of 14 minutes.
107 | Bh | Bohrium | 37.1 (37.1)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1 minute.
108 | Hs | Hassium | 40.7 (40.7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 16 seconds.
109 | Mt | Meitnerium | 37.4 (37.4)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | 34.8 (34.8)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 9.6 seconds.
111 | Rg | Roentgenium | 28.7 (28.7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.1 minutes.
112 | Cn | Copernicium | 14.0 (14.0)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 seconds.
113 | Nh | Nihonium | 16 (16)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
114 | Fl | Flerovium | 9.928 (9.928)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1.9 seconds.
115 | Mc | Moscovium | 13.5 (13.5)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.65 seconds.
116 | Lv | Livermorium | 12.9 (12.9)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 53 ms.
117 | Ts | Tennessine | 7.2 (7.2)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 ms.
118 | Og | Oganesson | 7 (7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | As of 2050, less than ten atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.7 ms.

## See also

* 2000s commodities boom

## Notes

1. ↑ Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa.[3] For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used. Values in parentheses are theoretical predictions.
2. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
3. ↑ Price per volume for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa, pure element. For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 Spot market price range on 3 February 2020.
5. ↑ Market price on 5 February 2020
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Average price in November 2019. Data from China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 Price average for entire year 2019.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Market price on 4 February 2020
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 This element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth).
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 or earlier
11. ↑ The values reported are present in 85th edition of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics[44] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[45]
12. ↑ Source lists prices of other rare earth elements (some of which are significantly different than the ones presented in table above):
* lanthanum – 25 USD/kg
* cerium – 30 USD/kg
* praseodymium – 70 USD/kg
* neodymium – 30 USD/kg
* samarium – 80 USD/kg
* europium – 1600 USD/kg
* gadolinium – 78 USD/kg
* terbium – 630 USD/kg
* dysprosium – 120 USD/kg
* holmium – 350 USD/kg
* erbium – 180 USD/kg
* thulium – 3000 USD/kg
* ytterbium – 484 USD/kg
* lutetium – 4000 USD/kg
* yttrium – 96 USD/kg
13. ↑ Fastmarkets Price[56] and Chart[57] Creator. Mid-market price from price table. Year of latest price data (2016) read from chart. Archived: table, chart (5, 7, 50, 1200 data points)
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Price does not include packing costs. The values reported are present in Handbook's 85th edition[44] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[45]
15. ↑ This source also lists price of Americium-243 as 180 USD/mg, which is much higher than reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and used in this table.

## References

1. ↑ Aleklett, K.; Morrissey, D.; Loveland, W.; McGaughey, P.; Seaborg, G. (1981). "Energy dependence of 209Bi fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions". Physical Review C 23 (3): 1044. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.23.1044. Bibcode: 1981PhRvC..23.1044A.
2. ↑ Matthews, Robert (December 2, 2001). "The Philosopher's Stone". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/4791069/The-Philosophers-Stone.html.
3. ↑ See: Densities of the elements (data page)
4. ↑ Antweiler, Werner. "Foreign Currency Units per 1 European Euro, 1999-2018". University of British Columbia. https://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/EURpages.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Antweiler, Werner. "Database Retrieval System". University of British Columbia. https://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/data.html.
6. ↑ "USD / RMB". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Rates/201102250100.
7. ↑ Values used for currency conversion:
* Euro: 1999 – 1.0654 USD/EUR[4]
* Renminbi: September 2013 – 0.16340 USD/CNY,[5] December 2017 – 0.15159 USD/CNY,[5] November 2019 – 0.14241 USD/CNY,[5] 3 February 2019 – 0.14273 USD/CNY[6]
8. ↑ Dillich, Sara; Ramsden, Todd; Melaina, Marc (19 September 2012). Satyapal, Sunita. ed. ﻿DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record #12024: Hydrogen Production Cost Using Low-Cost Natural Gas﻿ (Report). United States Department of Energy. p. 5. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/12024_h2_production_cost_natural_gas.pdf.
9. ↑ "DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program: DOE H2A Production Analysis". United States Department of Energy. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_production.html.
10. ↑ "Physical Properties for Deuterium". Air Products & Chemicals. https://www.airproducts.com/products/Gases/gas-facts/physical-properties/physical-properties-deuterium.aspx.
11. ↑ "DEUTERIUM (D, 99.8%) (D2,99.6%+HD,0.4%)". Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. https://shop.isotope.com/productdetails.aspx?itemno=DLM-408-PK.
12. ↑ "DEUTERIUM OXIDE (D, 99%)". Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. https://shop.isotope.com/productdetails.aspx?itemno=DLM-4-99-PK.
13. ↑ Stone, Richard (2016-04-22). "U.S. goes shopping in Iran's nuclear bazaar, will buy heavy water for science". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9962. ISSN 0036-8075. https://www.science.org/content/article/us-goes-shopping-iran-s-nuclear-bazaar-will-buy-heavy-water-science.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 ﻿Mineral Commodity Summaries﻿ (Report). United States Geological Survey. 2019. doi:10.3133/70202434. ISBN 978-1-4113-4283-5.
15. ↑ Kornbluth, Phil (31 August 2018). "BLM reaps surprising windfall from FY 2019 Crude Helium Auction". https://www.gasworld.com/blm-reaps-windfall-from-fy-2019-helium-auction/2015344.article.
16. ↑ "Lithium Metal". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Cobalt-Lithium/201102250219.
17. ↑ "Strategic metals prices in February 2020". Institute of Rare Earths and Metals. 5 February 2020. https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/prices-for-strategic-metals-in-february-2020/.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "China Petroleum & Chemical Industry Association: Petrochemical Price: Inorganic Chemical Material". https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/china-petroleum--chemical-industry-association-petrochemical-price-inorganic-chemical-material.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Coal prices and outlook". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 12 November 2019. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/prices-and-outlook.php.
20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 (in de) ﻿Preismonitor﻿ (Report). Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. 22 January 2020. https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Produkte/Preisliste/pm_19_12.pdf.
21. ↑ Olson, Donald W. (January 2020). "﻿Diamond, Industrial﻿". Minerals Yearbook 2016 (United States Geological Survey) I: 21.3. doi:10.3133/mybvi. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/industrial-diamond-statistics-and-information.
22. ↑ Salerno, Louis J.; Gaby, J.; Johnson, R.; Kittel, Peter; Marquardt, Eric D. (2002). "Terrestrial Applications of Zero-Boil-Off Cryogen Storage". in Ross, R. G. (in en). Cryocoolers 11. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 810. doi:10.1007/0-306-47112-4_98. ISBN 978-0-306-46567-3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-47112-4_98.
23. ↑ Fan, Karen (2007). "Price of Liquid Nitrogen". in Elert, Glenn. The Physics Factbook. https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/KarenFan.shtml.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 In Cryocoolers 11,[22] cited in Hypertextbook[23]
25. ↑ "Hydrofluoric Acid Market Remained Largely Stable This Week (Dec 1-7, 2017)". 7 December 2017. https://www.echemi.com/cms/9883.html.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Häussinger, Peter; Glatthaar, Reinhard; Rhode, Wilhelm; Kick, Helmut; Benkmann, Christian; Weber, Josef; Wunschel, Hans-Jörg; Stenke, Viktor et al. (15 March 2001). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 24 (7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. sec. 9.. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 978-3-527-32943-4.
27. ↑ "Sodium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250465.
28. ↑ "Silicon Metal Yunnan (441#)". Shanghai Metals Market. 6 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Silicon/201102250629.
29. ↑ "Liquid Chlorine Demands Goes Up with Substantial Price Hike". Beijing Orient Agribusiness Consultant. 15 October 2013. http://en.cnagri.com/news/insight/20131015/297722.html.
30. ↑ Schmittinger, Peter; Florkiewicz, Thomas; Curlin, L. Calvert; Lüke, Benno; Scannell, Robert; Navin, Thomas; Zelfel, Erich; Bartsch, Rüdiger (15 January 2006). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (release 2008, 7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. 2008. sec. 15.. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-31965-7.
31. ↑ "Agreement Information 6238". University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 12 August 2011. https://www.unlv.edu/purchasing/agreements6238.
32. ↑ "Potassium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250280.
33. ↑ "Calcium 98.5%". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250322.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 "Rare earth prices in February 2020". Institute of Rare Earths and Metals. 4 February 2020. https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/rare-earth-prices-in-february-2020/.
35. ↑ "Titanium Sponge". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201211080001.
36. ↑ "Vanadium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250299.
37. ↑ "Tang Shan(Pig Iron)". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Pig-Iron/201808140002.
38. ↑ "LME Copper Physical". https://www.lme.com/en-GB/Metals/Non-ferrous/Copper/Physical.
39. ↑ "Germanium Ingot". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Indium-Germanium-Gallium/201102250090.
40. ↑ "Arsenic Metal". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250593.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Current prices of strategic metals". Institute of Rare Earths and Metals. July 2019. https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/current-prices-of-strategic-metals/.
42. ↑ "Zirconium Sponge". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250232.
43. ↑ "Niobium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250606.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.6 Hammond, C. R. (2004). "The Elements". in Lide, David R.. Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (85th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4-3–4-36. ISBN 978-0849304859.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Hammond, C. R. (2016). "The Elements". in Haynes, W. M.. Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (97th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4-3–4-42. ISBN 978-1498754286.
46. ↑ National Research Council (2009). "6. Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m Production Costs". Medical Isotope Production without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12569. ISBN 978-0-309-13039-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215132/.
47. ↑ "Ruthenium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Precious-Metals/201102250083.
48. ↑ Greenfield, Michael (2 August 2019). "Iodine prices hold firm although sellers' report higher deal values". https://www.indmin.com/Article/3887037/Iodine/Iodine-prices-hold-firm-although-sellers-report-higher-deal-values.html.
49. ↑ McRae, Michele E. (December 2019). "﻿Barite﻿". Minerals Yearbook 2016 (United States Geological Survey) I: 9.3. doi:10.3133/mybvi. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/barite-statistics-and-information.
50. ↑ Kresse, Robert; Baudis, Ulrich; Jäger, Paul; Riechers, H. Hermann; Wagner, Heinz; Winkler, Jochen; Wolf, Hans Uwe (15 July 2007). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 4 (7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. 2011. sec. 1.7.. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_325.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-32943-4.
51. ↑ "Lanthanum". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Rare-Earth/201102250302.
52. ↑ "Cerium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Rare-Earth/201102250153.
53. ↑ "Promethium". 2003. https://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/61.html.
54. ↑ Castor, Stephen B.; Hedrick, James B. (2006). "Rare Earth Elements". in Kogel, Jessica Elzea. Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses (7th ed.). Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. p. 785. ISBN 978-0-87335-233-8. OCLC 62805047.
55. ↑ "Rhenium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250036.
56. ↑ "Price Creator". Fastmarkets. https://legacy.fastmarkets.com/freecharts/pricecreator.aspx.
57. ↑ "Chart Creator". Fastmarkets. https://legacy.fastmarkets.com/freecharts/chartcreator.aspx.
58. ↑ "Iridium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Precious-Metals/201102250587.
59. ↑ "Seeds (ca. 1940s - 1960s)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 2021. https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/brachytherapy/seeds.html.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam (15 October 2011). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 31 (7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. sec. 1.5.. doi:10.1002/14356007.o22_o15. ISBN 978-3-527-32943-4.
61. ↑ Orozco, Luis A. (2014-09-30). ﻿Project Closeout Report Francium trapping facility at TRIUMF﻿ (Report). United States Department of Energy. doi:10.2172/1214938.
62. ↑ Lubenau, J. O.; Mould, R. F. (2009). "The roller coaster price of radium". IAEA. https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=40106016.
63. ↑ Gambogi, Joseph (August 2016). "﻿Thorium﻿". Minerals Yearbook 2012 (United States Geological Survey) I: 76.3. doi:10.3133/mybvi. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/thorium-statistics-and-information.
64. ↑ "Periodic Table of Elements: Protactinium". Los Alamos National Laboratory. https://periodic.lanl.gov/91.shtml.
65. ↑ ﻿2018 Uranium Marketing Annual Report﻿ (Report). U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 2019. p. 1. https://www.eia.gov/uranium/marketing/.
66. ↑ "Neptunium: The Facts". Chemistry Department of Pomona College. https://www.chemistry.pomona.edu/chemistry/periodic_table/elements/neptunium/the facts.htm.
67. ↑ "Plutonium Certified Reference Materials Price Lists" (in en-US). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 20 June 2019. https://science.osti.gov/nbl/Certified-Reference-Materials/Prices-and-Certificates/Plutonium-CRMs.
68. ↑ Sublette, Carey (20 February 1999). "Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: Section 6.0 Nuclear Materials". https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq6.html.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium". in Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean et al. (in en). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3 ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. OCLC 262685616.
70. ↑ Öhrström, Lars (October 2016). "Brief encounters with dubnium". Nature Chemistry 8 (10): 986. doi:10.1038/nchem.2610. ISSN 1755-4330. PMID 27657876. Bibcode: 2016NatCh...8..986O.
71. ↑ Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A. et al. (19 September 2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex" (in en). Science 345 (6203): 1493. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25237098. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345.1491E.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Gäggeler, H. W. (2005). "Chemical properties of transactinides". The European Physical Journal A 25 (S1): 583–587. doi:10.1140/epjad/i2005-06-202-2. ISSN 1434-6001. Bibcode: 2005EPJAS..25..583G. https://boris.unibe.ch/117633/1/10050_2005_Article_506202.pdf.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Le Naour, Claire; Hoffman, Darleane C.; Trubert, Didier (2014). Schädel, Matthias; Shaughnessy, Dawn. eds (in en). Fundamental and Experimental Aspects of Single Atom-at-a-Time Chemistry. Springer-Verlag. p. 241. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642374654.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 Roberto, J. B.; Alexander, Charles W.; Boll, Rose Ann; Burns, J. D.; Ezold, Julie G.; Felker, Leslie Kevin; Hogle, Susan L.; Rykaczewski, Krzysztof Piotr (December 2015). "Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements" (in en). Nuclear Physics A 944: Table 1. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009. Bibcode: 2015NuPhA.944...99R. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240523.

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices of chemical elements. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Prices_of_chemical_elements&oldid=3321209"