Shocked quartz

Short description: Form of the mineral quartz, found in nuclear test sites and meteor impact zones

Not to be confused with Fused quartz.

Photomicrograph of shocked quartz

Shocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes, which show up as lines under a microscope, are called planar deformation features (PDFs), or shock lamellae.

## Contents

* 1 Discovery
* 2 Formation
* 3 Occurrence
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Discovery

Shocked quartz was discovered following underground nuclear weapons testing, which generated the intense pressures required to alter the quartz lattice. Eugene Shoemaker showed that shocked quartz is also found inside craters created by meteor impact, such as the Barringer Crater and Chicxulub crater.[1] The presence of shocked quartz supports that such craters were formed by impact, because a volcanic eruption would not generate the required pressure.[2]

Lightning is now known to contribute to the surface record of shocked quartz grains, complicating identification of hypervelocity impact features.[3]

## Formation

Photomicrograph of a shocked quartz grain (0.13 mm across) from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, showing shock lamellae

Shocked quartz is usually associated in nature with two high-pressure polymorphs of silicon dioxide: coesite and stishovite. These polymorphs have a crystal structure different from standard quartz. This structure can be formed only by intense pressure (more than 2 gigapascals), but at moderate temperatures. Coesite and stishovite are usually viewed as indicative of impact events or eclogite facies metamorphism (or nuclear explosion), but are also found in sediments prone to lightning strikes and in fulgurites.[4][3]

## Occurrence

Shocked quartz is found worldwide, and occurs in the thin Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer, which occurs at the contact between Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks. This is further evidence (in addition to iridium enrichment) that the transition between the two geologic periods was caused by a large impact.[5]

Lightning also generates planar deformation features in quartz and is capable of propagating appropriate pressure/temperature gradients in rocks and sediments alike.[6] This very common mechanism may significantly contribute to the accumulation of shocked quartz in the geologic record. Mantle xenoliths and sediments derived from them may contain coesite or stishovite.[7]

Though shocked quartz is only recently recognized, Eugene Shoemaker discovered it prior to its crystallographic description in building stones in the Bavarian town of Nördlingen, derived from shock-metamorphic rocks, such as breccia and pseudotachylite, of Ries crater.[8][9]

## See also

* Lechatelierite
* Seifertite
* Shatter cone
* Shock metamorphism

## References

1. ↑ Eugene Merle Shoemaker (1959). ﻿Impact mechanics at Meteor crater, Arizona﻿ (Report). doi:10.3133/ofr59108.
2. ↑ de Silva, SL; Sharpton, VL (1988). "Explosive Volcanism, Shock Metamorphism and the K-T Boundary". Global Catastrophes in Earth History: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality. 673. p. 38. Bibcode: 1988LPICo.673...38D.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gieré, Reto; Wimmenauer, Wolfhard; Müller-Sigmund, Hiltrud; Wirth, Richard; Lumpkin, Gregory R.; Smith, Katherine L. (2015-07-01). "Lightning-induced shock lamellae in quartz". American Mineralogist (Ammin.geoscienceworld.org) 100 (7): 1645–1648. doi:10.2138/am-2015-5218. Bibcode: 2015AmMin.100.1645G. http://ammin.geoscienceworld.org/content/100/7/1645.abstract. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
4. ↑ Melosh, H.J. (2017). "Impact geologists, beware!". Geophysical Research Letters 44 (17): 8873–8874. doi:10.1002/2017GL074840. Bibcode: 2017GeoRL..44.8873M.
5. ↑ Bohor, BF (1988). "Shocked Quartz and More: Impact Signatures in K-T Boundary Clays and Claystones". Global Catastrophes in Earth History: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality. 673. p. 17. Bibcode: 1988LPICo.673...17B.
6. ↑ Gieré, Reto; Wimmenauer, Wolfhard; Müller-Sigmund, Hiltrud; Wirth, Richard; Lumpkin, Gregory R.; Smith, Katherine L. (2015). "Lightning-induced shock lamellae in quartz". American Mineralogist 100 (7): 1645–1648. doi:10.2138/am-2015-5218. Bibcode: 2015AmMin.100.1645G. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/100/7/1645/40585/Lightning-induced-shock-lamellae-in-quartz.
7. ↑ Liou, JG; Ernst, WG; Zhang, RY; Tsujimori, T; Jahn, BM (2009). "Ultrahigh-pressure minerals and metamorphic terranes – The view from China". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 35 (3–4): 199–231. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.10.012. Bibcode: 2009JAESc..35..199L.
8. ↑ Shoemaker, EM; Chao, ECT (1961). "New Evidence for the Impact Origin of the Ries Basin, Bavaria, Germany". J. Geophys. Res. 66 (10): 3371–3378. doi:10.1029/JZ066i010p03371. Bibcode: 1961JGR....66.3371S.
9. ↑ Cokinos, C (2009). The Fallen Sky. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-13322-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=1uFRVyFxA04C&q=coesite&pg=PT246.

## External links

* Shocked quartz page
* Coesite page
* Stishovite page

* v
* t
* e

Silica minerals

Crystalline|

* Coesite
* Cristobalite
* Keatite
* Moganite
* Quartz
* Seifertite
* Stishovite
* Tridymite

Cryptocrystalline|

* Chalcedony
* Chert
* Flint
* Jasper

Amorphous|

* Fulgurite
* Lechatelierite
* Opal

Miscellaneous|

* Tiger's eye

Notable varieties|

| Chalcedony|

* Agate
* Carnelian
* Chrysoprase
* Heliotrope
* Onyx

|

Opal|

* Fiorite
* Geyserite

Quartz|

* Amethyst
* Ametrine
* Herkimer diamond
* Smoky quartz
* Shocked quartz
* Prasiolite

* v
* t
* e

Impact cratering on Earth

* Impact crater
* Impact event

Lists|

* Worldwide
* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Australia
* Europe
* North America
* South America
* By country

Confirmed

≥20 km diameter|

* Acraman
* Amelia Creek
* Araguainha
* Beaverhead
* Boltysh
* Carswell
* Charlevoix
* Chesapeake Bay
* Chicxulub
* Clearwater East & West
* Gosses Bluff
* Haughton
* Kamensk
* Kara
* Karakul
* Keurusselkä
* Lappajärvi
* Logancha
* Manicouagan
* Manson
* Mistastin
* Mjølnir
* Montagnais
* Morokweng
* Nördlinger Ries
* Obolon'
* Popigai
* Presqu'île
* Puchezh-Katunki
* Rochechouart
* Saint Martin
* Shoemaker
* Siljan Ring
* Slate Islands
* Steen River
* Strangways
* Sudbury
* Tookoonooka
* Tunnunik
* Vredefort
* Woodleigh
* Yarrabubba

Topics|

* Alvarez hypothesis
* Australite
* Breccia
* Coesite
* Complex crater
* Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
* Cryptoexplosion
* Ejecta blanket
* Impact crater
* Impact structure
* Impactite
* Late Heavy Bombardment
* Lechatelierite
* Meteorite
* Moldavite
* Ordovician meteor event
* Philippinite
* Planar deformation features
* Shatter cone
* Shock metamorphism
* Shocked quartz
* Stishovite
* Suevite
* Tektite

Research|

* Baldwin, Ralph Belknap
* Barringer, Daniel
* Barringer Medal
* Chao, Edward C T
* Dietz, Robert S
* Hartmann, William K
* Melosh, H Jay
* Ryder, Graham
* Schultz, Peter H
* Shoemaker, Eugene
* Earth Impact Database
* Impact Field Studies Group
* Lunar and Planetary Institute
* Traces of Catastrophe

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