Sodium benzoate

Short description: Common food preservative

Sodium benzoate

Skeletal formula

Ball-and-stick model of part of the crystal structure

Ball-and-stick model of packing in the crystal structure

Names
Preferred IUPAC name

Sodium benzoate

Other names

* E211
* benzoate of soda

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 532-32-1 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:113455 Y

ChEMBL |

* ChEMBL1356 Y

ChemSpider |

* 10305 Y

PubChem CID

* 517055

RTECS number |

* DH6650000

UNII |

* OJ245FE5EU Y

InChI

* InChI=1S/C7H6O2.Na/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1 Y

Key: WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y

* InChI=1/C7H6O2.Na/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1

Key: WXMKPNITSTVMEF-REWHXWOFAY

SMILES

* [Na+].[O-]C(=O)c1ccccc1

Properties

Chemical formula

| C7H5NaO2
Molar mass | 144.105 g·mol−1
Appearance  | white or colourless crystalline powder
Odor | odorless
Density | 1.497 g/cm3
Melting point |  410 °C (770 °F; 683 K)

Solubility in water

| 62.65 g/100 mL (0 °C)
62.84 g/100 mL (15 °C)
62.87 g/100 mL (30 °C)
74.2 g/100 mL (100 °C)[1]
Solubility | soluble in liquid ammonia, pyridine[1]
Solubility in methanol | 8.22 g/100 g (15 °C)
7.55 g/100 g (66.2 °C)[1]
Solubility in ethanol | 2.3 g/100 g (25 °C)
8.3 g/100 g (78 °C)[1]
Solubility in 1,4-Dioxane | 0.818 mg/kg (25 °C)[1]
Pharmacology
1=ATC code }}  | A16AX11 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS pictograms | [2]
GHS Signal word | Warning

GHS hazard statements

| H319[2]

GHS precautionary statements

| P305+351+338[2]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point |  100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)

Autoignition
temperature

|  500 °C (932 °F; 773 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 4100 mg/kg (oral, rat)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Tracking categories (test):

* SizeSet

Sodium benzoate also known as benzoate of soda is the sodium salt of benzoic acid, widely used as a food preservative (with an E number of E211) and a pickling agent. It appears as a white crystalline chemical with the formula C

5COONa.

## Contents

* 1 Production
* 2 Reactions
* 3 Natural occurrence
* 4 Uses
* 4.1 As a preservative
* 4.2 In pharmaceuticals
* 4.3 Other uses
* 5 Mechanism of food preservation
* 6 Health and safety
* 6.1 Association with benzene in soft drinks and pepper sauces
* 6.2 ADHD and hyperactivity
* 7 Compendial status
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Production

Sodium benzoate is commonly produced by the neutralization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with benzoic acid (C

5COOH),[3] which is itself produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.

## Reactions

Sodium benzoate can be decarboxylated with strong base and heat, yielding benzene:[4]

5COONa + NaOH → C

6 \+ Na
2CO

## Natural occurrence

Many foods are natural sources of benzoic acid, its salts, and its esters.[5] Fruits and vegetables can be rich sources, particularly berries such as cranberry and bilberry. Other sources include seafood, such as prawns, and dairy products.

## Uses

### As a preservative

Sodium benzoate can act as a food preservative. It is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (for example acetic acid in vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (acetic acid), condiments, and frozen yogurt toppings. It is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics.[6][7] Under these conditions it is converted into benzoic acid (E210), which is bacteriostatic and fungistatic. Benzoic acid is generally not used directly due to its poor water solubility. Concentration as a food preservative is limited by the FDA in the U.S. to 0.1% by weight.[8] Sodium benzoate is also allowed as an animal food additive at up to 0.1%, per the Association of American Feed Control Officials.[9] Sodium benzoate has been replaced by potassium sorbate in the majority of soft drinks in the United Kingdom.[10]

In the 19th century, sodium benzoate as a food ingredient was investigated by Harvey W. Wiley with his 'Poison Squad' as part of the US Department of Agriculture. This led to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, a key event in the early history of food regulation in the United States.

### In pharmaceuticals

Sodium benzoate is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids.[11][12] This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels. Recent research shows that sodium benzoate may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia.[13][14][15] Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21% compared to placebo.

Sodium benzoate, along with phenylbutyrate, is used to treat hyperammonemia.[16][17]

Sodium benzoate, along with caffeine, is used to treat postdural puncture headache, respiratory depression associated with overdosage of narcotics,[18][19] and has been used experimentally with ergotamine to treat vascular headache.[20]

### Other uses

Sodium benzoate is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.[21][22]

## Mechanism of food preservation

The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell. If the intracellular pH falls to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase decreases sharply,[23] which inhibits the growth and survival of microorganisms that cause food spoilage.

## Health and safety

1909 Heinz advertisement against sodium benzoate

In the United States, sodium benzoate is designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration.[24] The International Programme on Chemical Safety found no adverse effects in rats at doses of 647–825 mg/kg of body weight per day.[25][26]

Cats have a significantly lower tolerance against benzoic acid and its salts than rats and mice.[27]

The human body rapidly clears sodium benzoate by combining it with glycine to form hippuric acid which is then excreted.[26] The metabolic pathway for this begins with the conversion of benzoate by butyrate-CoA ligase into an intermediate product, benzoyl-CoA,[28] which is then metabolized by glycine N-acyltransferase into hippuric acid.[29]

### Association with benzene in soft drinks and pepper sauces

Main article: Unsolved:Benzene in soft drinks

In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300), sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate may form benzene. In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration tested 100 beverages available in the United States that contained both ascorbic acid and benzoate. Four had benzene levels that were above the 5 ppb Maximum Contaminant Level set by the Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water.[30] Most of the beverages that tested above the limit have been reformulated and subsequently tested below the safety limit.[30] Heat, light and shelf life can increase the rate at which benzene is formed. Hot peppers naturally contain vitamin C ("nearly as much as in one orange"[31]) so the observation about beverages applies to pepper sauces containing sodium benzoate, like Texas Pete.

### ADHD and hyperactivity

Research published, including in 2007 for the UK's Food Standards Agency (FSA) suggests that certain artificial colors, when paired with sodium benzoate, may be linked to hyperactive behavior and other ADHD symptoms. The results were inconsistent regarding sodium benzoate, so the FSA recommended further study.[32][33][34] The Food Standards Agency concluded that the observed increases in hyperactive behavior, if real, were more likely to be linked to the artificial colors than to sodium benzoate.[34] The report's author, Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, said: "The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children. . . . Many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid."[34]

## Compendial status

* British Pharmacopoeia[35][36][37]
* European Pharmacopoeia[35]
* Food Chemicals Codex[35]
* Japanese Pharmacopoeia[38]
* United States Pharmacopeia[39]

## See also

* Acceptable daily intake
* List of investigational antipsychotics
* Potassium benzoate

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "sodium benzoate". https://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1004.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium benzoate. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
3. ↑ "International Programme on Chemical Safety". Inchem.org. https://inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad26.htm#SectionNumber:4.1.
4. ↑ Wertheim, Edgar (1942). Introductory Organic Chemistry with Certain Chapters of Biochemistry. The Blakistan Company. p. 236. https://archive.org/details/introductoryorga00wert/mode/1up.
5. ↑ del Olmo, Ana; Calzada, Javier; Nuñez, Manuel (20 November 2015). "Benzoic acid and its derivatives as naturally occurring compounds in foods and as additives: Uses, exposure, and controversy". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (14): 3084–3103. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1087964. PMID 26587821.
6. ↑ "Sodium benzoate". PubChem. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-benzoate. National Library of Medicine
7. ↑ "Robitussin (Guaifenesin)". Rxmed.com. https://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS- Monographs/CPS- (General Monographs- R)/ROBITUSSIN.html.
8. ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1733.
9. ↑ AAFCO (2024). "6". Official Feed Terms, Common or Usual Ingredient Names and Ingredient Definitions. p. 378. https://www.aafco.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2024_OP_Chapter_6_enc.pdf?page=378.
10. ↑ Saltmarsh, Mike (2015-03-15). "Recent trends in the use of food additives in the United Kingdom". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95 (4): 649–652. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6715. ISSN 1097-0010. PMID 24789520. Bibcode: 2015JSFA...95..649S. "... the preservative used in the study, sodium benzoate, has been replaced by potassium sorbate in the majority of soft drinks.".
11. ↑ Häberle, J; Boddaert, N; Burlina, A; Chakrapani, A; Dixon, M; Huemer, M; Karall, D; Martinelli, D et al. (2012). "Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 7: 32. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-32. PMID 22642880.
12. ↑ Wilcken, B (2004). "Problems in the management of urea cycle disorders". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 81 (Suppl 1): S86–91. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.10.016. PMID 15050980.
13. ↑ Add-on Treatment of Benzoate for Schizophrenia A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of d-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor December 2013
14. ↑ "Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry". Institute of Living.. 16 April 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=BKwHAAAAIAAJ&q=benzoic+acid+schizophrenia.
15. ↑ Mental Health Research Institute Staff Publications, University of Michigan. Mental Health Research Institute
16. ↑ "Cinnamon May Help Halt Parkinson's Disease Progression - News Releases - Rush University Medical Center". https://www.rush.edu/news/press-releases/cinnamon-may-help-halt-parkinsons-disease-progression.
17. ↑ PHENYLBUTYRATE, SODIUM BENZOATE. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012. https://livertox.nih.gov/PhenylbutyrateSodiumBenzoate.htm.
18. ↑ Yücel, A; Ozyalçin, S; Talu, GK; Yücel, EC; Erdine, S (1999). "Intravenous administration of caffeine sodium benzoate for postdural puncture headache". Reg Anesth Pain Med 24 (1): 51–4. doi:10.1097/00115550-199924010-00010. PMID 9952095.
19. ↑ mayoclinic.org, Caffeine And Sodium Benzoate (Injection Route)
20. ↑ Yücel, A; Ozyalçin, S; Talu, GK; Yücel, EC; Erdine, S (January 1999). "Intravenous administration of caffeine sodium benzoate for postdural puncture headache.". Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 24 (1): 51–4. doi:10.1097/00115550-199924010-00010. PMID 9952095.
21. ↑ Öztap, Selçuk. "The pyrotechnic whistle and its applications". Pyrotechnica 11: 46–54. http://www.freepyroinfo.com/Pyrotechnic/Pyrotechnic_Articles/Whistles_Pyrotechnica_Xi.pdf.
22. ↑ Verbovytskyy, Yuriy; Juknelevicius, Dominykas (2023). "Pyrotechnic whistles: An overview". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 48 (6). doi:10.1002/prep.202300044. ISSN 0721-3115. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prep.202300044.
23. ↑ Krebs H. A.; Wiggins D.; Stubbs M.; Sols A.; Bedoya F. (September 1983). "Studies on the mechanism of the antifungal action of benzoate". Biochemical Journal 218 (3): 657–663. doi:10.1042/bj2140657. PMID 6226283.
24. ↑ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=184.
25. ↑ "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26: Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate". Inchem.org. https://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad26.htm.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Bindu Nair (2001). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate". Int J Tox 20 (Suppl 3): 23–50. doi:10.1080/10915810152630729. PMID 11766131.
27. ↑ "Experimental benzoic acid poisoning in the cat". Vet. Rec. 90 (3): 53–8. January 1972. doi:10.1136/vr.90.3.53. PMID 4672555.
28. ↑ "butyrate-CoA ligase". BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig.. https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=6.2.1.2&Suchword=&organism[]=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0. Substrate/Product
29. ↑ "glycine N-acyltransferase". BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig.. https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.3.1.13&Suchword=&organism[]=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0. Substrate/Product
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages". United States Food and Drug Administration. 16 May 2007. https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/chemicalcontaminants/ucm055815.htm.
31. ↑ "Is hot sauce good for your health?". Advocate Health Care. 4 November 2016. https://www.ahchealthenews.com/2016/11/04/hot-sauce-good-health/.
32. ↑ Food Standards Agency issues revised advice on certain artificial colours 6 September 2007
33. ↑ Food Colorings and Hyperactivity "Myomancy" 7 September 2007
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Agency revises advice on certain artificial colours , Food Standards Agency, 11 September 2007
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Sigma Aldrich. "Sodium benzoate". https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Lookup.do?N5=CAS No.&N3=mode+matchpartialmax&N4=532-32-1&D7=0&D10=532-32-1&N25=0&N1=S_ID&ST=RS&F=PR.
36. ↑ Therapeutic Goods Administration. "Chemical Substances". https://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/aan/aanchem.pdf.
37. ↑ British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat. "Index (BP)". https://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf.
38. ↑ "Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th Edition". https://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/.
39. ↑ The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. "Revisions to USP 29–NF 24". https://www.usp.org/USPNF/revisions/usp29nf24firstSupplement04.html.

## External links

* International Programme on Chemical Safety - Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate report
* "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid following oral administration of sodium benzoate to humans". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41 (4): 363–8. 1991. doi:10.1007/BF00314969. PMID 1804654. "Although the maximum rate of biotransformation of benzoic acid to hippuric acid varied between 17.2 and 28.8 mg.kg-1.h-1 among the six individuals, the mean value (23.0 mg.kg-1.h-1) was fairly close to that provided by daily maximum dose (0.5 g.kg-1.day-1) recommended in the treatment of hyperammonaemia in patients with inborn errors of ureagenesis".
* Safety data for sodium benzoate

* v
* t
* e

Sodium compounds

* NaAlO2
* NaBH4
* NaBH3(CN)
* NaBO2
* NaBiO3
* NaBr
* NaBrO
* NaBrO3
* NaCH3COO
* NaC6H5CO2
* NaC6H4(OH)CO2
* NaCN
* NaCl
* NaClO
* NaClO2
* NaClO3
* NaClO4
* NaF
* Na2FeO4
* NaH
* NaHCO3
* NaH2PO4
* NaHSO3
* NaHSO4
* NaI
* NaIO3
* NaIO4
* Na5IO6
* NaMnO4
* NaN3
* NaNH2
* NaNO2
* NaNO3
* NaOCN
* NaO2
* NaO3
* NaOH
* NaPO2H2
* NaReO4
* NaSCN
* NaSH
* NaTcO4
* NaVO3
* Na2CO3
* Na2C2O4
* Na2CrO4
* Na2Cr2O7
* Na2GeO3
* Na2MnO4
* Na3MnO4
* Na2MoO4
* Na2MoS4
* Na2N2O2
* Na2O
* Na2O2
* Na2O(UO3)2
* Na2PO3F
* Na2S
* Na2SO3
* Na2SO4
* Na2S2O3
* Na2S2O4
* Na2S2O5
* Na2S2O6
* Na2S2O7
* Na2S2O8
* Na2S4O6
* Na2Se
* Na2SeO3
* Na2SeO4
* Na2SiO3
* Na2Si2O5
* Na4SiO4
* Na2Te
* Na2TeO3
* Na2TeO4
* Na2Po
* Na2Ti3O7
* Na2U2O7
* Na2WO4
* Na2Zn(OH)4
* Na3N
* Na3P
* Na3PO4
* Na3VO4
* Na4Fe(CN)6
* Na4P3O7
* Na5P3O10

Chemical formulas

* v
* t
* e

Other alimentary tract and metabolism products (A16)

Amino acids and derivatives|

* Ademetionine
* Betaine
* Carglumic acid
* Cysteamine
* Levocarnitine
* Levoglutamide
* Metreleptin

Enzymes|

* Amino acids: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pegvaliase)

* Carbohydrate metabolism: sucrase (Sacrosidase)
* alpha-glucosidase (Alglucosidase alfa)

* Glycolipid/sphingolipid: glucocerebrosidase (Alglucerase
* Imiglucerase
* Taliglucerase alfa
* Velaglucerase alfa)
* alpha-galactosidase (Agalsidase alfa
* Agalsidase beta)

* Glycosaminoglycan: iduronidase (Laronidase)
* arylsulfatase B (Galsulfase)
* iduronate-2-sulfatase (Idursulfase)

* Lipid: lysosomal lipase (Sebelipase alfa)

* Phosphate: Asfotase alfa

Other|

* Anethole trithione
* Eliglustat
* Glycerol phenylbutyrate
* Miglustat
* Nitisinone
* Sapropterin
* Sodium benzoate
* Sodium phenylbutyrate
* Teduglutide
* Trientine
* Tioctic acid
* Uridine triacetate
* Zinc acetate

* v
* t
* e

Diagnostic agents (V04)

Digestive system|

| Diabetes|

* Glucose
* Tolbutamide

|

Fat absorption|

* Vitamin A concentrates

Bile duct patency|

* Ceruletide
* Magnesium sulfate
* Sincalide
* Sorbitol

Liver functional capacity|

* Galactose
* Sulfobromophthalein

Gastric secretion|

* Betazole
* Caffeine and sodium benzoate
* Cation exchange resins
* Histamine phosphate
* Methylthioninium chloride
* Pentagastrin

Exocrine pancreatic function|

* Bentiromide
* Pancreozymin
* cholecystokinin
* Secretin

Endocrine system|

| Pituitary function|

* cortisol
* Corticorelin
* Metyrapone
* GH
* Pralmorelin
* Sermorelin
* Somatorelin

|

Thyroid function|

* Protirelin
* Thyrotropin

Fertility disturbances|

* Gonadorelin

Tuberculosis|

* Tuberculin

Renal function|

* Alsactide
* Aminohippuric acid
* Indigo carmine
* Inulin and other polyfructosans
* Phenolsulfonphthalein

* v
* t
* e

Food safety

Adulterants, food contaminants|

* 3-MCPD
* Aldicarb
* Cyanide
* Formaldehyde
* Lead poisoning
* Melamine
* Mercury in fish
* Sudan I

Flavorings|

* Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Salt
* Sugar
* High-fructose corn syrup

Microorganisms|

* Botulism
* Campylobacter jejuni
* Clostridium perfringens
* Escherichia coli O104:H4
* H7
* Hepatitis A
* Hepatitis E
* Listeria
* Norovirus
* Rotavirus
* Salmonella

Parasitic infections through food|

* Amoebiasis
* Anisakiasis
* Cryptosporidiosis
* Cyclosporiasis
* Diphyllobothriasis
* Enterobiasis
* Fasciolopsiasis
* Fasciolosis
* Giardiasis
* Gnathostomiasis
* Paragonimiasis
* Toxoplasmosis
* Trichinosis
* Trichuriasis

Pesticides|

* Chlorpyrifos
* DDT
* Lindane
* Malathion
* Methamidophos

Preservatives|

* Benzoic acid
* Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
* Sodium benzoate

Sugar substitutes|

* Acesulfame potassium
* Aspartame
* Saccharin
* Sodium cyclamate
* Sorbitol
* Sucralose

Toxins, poisons, environment pollution|

* Aflatoxin
* Arsenic contamination of groundwater
* Benzene in soft drinks
* Bisphenol A
* Dieldrin
* Diethylstilbestrol
* Dioxin
* Mycotoxins
* Nonylphenol
* Shellfish poisoning

Food contamination incidents|

* Devon colic
* Swill milk scandal
* Esing Bakery incident
* 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
* 1900 English beer poisoning
* Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
* Minamata disease
* 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
* Toxic oil syndrome
* 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak
* 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak
* 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks
* ICA meat repackaging controversy
* 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
* 2008 Chinese milk scandal
* 2008 Irish pork crisis
* 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
* 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak
* 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
* 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning
* 2013 horse meat scandal
* 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal
* 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak
* 2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak
* 2018 Australian strawberry contamination
* Food safety incidents in China
* Food safety incidents in Taiwan
* Food safety in Australia
* Foodborne illness
* outbreaks
* death toll
* United States

Regulation, standards, watchdogs|

* Acceptable daily intake
* E number
* Food labeling regulations
* Food libel laws
* International Food Safety Network
* ISO 22000
* Quality Assurance International

Institutions|

* Centre for Food Safety
* European Food Safety Authority
* Institute for Food Safety and Health
* International Food Safety Network
* Ministry of Food and Drug Safety

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