Stibine

Antimony, Sb

Hydrogen, H

Names
IUPAC name

Stibane

Other names

Antimony trihydride
Hydrogen antimonide

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7803-52-3 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:30288 Y

ChemSpider |

* 8992 Y

EC Number |

* 620-578-3

Gmelin Reference

| 795

PubChem CID

* 9359

RTECS number |

* WJ0700000

UNII |

* 0VKZ97K3UB Y

UN number | 2676

InChI

* InChI=1S/Sb.3H Y

Key: OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/Sb.3H/rH3Sb/h1H3

Key: OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-LQMOCBGJAH

SMILES

* [SbH3]

Properties

Chemical formula

| SbH3
Molar mass | 124.784 g/mol
Appearance  | Colourless gas
Odor | unpleasant, like hydrogen sulfide
Density | 5.48 g/L, gas
Melting point |  −88 °C (−126 °F; 185 K)
Boiling point |  −17 °C (1 °F; 256 K)

Solubility in water

| slightly soluble
Solubility in ethanol  | soluble[1]
Vapor pressure | >1 atm (20°C)[2]
Conjugate acid | Stibonium
Structure

Molecular shape

| Trigonal pyramidal
Hazards
Main hazards | Extremely toxic, flammable
GHS pictograms |
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H220, H370

GHS precautionary statements

| P210, P260, P264, P270, P307+311, P321, P377, P381, P403, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point | Flammable gas
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LCLo (lowest published)

| 100 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)
92 ppm (guinea pig, 1 hr)
40 ppm (dog, 1 hr)[3]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):

PEL (Permissible)

| TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m3)[2]

REL (Recommended)

| TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m3)[2]

IDLH (Immediate danger)

| 5 ppm[2]
Related compounds

Related compounds

| Ammonia
Phosphine
Arsine
Bismuthine
Triphenylstibine

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Tracking categories (test):

* SizeSet

Stibine (IUPAC name: stibane) is a chemical compound with the formula SbH3. A pnictogen hydride, this colourless, highly toxic gas is the principal covalent hydride of antimony, and a heavy analogue of ammonia. The molecule is pyramidal with H–Sb–H angles of 91.7° and Sb–H distances of 170.7 pm (1.707 Å). This gas has an offensive smell like hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs).

## Contents

* 1 Preparation
* 2 Properties
* 3 Uses
* 4 History
* 5 Safety
* 6 Toxicology
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Preparation

SbH3 is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb3+ sources with H− equivalents:[4]

2 Sb2O3 \+ 3 LiAlH4 → 4 SbH3 \+ 1.5 Li2O + 1.5 Al2O3
4 SbCl3 \+ 3 NaBH4 → 4 SbH3 \+ 3 NaCl + 3 BCl3

Alternatively, sources of Sb3− react with protonic reagents (even water) to also produce this unstable gas:

Na3Sb + 3 H2O → SbH3 \+ 3 NaOH

## Properties

The chemical properties of SbH3 resemble those for AsH3.[5] Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH3, H2Te, SnH4), SbH3 is unstable with respect to its elements. The gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at 200 °C:

2 SbH3 → 3 H2 \+ 2 Sb

The decomposition is autocatalytic and can be explosive.

SbH3 is readily oxidized by O2 or even air:

2 SbH3 \+ 3 O2 → Sb2O3 \+ 3 H2O

SbH3 exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated:

SbH3 \+ NaNH2 → NaSbH2 \+ NH3

The salt NaSbH
2 is called sodium stibinide, and contains the stibinide anion SbH−

## Uses

Stibine is used in the semiconductor industry to dope silicon with small quantities of antimony via the process of chemical vapour deposition (CVD). It has also been used as a silicon dopant in epitaxial layers. Reports claim the use of SbH3 as a fumigant but its instability and awkward preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant phosphine.

## History

As stibine (SbH3) is similar to arsine (AsH3); it is also detected by the Marsh test. This sensitive test detects arsine generated in the presence of arsenic.[5] This procedure, developed circa 1836 by James Marsh, treats a sample with arsenic-free zinc and dilute sulfuric acid: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250 – 300 °C. The presence of arsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. The formation of a black mirror deposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony.

In 1837 Lewis Thomson and Pfaff independently discovered stibine. It took some time before the properties of the toxic gas could be determined, partly because a suitable synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones tested several synthesis methods,[6] but it was not before 1901 when Alfred Stock determined most of the properties of stibine.[7][8]

## Safety

SbH3 is an unstable flammable gas. It is highly toxic, with an LC50 of 100 ppm in mice.

## Toxicology

The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other antimony compounds, but similar to that of arsine.[9] Stibine binds to the haemoglobin of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stibine poisoning have been accompanied by arsine poisoning, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities are equivalent. The first signs of exposure, which can take several hours to become apparent, are headaches, vertigo, and nausea, followed by the symptoms of hemolytic anemia (high levels of unconjugated bilirubin), hemoglobinuria, and nephropathy.

## See also

* Antimony (Sb)
* Arsine (AsH3)
* Devarda's alloy, also used to produce arsine and stibine in the lab
* List of highly toxic gases
* Marsh test, first used to analyse AsH3 and SbH3
* James Marsh, invented the Marsh test in 1836
* Nascent hydrogen

## References

1. ↑ John Rumble (June 18, 2018) (in English). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–41. ISBN 978-1138561632.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0568". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0568.html.
3. ↑ "Stibine". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7803523.html.
4. ↑ Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. (1968). "Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride". Inorganic Chemistry 7 (10): 2070–2072. doi:10.1021/ic50068a024.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press.
6. ↑ Francis Jones (1876). "On Stibine". Journal of the Chemical Society 29 (2): 641–650. doi:10.1039/JS8762900641. https://zenodo.org/record/2009453.
7. ↑ Alfred Stock; Walther Doht (1901). "Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 34 (2): 2339–2344. doi:10.1002/cber.190103402166. https://zenodo.org/record/1426008.
8. ↑ Alfred Stock; Oskar Guttmann (1904). "Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 37 (1): 885–900. doi:10.1002/cber.190403701148. https://zenodo.org/record/1426094.
9. ↑ Fiche toxicologique n° 202 : Trihydrure d'antimoine. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS). 1992. http://www.inrs.fr/default/dms/inrs/FicheToxicologique/TI-FT-202/ft202.pdf.

## External links

* International Chemical Safety Card 0776
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
* Fiche toxicologique n° 202 : Trihydrure d'antimoine. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS). 1992. http://www.inrs.fr/default/dms/inrs/FicheToxicologique/TI-FT-202/ft202.pdf.

* v
* t
* e

Antimony compounds

* SbBr3
* Sb(C2H3O2)3
* SbCl3
* SbCl5
* SbF3
* SbF5
* SbH3
* SbI3
* Sb2O3
* Sb2O4
* Sb2O5
* Sb2S3
* Sb2S5
* Sb2(SO4)3
* Sb2Se3
* Sb2Te3

* v
* t
* e

Binary compounds of hydrogen

Alkali metal (Group 1) hydrides|

* LiH
* NaH
* KH
* RbH
* CsH

Lithium hydride, LiH
ionic metal hydride

Beryllium hydride
Left (gas phase): BeH2
covalent metal hydride
Right: (BeH2)n (solid phase)
polymeric metal hydride

Borane and diborane
Left: BH3 (special conditions), covalent metalloid hydride
Right: B2H6 (standard conditions), dimeric metalloid hydride

Methane, CH4
covalent nonmetal hydride

Ammonia, NH3
covalent nonmetal hydride

Water, H2O
covalent nonmetal hydride

Hydrogen fluoride, HF
covalent nonmetal hydride

Alkaline (Group 2) earth hydrides|

| Monohydrides|

* BeH
* MgH
* CaH
* SrH
* BaH

|

Dihydrides|

* BeH2
* MgH2
* CaH2
* SrH2
* BaH2

|

Group 13 hydrides|

| Boranes|

* BH3
* B2H6
* B2H2
* B2H4
* B4H10
* B5H9
* B5H11
* B6H10
* B6H12
* B10H14
* B18H22

|

Alanes|

* AlH3
* Al2H6

|

Gallanes|

* GaH3
* Ga2H6

|

Indiganes|

* InH3
* In2H6

|

Thallanes|

* TlH3
* Tl2H6

|

Group 14 hydrides|

| Linear alkanes|

* CH4
* C2H6
* C3H8
* C4H10
* C5H12
* C6H14
* C7H16
* C8H18
* C9H20
* C10H22
* more...

|

Linear alkenes|

* C2H4
* C3H6
* C4H8
* C5H10
* C6H12
* C7H14
* C8H16
* C9H18
* C10H20
* more...

|

Linear alkynes|

* C2H2
* C3H4
* C4H6
* C5H8
* C6H10
* C7H12
* C8H14
* C9H16
* C10H18
* more...

|

Silanes|

* SiH4
* Si2H6
* Si3H8
* Si4H10
* Si5H12
* Si6H14
* Si7H16
* Si8H18
* Si9H20
* Si10H22
* more...

|

Silenes|

* Si2H4

|

Silynes|

* Si2H2
* SiH

|

Germanes|

* GeH4
* Ge2H6
* Ge3H8
* Ge4H10
* Ge5H12

|

Stannanes|

* SnH4
* Sn2H6

|

Plumbanes|

* PbH4

|

* CH
* CH2
* CH3
* C2H
* Cycloalkanes
* Cycloalkenes
* Annulenes
* Many more

Pnictogen (Group 15) hydrides|

| Azanes|

* NH3
* N2H4
* N3H5
* N4H6
* N5H7
* N6H8
* N7H9
* N8H10
* N9H11
* N10H12
* more...

|

Azenes|

* N2H2
* N3H3
* N4H4

|

Phosphanes|

* PH3
* P2H4
* P3H5
* P4H6
* P5H7
* P6H8
* P7H9
* P8H10
* P9H11
* P10H12
* more...

|

Phosphenes|

* P2H2
* P3H3
* P4H4

|

Arsanes|

* AsH3
* As2H4

|

Stibanes|

* SbH3

|

Bismuthanes|

* BiH3

|

* HN3
* NH
* radical

Hydrogen chalcogenides (Group 16 hydrides)|

| Polyoxidanes|

* H2O
* H2O2
* H2O3
* H2O4
* H2O5
* H2O6
* H2O7
* H2O8
* H2O9
* H2O10
* more...

|

Polysulfanes|

* H2S
* H2S2
* H2S3
* H2S4
* H2S5
* H2S6
* H2S7
* H2S8
* H2S9
* H2S10
* more...

|

Selanes|

* H2Se
* H2Se2

|

Tellanes|

* H2Te
* H2Te2

|

Polanes|

* PoH2

|

* HO
* HO2
* HO3
* H2O+–O–
* H2S=S
* (HS)2S+–S–
* HS
* HDO
* D2O
* T2O

Hydrogen halides (Group 17 hydrides)|

* HF
* HCl
* HBr
* HI
* HAt

Transition metal hydrides|

* ScH2
* YH2
* YH3
* TiH2
* ZrH2
* HfH2
* VH
* VH2
* NbH
* NbH2
* TaH
* CrH
* CrH2
* CrHx
* NiH
* PdHx (x < 1)
* FeH
* FeH2
* FeH5
* CuH
* ZnH2
* CdH2
* HgH2

Lanthanide hydrides|

* LaH2
* LaH3
* LaH10
* CeH2
* CeH3
* PrH2
* PrH3
* NdH2
* NdH3
* SmH2
* SmH3
* EuH2
* GdH2
* GdH3
* TbH2
* TbH3
* DyH2
* DyH3
* HoH2
* HoH3
* ErH2
* ErH3
* TmH2
* TmH3
* YbH2
* YbH2.5
* LuH2
* LuH3

Actinide hydrides|

* AcH2
* ThH2
* Th4H15
* PaH3
* UH3
* NpH2
* NpH3
* PuH2
* PuH3
* AmH2
* AmH3
* CmH2

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*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H220]: Extremely flammable gas
*[H370]: Causes damage to organs
*[P210]: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking
*[P260]: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P264]: Wash … thoroughly after handling
*[P270]: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product
*[P307+311]: IF exposed: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P321]: Specific treatment (see … on this label)
*[P377]: Leaking gas fire – do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely
*[P381]: Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so
*[P403]: Store in a well ventilated place
*[P405]: Store locked up
*[P501]: Dispose of contents/container to …
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