Substrate analog

Substrate analogs (substrate state analogues), are chemical compounds
with a chemical structure that resemble the substrate molecule in an
enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. Substrate analogs can act as
competitive inhibitors of an enzymatic reaction. An example is
phosphoramidate to the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme[1] As a
competitive inhibitor, substrate analogs occupy the same binding site
as its analog, and decrease the intended substrate’s efficiency.[2]
The Vmax remains the same[3] while the intended substrate’s affinity
is decreased.[4] This means that less of the intended substrate will
bind to the enzyme, resulting in less product being formed. In
addition, the substrate analog may also be missing chemical components
that allow the enzyme to go through with its reaction. This also
causes the amount of product created to decrease. Substrate analogs
bind to the binding site reversibly. This means that the binding of
the substrate analog to the enzyme’s binding site is non-permanent.
The effect of the substrate analog can be nullified by increasing the
concentration of the originally intended substrate.[5] Other examples
of substrate analogs include: 5’-adenylyl-imidodiphosphate:
substrate analog of ATP 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide:
substrate analog of NADH [6] Some substrate analogs can still allow
the enzyme to synthesize a product despite the enzyme’s inability to
metabolize the substrate analog. These substrate analogs are known as
gratuitous inducers.[7] Example of a substrate analog that is also a
gratuitous inducer: IPTG (isopropyl β-thiogalactoside: substrate
analog and gratuitous inducer of β-galactosidase activity [8] There
are even substrate analogs that bind to the binding site of an enzyme
irreversibly. If this is the case, the substrate analog is called an
inhibitory substrate analog, a suicide substrate, or even a Trojan
horse substrate.[9] Example of a substrate analog that is also a
suicide substrate/Trojan horse substrate: Penicillin: substrate analog
and suicide substrate/Trojan horse substrate of peptidoglycan [10] See
also[edit] Enzyme Enzyme inhibitor Suicide inhibitor Structural
analog, compounds with similar chemical structure References[edit] ↑
Hanna, Raven L.; Gryaznov, Sergei M.; Doudna, Jennifer A.
(2000-11-01). "A phosphoramidate substrate analog is a competitive
inhibitor of the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme" (in en). Chemistry &
Biology 7 (11): 845–854. doi:10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00033-8.
ISSN 1074-5521. PMID 11094338.  ↑ Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham,
Charles M. (2013). Biochemistry (5th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 108. ISBN:9781133106296 ↑ Garrett,
Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (2013). Biochemistry (5th ed. ed.).
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 108. ISBN:9781133106296
↑ Cannon, Joseph G. Pharmacology for Chemists. Oxford: Oxford UP,
2007. Print. p70. ISBN:9780841239272 ↑ Cannon, Joseph G.
Pharmacology for Chemists. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print. p70.
ISBN:9780841239272 ↑ Stein, Ross L. Kinetics of Enzyme Action:
Essential Principles for Drug Hunters. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2011.
Print. p185. ISBN:9780470414118 ↑ Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham,
Charles M. (2013). Biochemistry (5th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 108. ISBN:9781133106296 ↑ Garrett,
Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (2013). Biochemistry (5th ed. ed.).
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 108. ISBN:9781133106296
↑ Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (2013). Biochemistry
(5th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 108.
ISBN:9781133106296 ↑ Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M.
(2013). Biochemistry (5th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning. p. 108. ISBN:9781133106296 0.00 (0 votes) Original source:
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