Systematic element name

Short description: Temporary name assigned to predicted chemical elements

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Periodic table

Periodic table forms

* 18-column

* 32-column

* Alternative forms

* Janet's left step

* Beyond period 7

* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Periodic table history

* Dmitri Mendeleev
* predictions

* Discovery of elements

* Naming & etymology

*     * for places
* for people
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* (in East Asia)

* Systematic element names

Sets of elements

By periodic table structure

* Groups (1–18)

* 1 (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr — lithium family, s¹ metals" class="nowrap">alkali metals)
* Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra — beryllium group, s² metals" class="nowrap">2 (alkaline earth metals)
* Sc, Y… — scandium group, s² d¹ metals">3
* Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf — titanium and analogs, transition metals with 4 valence electrons">4
* V, Nb, Ta, Db — vanadium and analogs, transition metals with 5 valence electrons">5
* Cr, Mo, W, Sg — chromium and analogs, transition metals with 6 valence electrons">6
* Mn, Tc, Re, Bh — manganese and analogs, transition metals with 7 valence electrons">7
* Fe, Ru, Os, Hs — iron and analogs, transition metals with 8 valence electrons">8
* Co, Rh, Ir, Mt — cobalt and analogs, transition metals with 9 valence electrons">9
* Ni, Pd, Pt, Ds — nickel and analogs, transition metals with 10 valence electrons">10
* Cu, Ag, Au, Rg — coinage metals, transition metals with 11 valence electrons">11
* Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn — zinc group, s² d¹⁰ metals">12
* B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh — boron group, s² p¹ elements">13
* C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl — carbon group, s² p² elements">14
* N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc — nitrogen group, s² p³ elements" class="nowrap">15 (pnictogens)
* O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv — oxygen group, s² p⁴ elements" class="nowrap">16 (chalcogens)
* F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts — fluorine group, s² p⁵ elements" class="nowrap">17 (halogens)
* He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og — elements having a complete valence shell" class="nowrap">18 (noble gases)

* Periods (1–7, ...)

* H, He, Z = 1–2">1
* Li … Ne, Z = 3–10">2
* Na … Ar, Z = 11–18">3
* K … Kr, Z = 19–36">4
* Rb … Xe, Z = 37–54">5
* Cs … Rn, Z = 55–86">6
* Fr … Og, Z = 87–118">7

* 8+
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

* Blocks (s, p, d, f, ...)

*     * Atomic orbitals
* Aufbau principle

By metallic classification

* Metals

* alkali
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* transition
* post-transition

* lanthanide
* actinide (superactinide)

* Metalloids

*     * dividing metals & nonmetals

* Nonmetals

* reactive nonmetals
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* Coinage metals
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* Major, minor & trans- actinides

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Data pages for elements

* Abundance
* Atomic radius
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* Critical point
* Density
* Elasticity
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* Electron affinity / configuration
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A systematic element name is the temporary name assigned to an unknown or recently synthesized chemical element. A systematic symbol is also derived from this name.

In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis has been confirmed. In some cases, such as the Transfermium Wars, controversies over the formal name and symbol have been protracted and highly political. In order to discuss such elements without ambiguity, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uses a set of rules, adopted in 1978, to assign a temporary systematic name and symbol to each such element. This approach to naming originated in the successful development of regular rules for the naming of organic compounds.

## Contents

* 1 IUPAC rules
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## IUPAC rules

The temporary names derive systematically from the element's atomic number, and apply only to 101 ≤ Z ≤ 999.[1] Each digit is translated into a "numerical root" according to the table. The roots are concatenated, and the name is completed by the suffix -ium. Some of the roots are Latin and others are Greek, to avoid two digits starting with the same letter (for example, the Greek-derived pent is used instead of the Latin-derived quint to avoid confusion with quad for 4). There are two elision rules designed to prevent odd-looking names.

Traditionally the suffix -ium was used only for metals (or at least elements that were expected to be metallic), and other elements used different suffixes: halogens used -ine and noble gases used -on instead. However, the systematic names use -ium for all elements regardless of group. Thus, elements 117 and 118 were ununseptium and ununoctium, not ununseptine and ununocton.[2] This does not apply to the trivial names these elements receive once confirmed; thus, elements 117 and 118 are now tennessine and oganesson, respectively. For these trivial names, all elements receive the suffix -ium except those in group 17, which receive -ine (like the halogens), and those in group 18, which receive -on (like the noble gases).[2] (That being said, tennessine and oganesson are expected to behave quite differently from their lighter congeners.)

The systematic symbol is formed by taking the first letter of each root, converting the first to uppercase. This results in three-letter symbols instead of the one- or two-letter symbols used for named elements. The rationale is that any scheme producing two-letter symbols will have to deviate from full systematicity to avoid collisions with the symbols of the permanently named elements.

The Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100 can be found here.

Digit | Root | Etymology | Symbol | Pronunciation  | Example

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0 | nil | Latin nihil ("zero") | n | /nɪl/ | unbinilium
1 | un | Latin unus ("one") | u | /uːn/ | unbiunium
2 | bi | Latin bis ("twice") | b | /baɪ/ | unbibium
3 | tri | Latin tres ("three")
Greek tria ("three") | t | /traɪ/ | unbitrium
4 | quad | Latin quattuor ("four") | q | /kwɒd/ | unbiquadium
5 | pent | Greek pente ("five") | p | /pɛnt/ | unbipentium
6 | hex | Greek hex ("six") | h | /hɛks/ | unbihexium
7 | sept | Latin septem ("seven") | s | /sɛpt/ | unbiseptium
8 | oct | Latin octo ("eight")
Greek okto ("eight") | o | /ɒkt/ | unbioctium
9 | en(n) | Greek ennea ("nine") | e | /ɛn/ | unbiennium
Suffix | -(i)um | Latin -um (neuter singular) | none | /-iəm/

* If bi or tri is followed by the ending -ium (i.e. the last digit is 2 or 3), the result is -bium or -trium, not -biium or -triium.

Example 1: element 122: unbibium (Ubb)
Example 2: element 123: unbitrium (Ubt)

* If enn is followed by nil (i.e. the sequence -90- occurs), the result is -ennil-, not -ennnil-.

Example 3: element 190: unennilium (Uen)

As of 2019[update], all 118 discovered elements have received individual permanent names and symbols.[3] Therefore, systematic names and symbols are now used only for the undiscovered elements beyond element 118, oganesson. When such an element is discovered, it will keep its systematic name and symbol until its discovery meets the criteria of and is accepted by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party, upon which the discoverers are invited to propose a permanent name and symbol. Once this name and symbol is proposed, there is still a comment period before they become official and replace the systematic name and symbol.

At the time the systematic names were recommended (1978), names had already been officially given to all elements up to atomic number 103, lawrencium. While systematic names were given for elements 101 (mendelevium), 102 (nobelium), and 103 (lawrencium), these were only as "minor alternatives to the trivial names already approved by IUPAC".[1] The following elements for some time only had systematic names as approved names, until their final replacement with trivial names after their discoveries were accepted.

Z | Systematic  | Formal  | Year

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| Symbol  | Name  | Symbol  | Name  | Undisputed synthesis first published  | Named
104  | Unq  | Unnilquadium  | Rf  | Rutherfordium | 1969  | 1997
105  | Unp  | Unnilpentium  | Db  | Dubnium | 1970  | 1997
106  | Unh  | Unnilhexium  | Sg  | Seaborgium | 1974  | 1997
107  | Uns  | Unnilseptium  | Bh  | Bohrium | 1981  | 1997
108  | Uno  | Unniloctium  | Hs  | Hassium | 1984  | 1997
109  | Une  | Unnilennium  | Mt  | Meitnerium | 1982  | 1997
110  | Uun  | Ununnilium  | Ds  | Darmstadtium | 1995  | 2003
111  | Uuu  | Unununium  | Rg  | Roentgenium | 1995  | 2004
112  | Uub  | Ununbium  | Cn  | Copernicium | 1996  | 2010
113  | Uut  | Ununtrium  | Nh  | Nihonium | 2004  | 2016
114  | Uuq  | Ununquadium  | Fl  | Flerovium | 1999  | 2012
115  | Uup  | Ununpentium  | Mc  | Moscovium | 2004  | 2016
116  | Uuh  | Ununhexium  | Lv  | Livermorium | 2000  | 2012
117  | Uus  | Ununseptium  | Ts  | Tennessine | 2010  | 2016
118  | Uuo  | Ununoctium  | Og  | Oganesson | 2006  | 2016

## See also

* Mendeleev's predicted elements – a much earlier (1869) system of naming undiscovered elements

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Moss, G. P., ed. "Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100 (Rules Approved 1978)". https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/AtWt/element.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Koppenol, Willem H. et al. (1 March 2016). "How to name new chemical elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (DeGruyter) 88 (4): 401-405. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0802. https://rua.ua.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/fb0f5fd4-6243-4bea-bd20-6cd6dfd072b6/content. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
3. ↑ "IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118". IUPAC. 2016-11-30. https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118.

## External links

* ﻿IUPAC Provisional Recommendations: IR-3: Elements and Groups of Elements﻿ (Report). IUPAC. March 2004. http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/RB-prs310804/Chap3-3.04.pdf.

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Periodic table

|  | 1 | 2 |  | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18

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1 | H |  | He
2 | Li | Be |  | B | C | N | O | F | Ne
3 | Na | Mg |  | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar
4 | K | Ca |  | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr
5 | Rb | Sr |  | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og

| Alkali metal | Alkaline earth metal | Lan­thanide | Actinide | Transition metal | Post-​transition metal | Metalloid | Reactive nonmetal | Noble gas

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Periodic table

Periodic table forms|

| Standard|

* 18-column
* 32-column

|

Alternative|

* Alternatives
* Janet's left step table

Extended|

* Extension beyond the 7th period
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Sets of elements|

| By periodic table structure|

| Groups|

* 1 (Alkali metals)
* 2 (Alkaline earth metals)
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15 (Pnictogens)
* 16 (Chalcogens)
* 17 (Halogens)
* 18 (Noble gases)

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Periods|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8+
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Blocks|

* s-block
* p-block
* d-block
* f-block
* g-block
* Aufbau principle

By metallicity|

| Metals|

* Alkali metals
* Alkaline earth metals
* Lanthanides
* Actinides
* Transition metals
* Post-transition metals

|

Metalloids|

* Lists of metalloids by source
* Dividing line

Nonmetals|

* Reactive nonmetals
* Noble gases

Other sets|

* Platinum-group metals (PGM)
* Rare-earth elements
* Refractory metals
* Precious metals
* Coinage metals
* Noble metal
* Heavy metals
* Native metals
* Transuranium elements
* Superheavy elements
* Major actinides
* Minor actinides

Elements|

| Lists|

* By: Abundance (in humans)
* Atomic properties
* Nuclear stability
* Production
* Symbol

|

Properties|

* Crystal structure
* Electron configuration
* Electronegativity
* Goldschmidt classification
* Term symbol

Data pages|

* Abundance
* Atomic radius
* Boiling point
* Critical point
* Density
* Elasticity
* Electrical resistivity
* Electron affinity
* Electron configuration
* Electronegativity
* Hardness
* Heat capacity
* Heat of fusion
* Heat of vaporization
* Ionization energy
* Melting point
* Oxidation state
* Speed of sound
* Thermal conductivity
* Thermal expansion coefficient
* Vapor pressure

History|

* Element discoveries
* Mendeleev's predictions
* Naming
* etymology
* controversies
* for places
* for people
* in East Asia

See also|

* IUPAC
* nomenclature
* systematic element name
* Trivial name
* Dmitri Mendeleev

* Book
* Category

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