Uranyl acetate

2(H
2O)2+
[CH
3CO−

Hydrated crystal structure

Names
IUPAC name

Uranium bis((acetato)-O)dioxo-dihydrate

Other names

Uranyl ethanoate; Uranyl acetate dihydrate

Identifiers

CAS Number

* (anhydrous): 541-09-3 Y
* (dihydrate): 6159-44-0 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* (anhydrous) ionic form (anhydrate): Interactive image
* (dihydrate): Interactive image
* coordination dimer (hydrate): Interactive image
* coordination dimer (anhydrous): Interactive image

ChemSpider |

* (anhydrous): 10468551
* (dihydrate): 11567664

EC Number |

* (anhydrous): 208-767-5

PubChem CID

* (anhydrous): 10915

UNII |

* (anhydrous): 285PN2K1AO Y
* (dihydrate): KJF3TEU4G6 Y

InChI

* (anhydrous): InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.2O.U/c2*1-2(3)4;;;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);;;

Key: IXSMFXMQHOBORU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

* (dihydrate): InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.2H2O.2O.U/c2*1-2(3)4;;;;;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);2*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;+2/p-2

Key: VVAHPLNXWRLLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L

SMILES

* (anhydrous) ionic form (anhydrate): O=C(C)[O-].[O+]#[U]#[O+].O=C(C)[O-]

* (dihydrate): CC(=O)[O-].CC(=O)[O-].O.O.O=[U+2]=O

* coordination dimer (hydrate): O0[C-](C)O[U+6]01(=[O-2])(=[O-2])([OH2])O[C-](C)O[U+6]2(O[C-](C)O2)(=[O-2])(=[O-2])([OH2])O[C-](C)O1

* coordination dimer (anhydrous): O0[C-](C)O[U+6]01(=[O-2])(=[O-2])O[C-](C)O[U+6]0(O[C-](C)O0)(=[O-2])(=[O-2])O[C-](C)O1

Properties

Chemical formula

| UO2(CH3COO)2 (anhydrous)
UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O (dihydrate)
Molar mass | 424.146 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance  | yellow-green crystals (dihydrate)
Density | 2.89 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
Melting point | decomposes at 80 °C (dihydrate)

Solubility in water

| 7-8 g/100 ml
Solubility | slightly soluble in ethanol[1]
Hazards
Safety data sheet | External MSDS
GHS pictograms |
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H300, H330, H373, H411

GHS precautionary statements

| P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+310, P304+340, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+233, P405, P501

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Uranyl acetate is the acetate salt of uranium oxide, a toxic yellow-green powder useful in certain laboratory tests. Structurally, it is a coordination polymer with formula UO2(CH3CO2)2(H2O)·H2O.

## Contents

* 1 Structure
* 2 Uses
* 3 Preparation and reactions
* 4 Safety
* 5 References

## Structure

File:Uranyl-acetate-dihydrate-chain-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.pngStructure (from X-ray crystallography) of uranyl acetate dihydrate. Color code: red = O, gray = C, blue = U.

In the polymer, uranyl (UO22+) centers are bridged by acetate ligands. The remainder of each (heptacoordinate) coordination sphere is provided by an aquo ligand and a bidentate acetate ligand. One water of crystallization occupies the lattice.[2]

Uranyl carboxylates are known for diverse carboxylic acids (formate, butyrate, acrylate).[3]

## Uses

Uranyl acetate is extensively used as a negative stain in electron microscopy.[4] Most procedures in electron microscopy for biology require the use of uranyl acetate. Negative staining protocols typically treat the sample with 1% to 5% aqueous solution. Uranyl acetate staining is simple and quick to perform and one can examine the sample within a few minutes after staining. Some biological samples are not amenable to uranyl acetate staining and, in these cases, alternative staining techniques and or low-voltage electron microscopy technique may be more suitable.[citation needed]

1% and 2% uranyl acetate solutions are used as an indicator, and a titrant in stronger concentrations in analytical chemistry, as it forms an insoluble salt with sodium (the vast majority of sodium salts are water-soluble). Uranyl acetate solutions show evidence of being sensitive to light, especially UV, and will precipitate if exposed.[citation needed]

Uranyl acetate is also used in a standard test—American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation T 299—for alkali-silica reactivity in aggregates (crushed stone or gravel) being considered for use in cement concrete.[citation needed]

Uranyl acetate dihydrate has been used as a starting reagent in experimental inorganic chemistry.[5]

## Preparation and reactions

The compound can be prepared by treating uranium trioxide with acetic acid:

3 \+ 2 CH
3COOH + H
2O → UO
2(CH
3COO)
2 * 2H2O

The acetate ligands of uranyl acetate can be replaced to give a variety of uranyl complexes.[6] Uranyl acetate can also be reduced by zinc to give the uranium(IV) acetate (U(OAc)4).[7]

## Safety

In general, uranium salts exhibit nephrotoxicity. Normal commercial stocks from depleted uranium have typical specific activity 0.37–0.51 microcuries per gram (14–19 kBq/g), too weak to harm from outside the body.[8] However, uranyl acetate is very toxic if ingested, inhaled as dust, or absorbed through cut or abraded skin.[citation needed]

Microbiologists have developed a number of alternative stains:[9] neodymium acetate,[10][11] platinum blue,[12] hafnium chloride,[13] and oolong tea extracts.[14][15]

## References

1. ↑ Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 3–566, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2
2. ↑ Howatson, J.; Grev, D.M.; Morosin, B. (1975). "Crystal and molecular structure of uranyl acetate dihydrate". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 37 (9): 1933–1935. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(75)80918-3.
3. ↑ Klepov, Vladislav V.; Vologzhanina, Anna V.; Alekseev, Evgeny V.; Pushkin, Denis V.; Serezhkina, Larisa B.; Sergeeva, Olga A.; Knyazev, Aleksandr V.; Serezhkin, Viktor N. (2016). "Structural diversity of uranyl acrylates". CrystEngComm 18 (10): 1723–1731. doi:10.1039/C5CE01957E. Bibcode: 2016CEG....18.1723K.
4. ↑ "Negative Staining" University of Oxford
5. ↑ Sessler, Jonathan L.; Seidel, Daniel; Vivian, Anne E.; Lynch, Vincent; Scott, Brian L.; Keogh, D. Webster (2001). "Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.0): An Expanded Porphyrin Ligand for the Actinide Cations Uranyl (UO22+) and Neptunyl (NpO2+)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 (3): 591–594. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010202)40:3<591::AID-ANIE591>3.0.CO;2-0.
6. ↑ Moeller, Therald; Wilkins, Donald H.; Merritt, Lynne L. (1953). "Bis(8-quinolinolo)dioxouranium(VI) and its Addition Compound with 8-Quinolinol". Inorganic Syntheses. 4. pp. 101–103. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13163-3.
7. ↑ Paul, R. C.; Ghetra, J. S.; Bains, M. S.; Hoekstra, Henry R. (1967). "Uranium(IV) Acetate". Inorganic Syntheses. 9. pp. 41–43. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch12. ISBN 978-0-470-13168-8.
8. ↑ "Health Safety & Wellbeing. Uranyl acetate and uranyl nitrate" Monash University
9. ↑ Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118
10. ↑ Kuipers, Jeroen; Giepmans, Ben N. G. (1 April 2020). "Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy" (in en). Histochemistry and Cell Biology 153 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0. ISSN 1432-119X. PMID 32008069.
11. ↑ Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435
12. ↑ Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49
13. ↑ Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830
14. ↑ Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20
15. ↑ He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33

* v
* t
* e

Uranium compounds

U(II)|

* UB2
* US

U(III)|

* UF3
* UCl3
* UI3
* UP
* U(OH)3
* UH3
* UN

| Organouranium(III) compounds|

* U(C5H5)3

|

U(IV)|

* U(BH4)4
* UCl4
* UF4
* UBr4
* UI4
* UO2
* USi2
* US2
* U(SO4)2

| Organouranium(IV) compounds|

* U(C8H8)2
* U(C5H5)4
* U(C5H5)3Cl

|

U(IV,V)|

* U2N3

U(V)|

* UCl5
* UF5
* UBr5
* UI5
* U2O5

U(V,VI)|

* U3O8

U(VI)|

* (NH4)2U2O7
* Na2U2O7
* UCl6
* UF6
* U(PO4)2
* UO3
* UO4
* UO2(CH3COO)2
* UO2(CHO2)2
* UO2CO3
* UO2CO3·2(NH4)2CO3
* UO2Cl2
* UO2F2
* UO2(NO3)2
* UO2(OH)2
* UO2(SO4)2
* ZnUO2(CH3COO)4
* UN2
* H2UO4
* UO6 (hypothetical)

U(XII)|

* UO6 (hypothetical)

* v
* t
* e

Acetyl halides and salts of the acetate ion

AcOH |  |  |  | He
LiOAc | Be(OAc)2
BeAcOH | B(OAc)3 | AcOAc
ROAc | NH4OAc | AcOOH | FAc | Ne
NaOAc | Mg(OAc)2 | Al(OAc)3
ALSOL
Al(OAc)2OH
Al2SO4(OAc)4 | Si  | P  | S  | ClAc | Ar
KOAc | Ca(OAc)2 | Sc(OAc)3 | Ti(OAc)4 | VO(OAc)3 | Cr(OAc)2
Cr(OAc)3 | Mn(OAc)2
Mn(OAc)3 | Fe(OAc)2
Fe(OAc)3 | Co(OAc)2,
Co(OAc)3 | Ni(OAc)2 | Cu(OAc)2 | Zn(OAc)2 | Ga(OAc)3 | Ge  | As(OAc)3 | Se  | BrAc | Kr
RbOAc | Sr(OAc)2 | Y(OAc)3 | Zr(OAc)4 | Nb  | Mo(OAc)2 | Tc  | Ru(OAc)2
Ru(OAc)3
Ru(OAc)4 | Rh2(OAc)4 | Pd(OAc)2 | AgOAc | Cd(OAc)2 | In  | Sn(OAc)2
Sn(OAc)4 | Sb(OAc)3 | Te  | IAc | Xe
CsOAc | Ba(OAc)2 |  | Hf  | Ta  | W  | Re  | Os  | Ir  | Pt(OAc)2 | Au  | Hg2(OAc)2,
Hg(OAc)2 | TlOAc
Tl(OAc)3 | Pb(OAc)2
Pb(OAc)4 | Bi(OAc)3 | Po  | At  | Rn
Fr  | Ra  |  | Rf  | Db  | Sg  | Bh  | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og
| ↓  |  |
La(OAc)3 | Ce(OAc)x | Pr  | Nd  | Pm  | Sm(OAc)3 | Eu(OAc)3 | Gd(OAc)3 | Tb  | Dy(OAc)3 | Ho(OAc)3 | Er  | Tm  | Yb(OAc)3 | Lu(OAc)3
Ac  | Th  | Pa  | UO2(OAc)2 | Np  | Pu  | Am  | Cm  | Bk  | Cf  | Es  | Fm  | Md  | No  | Lr

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*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H300]: Fatal if swallowed
*[H330]: Fatal if inhaled
*[H373]: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
*[H411]: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
*[P260]: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P264]: Wash … thoroughly after handling
*[P270]: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product
*[P271]: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area
*[P273]: Avoid release to the environment
*[P284]: Wear respiratory protection
*[P301+310]: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P304+340]: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing
*[P310]: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P314]: Get Medical advice/attention if you feel unwell
*[P320]: Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label)
*[P321]: Specific treatment (see … on this label)
*[P330]: Rinse mouth
*[P391]: Collect spillage
*[P403+233]: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed
*[P405]: Store locked up
*[P501]: Dispose of contents/container to …
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