Wet chemistry

Short description: Form of analytical chemistry

Graduated cylinders and beakers filled with chemicals

This article is missing information about synthetic chemistry and solution-phase chemistry. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2025)

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Wet chemistry is a form of analytical chemistry that uses classical methods such as observation to analyze materials. The term wet chemistry is used as most analytical work is done in the liquid phase.[1] Wet chemistry is also known as bench chemistry, since many tests are performed at lab benches.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Materials
* 2 History
* 3 Methods
* 3.1 Qualitative methods
* 3.1.1 Chemical tests
* 3.1.1.1 Flame test
* 3.2 Quantitative methods
* 3.2.1 Gravimetric analysis
* 3.2.2 Volumetric analysis
* 3.3 Colorimetry
* 4 Uses
* 5 See also
* 6 Further reading
* 7 References

## Materials

Wet chemistry commonly uses laboratory glassware such as beakers and graduated cylinders to prevent materials from being contaminated or interfered with by unintended sources.[3] Gasoline, Bunsen burners, and crucibles may also be used to evaporate and isolate substances in their dry forms.[4][5] Wet chemistry is not performed with any advanced instruments since most automatically scan substances.[6] Although, simple instruments such as scales are used to measure the weight of a substance before and after a change occurs.[7] Many high school and college laboratories teach students basic wet chemistry methods.[8]

## History

## Methods

### Qualitative methods

Qualitative methods use changes in information that cannot be quantified to detect a change. This can include a change in color, smell, texture, etc.[9][10]

#### Chemical tests

When burned, lead produces a bright white flame.

Chemical tests use reagents to indicate the presence of a specific chemical in an unknown solution. The reagents cause a unique reaction to occur based on the chemical it reacts with, allowing one to know what chemical is in the solution. An example is Heller's test where a test tube containing proteins has strong acids added to it. A cloudy ring forms where the substances meet, indicating the acids are denaturing the proteins. The cloud is a sign that proteins are present in a liquid. The method is used to detect proteins in a person's urine.[11]

##### Flame test

### Quantitative methods

Quantitative methods use information that can be measured and quantified to indicate a change. This can include changes in volume, concentration, weight, etc.

#### Gravimetric analysis

Solids are filtered out of the liquid, which is collected in the beaker.

#### Volumetric analysis

### Colorimetry

## Uses

* pH (acidity, alkalinity)
* concentration
* conductivity (specific conductance)
* cloud point (nonionic surfactants)
* hardness
* melting point
* solids or dissolved solids
* salinity
* specific gravity
* density
* turbidity
* viscosity
* moisture (Karl Fischer titration)

* Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
* Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
* eutrophication
* coating identification

* Ammonia nitrogen
* Chloride
* Chromium
* Cyanide
* Dissolved oxygen
* Fluoride
* Nitrogen
* Nitrate
* Phenols
* Phosphate
* Phosphorus
* Silica
* Sulfates
* Sulfides

## See also

* Wet laboratory

## Further reading

* Elizabeth K. Wilson. "Phoenix Tastes Water Ice On Mars". C&EN. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/86/i31/8631news6.html.
* Beck, Charles M. II. (February 15, 1994). "Classical Analysis: A Look at the Past, Present, and Future". Anal. Chem. 66 (4): 224A–239A. doi:10.1021/ac00076a718. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00076a718.

## References

1. ↑ Trusova, Elena A.; Vokhmintcev, Kirill V.; Zagainov, Igor V. (2012). "Wet-chemistry processing of powdery raw material for high-tech ceramics". Nanoscale Research Letters 7 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-58. PMID 22221657. Bibcode: 2012NRL.....7...58T.
2. ↑ Godfrey, Alexander G.; Michael, Samuel G.; Sittampalam, Gurusingham Sitta; Zahoránszky-Köhalmi, Gergely (2020). "A Perspective on Innovating the Chemistry Lab Bench". Frontiers in Robotics and AI 7: 24. doi:10.3389/frobt.2020.00024. ISSN 2296-9144. PMID 33501193.
3. ↑ Dunnivant, F. M.; Elzerman, A. W. (1988). "Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments, using sonication extraction and capillary column gas chromatography-electron capture detection with internal standard calibration". Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 71 (3): 551–556. doi:10.1093/jaoac/71.3.551. ISSN 0004-5756. PMID 3134332.
4. ↑ Federherr, E.; Cerli, C.; Kirkels, F. M. S. A. et al. (2014-12-15). "A novel high-temperature combustion based system for stable isotope analysis of dissolved organic carbon in aqueous samples. I: development and validation". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 28 (23): 2559–2573. doi:10.1002/rcm.7052. ISSN 1097-0231. PMID 25366403. Bibcode: 2014RCMS...28.2559F.
5. ↑ Jackson, P.; Baker, R. J.; McCulloch, D. G. et al. (June 1996). "A study of Technegas employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and wet-chemical methods". Nuclear Medicine Communications 17 (6): 504–513. doi:10.1097/00006231-199606000-00009. ISSN 0143-3636. PMID 8822749.
6. ↑ Costantini, Marco; Colosi, Cristina; Święszkowski, Wojciech; Barbetta, Andrea (2018-11-09). "Co-axial wet-spinning in 3D bioprinting: state of the art and future perspective of microfluidic integration". Biofabrication 11 (1): 012001. doi:10.1088/1758-5090/aae605. ISSN 1758-5090. PMID 30284540.
7. ↑ Vagnozzi, Roberto; Signoretti, Stefano; Tavazzi, Barbara et al. (2005). "Hypothesis of the postconcussive vulnerable brain: experimental evidence of its metabolic occurrence". Neurosurgery 57 (1): 164–171; discussion 164–171. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000163413.90259.85. ISSN 1524-4040. PMID 15987552.
8. ↑ Campbell, A. Malcolm; Zanta, Carolyn A.; Heyer, Laurie J. et al. (2006). "DNA microarray wet lab simulation brings genomics into the high school curriculum". CBE: Life Sciences Education 5 (4): 332–339. doi:10.1187/cbe.06-07-0172. ISSN 1931-7913. PMID 17146040.
9. ↑ Neelamegham, Sriram; Mahal, Lara K. (October 2016). "Multi-level regulation of cellular glycosylation: from genes to transcript to enzyme to structure". Current Opinion in Structural Biology 40: 145–152. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2016.09.013. ISSN 1879-033X. PMID 27744149.
10. ↑ Makarenko, M. A.; Malinkin, A. D.; Bessonov, V. V. et al. (2018). "[Secondary lipid oxidation products. Human health risks evaluation (Article 1)]". Voprosy Pitaniia 87 (6): 125–138. doi:10.24411/0042-8833-2018-10074. ISSN 0042-8833. PMID 30763498.
11. ↑ Elizabeth A. Martin, ed (25 February 2010). Concise Colour Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-19-955715-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUXkhhJHHOkC&pg=PA335.

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