Cloud-based quantum computing

Cloud-based quantum computing is the invocation of quantum emulators, simulators or processors through the cloud. Increasingly, cloud services are being looked on as the method for providing access to quantum processing. Quantum computers achieve their massive computing power by initiating quantum physics into processing power and when users are allowed access to these quantum-powered computers through the internet it is known as quantum computing within the cloud. In 2016, IBM connected a small quantum computer to the cloud and it allows for simple programs to be built and executed on the cloud.[1] In early 2017, researchers from Rigetti Computing demonstrated the first programmable cloud access using the pyQuil Python library.[2] Many people from academic researchers and professors to schoolkids, have already built programs that run many different quantum algorithms using the program tools. Some consumers hoped to use the fast computing to model financial markets or to build more advanced AI systems. These use methods allow people outside a professional lab or institution to experience and learn more about such a phenomenal technology.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Application
* 2 Existing platforms
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Application

Cloud based quantum computing is used in several contexts:

* In teaching, teachers can use cloud-based quantum computing to help their students better understand quantum mechanics, as well as implement and test quantum algorithms.[4][5]
* In research, scientists can use cloud-based quantum resources to test quantum information theories,[6] perform experiments,[7] compare architectures,[8] amongst other things.
* In games, developers can use cloud-based quantum resources can create quantum games to introduce people to quantum concepts.[9]
* In digital transformation where terabytes of big data available to process and forecast valuable future outcomes.
* Used in cloud based quantum app development to build customized applications for small businesses.

## Existing platforms

* qBraid Lab by qBraid [10] is a cloud-based platform for quantum computing. It provides software tools for researchers and developers in quantum, as well as access to quantum hardware. qBraid provides cloud based access to IBM and Amazon Braket devices including IBM, Xanadu, OQC, QuEra, Amazon Braket simulators, Rigetti, and IonQ as of August 2023. The cloud quantum computing platform comes with a free tier where unlimited hardware and simulator access is available with the purchase of credits.
* Quandela Cloud by Quandela is the first cloud-accessible European photonic quantum computer. The computer is interfaced using the Perceval scripting language, with tutorials and documentation available online for free.[11]
* Xanadu Quantum Cloud by Xanadu which consists of cloud-based access to three fully programmable photonic quantum computers.[12]
* Forest by Rigetti Computing, which consists of a tool suite for quantum computing. It includes a programming language,[13] development tools and example algorithms.
* LIQUi> by Microsoft, which is a software architecture and tool suite for quantum computing. It includes a programming language, example optimization and scheduling algorithms, and quantum simulators.
* Q#, a quantum programming language by Microsoft on the .NET Framework seen as a successor to LIQUi|>.
* IBM Q Experience by IBM,[14] providing access to quantum hardware as well as HPC simulators. These can be accessed programmatically using the Python-based Qiskit framework, or via graphical interface with the IBM Q Experience GUI.[15] Both are based on the OpenQASM standard for representing quantum operations. There is also a tutorial and online community.[16] Currently available simulators and quantum devices are:
* Multiple transmon qubit processors.[17] Those with 5 and 16 qubits are publicly accessible. Devices up to 65 qubits are available through the IBM Q Network.[18]
* A 32 qubit cloud-based simulator. Software for locally hosted simulators are also provided as part of Qiskit.
* Quantum in the Cloud by The University of Bristol, which consists of a quantum simulator and a four qubit optical quantum system.[19]
* Quantum Playground by Google, which features a simulator with a simple interface, and a scripting language and 3D quantum state visualization.[20]
* Quantum in the Cloud by Tsinghua University. It is a four-qubit new quantum cloud experience based on nuclear magnetic resonance-NMRCloudQ.
* Quantum Inspire by Qutech is the first platform in Europe providing cloud-based quantum computing to two hardware chips. Next to a 5-qubit transmon processor, Quantum Inspire is the first platform in the world [21] to provide online access to a fully programmable 2-qubit electron spin quantum processor:
* Spin-2 is a 2-qubit spin qubit quantum computer, hosting two single electron spin qubits in a double quantum dot in isotopically purified 28Si.
* Starmon-5 consists of five superconducting transmon qubits in an X configuration.

Next to the quantum chips, the platform gives access to QX, a quantum emulator backend. Two instances of the QX emulator are available, emulating up to 26 qubits on a commodity cloud-based server and up to 31 qubits using one 'fat' nodes on Cartesius, the Dutch national supercomputer of SurfSara. Circuit based quantum algorithms can be created through a graphical user interface or through the Python-based Quantum Inspire SDK, providing a backend for the projectQ framework, the Qiskit framework. Quantum Inspire provides a knowledge base[22] with user guides and some example algorithms written in cQASM.

* Amazon Braket, as of November 2022, provides access to quantum computers built by IonQ, Rigetti, Xanadu, QuEra, and Oxford Quantum Circuits. D-Wave machines can be used via the AWS Marketplace. Braket also provides a quantum algorithm development environment and simulator.
* Forge by QC Ware, providing access to D-Wave hardware as well as Google and IBM simulators. The platform offers a 30-day free trial including one minute of quantum computing time.[23]

## References

1. ↑ "IBM Q Experience". https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/editor.
2. ↑ "Rigetti Computing Software Demo:Forest". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpoASc18P5Q.
3. ↑ Chen, Xi; Cheng, Bin; Li, Zhaokai; Nie, Xinfang; Yu, Nengkun; Yung, Man-Hong; Peng, Xinhua (2018). "Experimental Cryptographic Verification for Near-Term Quantum Cloud Computing". arXiv:1808.07375 [quant-ph].
4. ↑ "Undergraduates on a cloud using IBM Quantum Experience". 9 June 2016. https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/news/undergraduates-cloud-using-ibm-quantum-experience.
5. ↑ Fedortchenko, Serguei (8 July 2016). "A quantum teleportation experiment for undergraduate students". arXiv:1607.02398 [quant-ph].
6. ↑ Alsina, Daniel; Latorre, José Ignacio (11 July 2016). "Experimental test of Mermin inequalities on a five-qubit quantum computer". Physical Review A 94 (1): 012314. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.012314. Bibcode: 2016PhRvA..94a2314A.
7. ↑ Devitt, Simon J. (29 September 2016). "Performing quantum computing experiments in the cloud". Physical Review A 94 (3): 032329. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032329. Bibcode: 2016PhRvA..94c2329D.
8. ↑ Linke, Norbert M.; Maslov, Dmitri; Roetteler, Martin; Debnath, Shantanu; Figgatt, Caroline; Landsman, Kevin A.; Wright, Kenneth; Monroe, Christopher (28 March 2017). "Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (13): 3305–3310. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618020114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 28325879. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114.3305L.
9. ↑ Wootton, James (12 March 2017). "Why we need to make quantum games". Medium. https://medium.com/@decodoku/why-we-need-to-make-quantum-games-6f8c7bc4ace7.
10. ↑ qbraid.com
11. ↑ Heurtel, Nicolas; Fyrillas, Andreas; de Gliniasty, Grégoire; Le Bihan, Raphaël; Malherbe, Sébastien; Pailhas, Marceau; Bertasi, Eric; Bourdoncle, Boris et al. (February 21, 2023). "Perceval: A Software Platform for Discrete Variable Photonic Quantum Computing". Quantum 7: 931. doi:10.22331/q-2023-02-21-931. Bibcode: 2023Quant...7..931H. https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-02-21-931/.
12. ↑ Choi, Charles Q. (9 September 2020). "First Photonic Quantum Computer on the Cloud". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/photonic-quantum.
13. ↑ Smith, Robert S.; Curtis, Michael J.; Zeng, William J. (2016-08-10). "A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture". arXiv:1608.03355 [quant-ph].
14. ↑ "IBM Q Homepage". 2 April 2009. https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/.
15. ↑ "IBM Quantum Experience". 2 April 2009. https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/qx/.
16. ↑ "IBM Q Experience tutorial". https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/tutorial.
17. ↑ "Quantum devices and simulators". 2 April 2009. https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/technology/devices/?cm_mc_uid=27686633981315361542542&cm_mc_sid_50200000=20960861537781640898.
18. ↑ "IBM Q Network". 2 April 2009. https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/network/.
19. ↑ "Quantum in the Cloud". http://www.bristol.ac.uk/physics/research/quantum/engagement/qcloud/.
20. ↑ "Quantum Computing Playground". http://www.quantumplayground.net/#/home.
21. ↑ "QuTech Announces Quantum Inspire, Europe's First Public Quantum Computing Platform". 22 April 2020. https://quantumcomputingreport.com/news/qutech-announces-quantum-inspire-europes-first-public-quantum-computing-platform/.
22. ↑ "The basics of Quantum Computing". https://www.quantum-inspire.com/kbase/introduction-to-quantum-computing.
23. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic. "QC Ware Forge will give developers access to quantum hardware and simulators across vendors". https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/25/qc-ware-forge-will-give-developers-access-to-quantum-hardware-and-simulators-across-vendors/.

## External links

* List of quantum tools on quantum computing report
* List of quantum computing simulators on quantiki

* v
* t
* e

Quantum information science

General|

* Quantum computing
* Qubit
* physical vs. logical
* DiVincenzo's criteria
* Quantum information
* Quantum programming
* Quantum processors
* Cloud-based quantum computing
* Timeline of quantum computing

Theorems|

* Bell's theorem
* Gleason's theorem
* Gottesman–Knill theorem
* Holevo's theorem
* Margolus–Levitin theorem
* No-broadcast theorem
* No-cloning theorem
* No-communication theorem
* No-deleting theorem
* No-hiding theorem
* No-teleportation theorem
* PBR theorem
* Quantum threshold theorem

Quantum
communication|

* Quantum capacity
* Classical capacity
* Entanglement-assisted classical capacity
* Quantum channel
* Quantum network
* Quantum cryptography
* Quantum key distribution
* BB84
* SARG04
* Three-stage quantum cryptography protocol
* Quantum teleportation
* Superdense coding
* LOCC
* Entanglement distillation

Quantum algorithms|

* Universal quantum simulator
* Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm
* Grover's algorithm
* Quantum Fourier transform
* Shor's algorithm
* Simon's problem
* Quantum phase estimation algorithm
* Quantum counting algorithm
* Quantum annealing
* Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations
* Amplitude amplification

Quantum
complexity theory|

* Quantum Turing machine
* EQP
* BQP
* QMA
* PostBQP
* QIP

Quantum
computing models|

* Quantum circuit
* Quantum logic gate
* One-way quantum computer
* cluster state
* Adiabatic quantum computation
* Topological quantum computer

Quantum
error correction|

* Stabilizer codes
* Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Error Correction
* Shor code
* Steane code
* CSS code
* Quantum convolutional codes
* Toric code

Physical
implementations|

| Quantum optics|

* Cavity QED
* Circuit QED
* Linear optical quantum computing
* KLM protocol
* Boson sampling

|

Ultracold atoms|

* Trapped ion quantum computer
* Optical lattice

Spin-based|

* Nuclear magnetic resonance QC
* Kane QC
* Loss–DiVincenzo QC
* Nitrogen-vacancy center

Superconducting
quantum computing|

* Charge qubit
* Flux qubit
* Phase qubit
* Transmon

Software|

* libquantum
* OpenQASM
* Q#
* Qiskit
* IBM Q Experience

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