Cloud Computing Manifesto

The Cloud Computing Manifesto is a manifesto containing a "public declaration of principles and intentions" for cloud computing providers and vendors,[1] annotated as "a call to action for the worldwide cloud community" and "dedicated belief that the cloud should be open".[2] It follows the earlier development of the Cloud Computing Bill of Rights which addresses similar issues from the users' point of view.[3]

The document was developed "by way of an open community consensus process"[1] in response to a request by Microsoft that "any 'manifesto' should be created, from its inception, through an open mechanism like a Wiki, for public debate and comment, all available through a Creative Commons license".[4] Accordingly, it is hosted on a MediaWiki wiki and licensed under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.[1]

The original, controversial version of the document called the Open Cloud Manifesto was sharply criticised by Microsoft who "spoke out vehemently against it"[5] for being developed in secret by a "shadowy group of IT industry companies",[6] raising questions about conflicts of interest[7] and resulting in extensive media coverage over the following days.[8][9][10] A pre-announcement commits to the official publication of this document on 30 March 2009 (in spite of calls to publish it earlier[11]), at which time the identities of the signatories ("several of the largest technology companies and organizations" led by IBM[12] along with OMG[13] and believed also to include Cisco, HP,[12] and Sun Microsystems[14][15]) is said to be revealed.[16] Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Salesforce.com are among those known to have rejected the document by declining to be signatories.[17][18] The document was leaked by Geva Perry in a blog post on 27 March 2009[19] and confirmed to be authentic shortly afterwards.[20]

The authors of both public and private documents have agreed to "work to bring together the best points of each effort".[21]

## Contents

* 1 Controversy
* 2 Principles
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Controversy

The Open Cloud Manifesto version, developed in private by a secret consortium[15][22] of companies, was prematurely revealed by Microsoft's Senior Director of Developer Platform Product Management, Steve Martin on 26 March 2009. They claim that they were "privately shown a copy of the document, warned that it was a secret, and told that it must be signed 'as is,' without modifications or additional input", a point which is disputed by Reuven Cohen (originally believed to be the document's author).[23][24] Some commentators found it ironic that Microsoft should speak out in support of open standards[25] while others felt that their criticism was justified,[26][27] comparing it to the "long, ugly war over WS-I".[28] The call for open cloud standards was later echoed by Brandon Watson, Microsoft's Director of Cloud Services Ecosystem.[29][30]

## Principles

The following principles are defined by the document:[1]

1. User centric systems enrich the lives of individuals, education, communication, collaboration, business, entertainment and society as a whole; the end user is the primary stakeholder in cloud computing.
2. Philanthropic initiatives can greatly increase the well-being of mankind; they should be enabled or enhanced by cloud computing where possible.
3. Openness of standards, systems and software empowers and protects users; existing standards should be adopted where possible for the benefit of all stakeholders.
4. Transparency fosters trust and accountability; decisions should be open to public collaboration and scrutiny and never be made "behind closed doors".
5. Interoperability ensures effectiveness of cloud computing as a public resource; systems must be interoperable over a minimal set of community defined standards and vendor lock-in must be avoided.
6. Representation of all stakeholders is essential; interoperability and standards efforts should not be dominated by vendor(s).
7. Discrimination against any party for any reason is unacceptable; barriers to entry must be minimised.
8. Evolution is an ongoing process in an immature market; standards may take some time to develop and coalesce but activities should be coordinated and collaborative.
9. Balance of commercial and consumer interests is paramount; if in doubt consumer interests prevail.
10. Security is fundamental, not optional.

## See also

* Cloud computing
* List of Web service specifications

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Cloud Computing Manifesto". Wiki.cloudcommunity.org. http://wiki.cloudcommunity.org/wiki/Cloud_Computing_Manifesto. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
2. ↑ "Open Cloud Manifesto Google Group". https://groups.google.com/group/opencloud. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
3. ↑ "Cloud Computing Bill of Rights". Wiki.cloudcommunity.org. http://wiki.cloudcommunity.org/wiki/Cloud_Computing_Bill_of_Rights. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
4. ↑ "Moving Toward an Open Process on Cloud Computing Interoperability". Blogs.msdn.com. 25 March 2009. http://blogs.msdn.com/stevemar/archive/2009/03/26/moving-toward-an-open-process-on-cloud-computing-interoperability.aspx. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
5. ↑ "Author of 'cloud Manifesto' Surprised By Microsoft Protest". Cio.com. 26 March 2009. http://www.cio.com/article/486973/Author_of_cloud_Manifesto_Surprised_By_Microsoft_Protest. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
6. ↑ McLaughlin, Kevin (26 March 2009). "Microsoft Decries Cloud Computing Group's Lack of Transparency". Crn.com. http://www.crn.com/software/216400588. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
7. ↑ "Microsoft Vs. The Cloud Manifesto". Informationweek.com. 26 March 2009. http://www.informationweek.com/cloud-computing/blog/archives/2009/03/cloaks_daggers.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
8. ↑ Montalbano, Elizabeth (26 March 2009). "Microsoft criticizes drafting of secret 'Cloud Manifesto'". Infoworld.com. http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/03/26/Microsoft_criticizes_drafting_of_secret_Cloud_Manifesto_1.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
9. ↑ Fiveash, Kelly (26 March 2009). "Microsoft loudly disses secret 'Cloud Manifesto'". Theregister.co.uk. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/26/microsoft_cloud_manifesto_complaints/. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
10. ↑ Turf War Brewing Among Tech Firms Over Cloud Computing
11. ↑ "Microsoft Decries Cloud Computing Group's Lack of Transparency". Blogs.zdnet.com. http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=15328. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "IBM leading 'Open Cloud Manifesto' charge (InfoWorld)". Tech.yahoo.com. 20 April 2011. https://tech.yahoo.com/news/infoworld/20090327/tc_infoworld/130296. Retrieved 8 January 2012. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
13. ↑ http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Cloud-Computing/Open-Cloud-Manifesto-Much-Ado-and-To-Do-876838/ [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
14. ↑ "Microsoft expresses outrage at secret 'Cloud Manifesto'". http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2239312/microsoft-disappointed-cloud.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Thunder in the Cloud Over Openness". Gigaom.com. 27 March 2009. http://gigaom.com/2009/03/27/thunder-in-the-cloud-over-openness/. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
16. ↑ "Introducing the Open Cloud Manifesto". ElasticVapor. 26 March 2009. http://www.elasticvapor.com/2009/03/introducing-open-cloud-manifesto.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
17. ↑ Worthen, Ben (28 March 2009). "A Cloud Manifesto Controversy". The Wall Street Journal. https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/03/28/a-cloud-manifesto-controversy/. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
18. ↑ "Amazon Web Services: No Open Cloud Manifesto for us". Blogs.zdnet.com. http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=15341. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
19. ↑ "The Open Cloud Manifesto: Much Ado About Nothing". Gevaperry.typepad.com. 27 March 2009. http://gevaperry.typepad.com/main/2009/03/the-open-cloud-manifesto-much-ado-about-nothing.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
20. ↑ "The Open Cloud Manifesto: Much Ado About Nothing (Comment)". Gevaperry.typepad.com. 27 March 2009. http://gevaperry.typepad.com/main/2009/03/the-open-cloud-manifesto-much-ado-about-nothing.html?cid=6a00d8341d262253ef01156e743306970c#comment-6a00d8341d262253ef01156e743306970c. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
21. ↑ "Announcing the Cloud Computing Manifesto". https://groups.google.com/group/cloudforum/browse_thread/thread/9604fca0dd5cb956. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
22. ↑ Montalbano, Elizabeth (6 April 2009). "Microsoft exec blasts 'Open Cloud Manifesto'". Computerworld. https://www.computerworld.com/article/2551108/microsoft-exec-blasts--open-cloud-manifesto-.html.
23. ↑ Montalbano, Elizabeth (26 March 2009). "Author of 'cloud manifesto' surprised by Microsoft protest". Infoworld.com. http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/03/26/Author_of_cloud_manifesto_surprised_by_Microsoft_protest_1.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
24. ↑ "Microsoft pokes hole in 'cloud' manifesto". Marketwatch.com. http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/Microsoft-pokes-hole-cloud-computing/story.aspx?guid={FE589532-894D-44AE-8FB3-14C11DF54892}. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
25. ↑ Wilcox, Joe (26 March 2009). "Cloud Manifesto: Is Microsoft Afraid of Rain?". Microsoft-watch.com. http://www.microsoft-watch.com/content/web_services_browser/cloud_manifesto_is_microsoft_afraid_of_rain.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
26. ↑ Thursday, 26 March 2009 (26 March 2009). "Out of Order 2.0". Techcrunchit.com. http://www.techcrunchit.com/2009/03/26/out-of-order-20/. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
27. ↑ Geir on 26 March 2009 8:03 am (26 March 2009). "open cloud FAIL". Blogs.codehaus.org. http://blogs.codehaus.org/people/geir/archives/001785_open_cloud_fail.html. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
28. ↑ Out of Order
29. ↑ http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Cloud-Computing/Microsoft-Calls-for-Open-Cloud-Standards-538212/ [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
30. ↑ "An Open Cloud Requires an Equally Open Manifesto". Manyniches.com. 26 March 2009. http://www.manyniches.com/uncategorized/an-open-cloud-requires-an-equally-open-manifesto/. Retrieved 8 January 2012.

## External links

* Cloud Computing Manifesto in the Cloud Computing Community wiki
* Open Cloud Manifesto leaked document
* A Manifesto for Future Generation Cloud Computing: Research Directions for the Next Decade

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