American Locomotive Company

Type| Public
Industry| Rail transport
Energy generation
Predecessor|

List

*     * Brooks Locomotive Works
* Cooke Locomotive & Machine Works
* Dickson Manufacturing Company
* Manchester Locomotive Works
* Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works
* Rhode Island Locomotive Works
* Richmond Locomotive Works
* Schenectady Locomotive Works

Founded| 1901; 125 years ago (1901)
Defunct| 1969; 57 years ago (1969)[1]
Headquarters|

Schenectady, New York

United States

Area served

| Worldwide
Products|

* Armed tanks
* automobiles
* diesel engines and​ generators
* diesel–electric locomotives
* electricity
* high-quality steel
* specialized forgings
* steam locomotives

Subsidiaries| Montreal Locomotive Works
Rogers Locomotive Works

The American Locomotive Company (often shortened to ALCO, ALCo or Alco) was an American manufacturer that operated from 1901 to 1969, initially specializing in the production of locomotives but later diversifying and fabricating at various times diesel generators, automobiles, steel, tanks, munitions, oil-production equipment, as well as heat exchangers for nuclear power plants.

The company was formed by the merger of seven locomotive manufacturers and Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady, New York. A subsidiary, American Locomotive Automobile Company, designed and manufactured automobiles under the Alco brand from 1905 to 1913. ALCO also produced nuclear reactors from 1954 to 1962.[2] After World War II, Alco closed all of its manufacturing plants except those in Schenectady and Montreal.

In 1955, the company changed its name to Alco Products, Incorporated. In 1964, the Worthington Corporation acquired the company. The company went out of business in 1969,[1] although Montreal Locomotive Works continued to manufacture locomotives based on Alco designs.

The ALCO name is currently being used by Fairbanks Morse Engine for their FM|ALCO line.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Foundation
* 1.2 Steam era
* 1.3 Alco automobiles (1906–1913)
* 2 Production models
* 2.1 Electric locomotives
* 2.2 Diesel–electric locomotives
* 2.3 Post-war era
* 2.4 Diversification
* 2.5 Purchase and division
* 3 Epilogue
* 3.1 Operational Alco steam locomotives
* 3.2 Preserved Alco steam locomotives (static display)
* 3.3 Preserved Alco diesel locomotives (static display)
* 4 Popular culture
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## History

The Alco Schenectady plant in 1906 Builder`s card of Natal Government Railways 2-6-6-0 Mallet Type MB locomotive An Alco builder's plate on Lake Superior and Ishpeming 2-8-0 No. 24 at the National Railroad Museum

### Foundation

The company was created in 1901 from the merger of seven smaller locomotive manufacturers with the Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady, New York:[1][3]

* Brooks Locomotive Works in Dunkirk, New York
* Cooke Locomotive & Machine Works in Paterson, New Jersey
* Dickson Manufacturing Company in Scranton, Pennsylvania
* Manchester Locomotive Works in Manchester, New Hampshire
* Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island Locomotive Works in Providence, Rhode Island
* Richmond Locomotive Works in Richmond, Virginia

The consolidation of the seven manufacturers was the brainchild of financier Pliny Fisk Sr. of the brokerage house Harvey Fisk & Sons. The consolidated ALCO was intended to compete with Baldwin Locomotive Co. which controlled two-fifths of the industry.[4]

The new company was headquartered in Schenectady.[3] Samuel R. Callaway left the presidency of the New York Central Railroad to become president of Alco.[5] When Callaway died on June 1, 1904,[6] Albert J. Pitkin succeeded him as president of Alco.[7]

In 1904, the American Locomotive Company acquired control of the Locomotive and Machine Company of Montreal, Quebec, Canada; this company was eventually renamed the Montreal Locomotive Works. In 1905, Alco purchased Rogers Locomotive Works of Paterson, New Jersey, the country's second-largest locomotive manufacturer behind Baldwin Locomotive Works.[3]

### Steam era

Milwaukee Road 261, a 1944 American 4-8-4 steam locomotive

Alco produced more than 75,000 locomotives, including more steam locomotives than any U.S. company except Baldwin Locomotive Works. (Alco outlasted Baldwin, in part by shifting more readily to diesel.) Railroads that favored Alco products included the Delaware & Hudson Railway, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Milwaukee Road. Among Alco's better-known steam locomotives were the 4-6-4 Hudson, 4-8-2 Mohawk, and the 4-8-4 Niagara built for the New York Central; and the 4-8-4 FEF, the 4-6-6-4 Challengers and the 4-8-8-4 Big Boys built for the Union Pacific.

Alco built many of the biggest locomotives ever constructed, including Union Pacific's Big Boy (4-8-8-4). Alco also built the fastest American locomotives, the Class A Atlantic and Class F7 Hudson streamliners for the Milwaukee Road's Twin Cities Hiawatha run. Among the ambitious state-of-the-art designs of the late steam era, Alco's Challengers, Big Boys, and high-speed streamliners stood out for their success in operations.

American No 75214 Tr2 1319 at the Finnish Railway Museum

Alco built the second production steam locomotive in North America to use roller bearings (after the Delaware & Hudson's 1924 addition of SKF roller bearings to the drivers and main and side rods of their own 4-6-2 locomotives). This was Timken 1111, a 4-8-4 commissioned in 1930 by Timken Roller Bearing Company and ultimately used for 100,000 miles (160,000 km) on 15 major United States railroads before it was purchased in 1933 by the Northern Pacific Railway. The Northern Pacific renumbered the Four Aces to No. 2626 and ran it on the North Coast Limited, as well as its pool trains between Seattle, Washington, and Portland, Oregon, and excursions, through 1957.

Narrow-gauge Alco locomotive built for the military service behind the trenches of World War I

During World War II, Alco produced many 2-10-0 Decapods for the USSR. Many went undelivered, and ten of these were sold to Finland in 1947. One, Alco builder's No. 75214, is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.[8]

Though the dual-service 4-8-4 steam locomotive had shown great promise, 1948 was the last year that steam locomotives were manufactured in Schenectady. These were the seven A-2a class 9400-series Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad 2-8-4 "Berkshires." Their tenders had to be subcontracted to Lima Locomotive Works, as Alco's tender shop had been closed. The building was converted to make diesel locomotives to compete with those of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors.[9]

Joseph Burroughs Ennis (1879–1955) was a senior vice president between 1917 and 1947 and was responsible for the design of many of the company's locomotives.

### Alco automobiles (1906–1913)

1913 ALCO Model Six Berline Limousine at Crawford Alco automobiles license Berliet

The company diversified into the automobile business on July 1, 1905, producing French Berliet designs under license. The license was acquired for a duration of three years and covered the Berliet types G and H. With the payment of 500,000 gold francs, the production of the G and H types with engine outputs of 20 hp, 40 hp, and 60 hp was covered, as well as the supply of cast and forged parts. The successful licensing deal with Berliet led to a new logo for Berliet featuring a locomotive. However, Berliet's entry into the railway sector did not occur until the 1920s. Production was located at Alco's Rhode Island Locomotive Works in Providence, Rhode Island. Two years later, the Berliet license was abandoned, and the company began to produce its own designs instead. An Alco racing car won the Vanderbilt Cup in both 1909 and 1910 and competed in the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911, driven on all three occasions by Harry Grant.[10]

* Alco car by American Locomotive

* 1912 ALCO - an example of a brass era car

* An Alco automobile winning the 1910 Vanderbilt Cup

ALCO's automotive venture was unprofitable, and they abandoned automobile manufacture in 1913.[10] The Alco automobile story is notable chiefly as a step in the automotive career of Walter P. Chrysler, who worked as the plant manager. In 1911 he left Alco for Buick in Detroit, Michigan, where he subsequently founded the Chrysler Corporation in 1925.

## Production models

File:ALCO 3t (1908).jpgALCO 3t (1908)

* Alco Model 60 [11]
* Alco Model 40 [12]
* Alco Model 16 [13]
* Alco Model 3t Truck [14]

### Electric locomotives

Alco made 60-ton center-cab electric freight motors from 1912 through the 1920s for electric railway lines in Oregon.[15]

### Diesel–electric locomotives

An Alco RSD-16 used for freight services in Argentina, 1999

Already a leader in steam locomotives, Alco produced the first commercially successful diesel–electric switch engine in 1924 in a consortium with General Electric (electrical equipment) and Ingersoll-Rand (diesel engine). This locomotive was sold to the Central Railroad of New Jersey. It built additional locomotives for the Long Island Rail Road and the Chicago and North Western Railway.

The company bought the McIntosh & Seymour Diesel Engine Company in 1929 and henceforth produced its own diesel engines, though it always bought its electrical equipment from GE. The diesel program was largely overseen by Perry T. Egbert, vice president in charge of diesel locomotive sales and later president of the company.[16]

In the early to mid-1930s, ALCo was the pre-eminent builder of diesel–electric switch engines in the United States. It was slower than its competition to develop reliable diesel power for full-size mainline trains, though it did provide motive power for the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad's Rebel streamliners in 1935.

In 1939, ALCo started producing passenger diesel locomotives to compete with General Motors' Electro-Motive Corporation. The following year, ALCo teamed up with General Electric (Alco-GE) for much-needed support in competing with EMC. In 1941, ALCo introduced the RS-1, the first road–switcher locomotive. The versatile road–switcher design gained favor for short-haul applications, which would provide ALCo a secure market niche through the 1940s. The entry of the United States into World War II froze ALCo's development of road diesel locomotives.

During that time, ALCo was allocated the construction of diesel switching locomotives, their new road–switcher locomotives, a small quantity of ALCO DL-109 dual-service engines and its proven steam designs, while EMD (formerly EMC) was allocated the construction of mainline road freight diesels (the production of straight passenger-service engines was prohibited by the War Production Board). Still, ALCo ranked 34th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.[17]

Alco's RS-1 road switcher was selected by the United States Army for a vital task: rejuvenating the Trans-Iranian Railway and extending it to the Soviet Union. This gave the U.S. ally a new supply line at a time when the German air force and navy had reduced Allied shipments to the Soviet port of Murmansk. The U.S. Army chose as locomotives the RSD-1, a six-axle, six-traction motor variant of the light ALCo RS-1. Not only was the company prevented from selling these locomotives to mainline U.S. railroads, but the 13 RS-1s that had already been built were commandeered for Iranian duty and converted to RSD-1s.[9]

### Post-war era

The postwar era saw ALCo's steam products fall out of favor while it struggled to develop mainline diesel locomotives competitive with EMD's E and F series road locomotives, which were well-positioned from GM-EMC's large development efforts of the 1930s and its established service infrastructure. ALCo would prove unable to overcome that lead.

An ALCO S-1 diesel switcher at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum, North Freedom, WisconsinALCO wordmark recreation

In 1946, ALCo controlled 26% of the diesel locomotive market.[16] The ubiquitous S series (660 and 1000 horsepower) switchers and RS series (1000 and 1500 horsepower) road switchers represented ALCo well during the late 1940s. Much of its success in this period can be tied to its pioneering RS locomotives, representing the first modern road–switcher, a configuration which has long-outlasted ALCo. The success of their switcher and road–switcher locomotives was not matched with the PA and FA-type mainline units, however.

The 244 engine, developed in a crash program to compete with EMD's powerful 567 engine, proved unreliable and sales of ALCo's mainline units soon went into decline. In 1948, ALCo-GE produced a prototype gas-turbine–electric locomotive to address the concerns of operators such as Union Pacific that sought to minimize the number of locomotive units needed for large power requirements. In 1949, ALCo embarked on a clean-sheet design project to replace the 244. 1949 also saw the introduction of the EMD GP7 road–switcher, a direct challenge in ALCo's bread-and-butter market.

In 1953, General Electric, dissatisfied with the pace of ALCo's efforts to develop a replacement for the troubled 244 engine, dissolved their partnership with ALCo and took over the gas turbine–electric venture that had started series production the previous year. In 1956, ALCo made long-overdue changes, modernizing its production process and introducing road locomotives with its new 251 engine. However, the benefits to ALCo were negated by bad timing; the market for locomotives was declining after the height of the dieselization era and EMD's GP9 was on the market as a proven competitor backed by a service infrastructure that ALCo, since the dissolution of the GE partnership, lacked. Sales were disappointing and ALCo's profitability suffered.[16]

GE entered the export road-diesel locomotive market in 1956, then the domestic market in 1960, and quickly took the No. 2 position from ALCo, and eventually eclipsed EMD in overall production. Despite continual innovation in its designs (the first AC/DC transmission among others), ALCo gradually succumbed to its competition, in which its former ally, General Electric, was an important element.[9]

India during 1960s began gradual withdrawal of Steam locomotives from Indian Railways so the Diesel electric locomotive WDM series was developed by Banaras Locomotive Works with help of American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for Indian Railways. In 1962 Alco locomotives entered in service and since then Thousands of Alco class Locomotive WDM-2, WDM-3A , WDM-3D would be manufactured and rebuilt which would make most successful locomotives of Indian Railways serving both passenger and freight trains and still retain operational status for Indian railways today[18][19]

A new line of Century locomotives including the 630 (the first AC/DC transmission), the 430 and the 636, the first 3,600 horsepower (2.7 MW) locomotive, failed to keep the enterprise going. Third-place in the market proved to be an impossible position; ALCo products had neither the market position nor reputation for reliability of EMD's products, nor the financing muscle and customer support of GE. It could not earn enough profits. In the late 1960s, Alco gradually ceased locomotive production, shipping its last two locomotives, a pair of T-6 switchers to the Newburgh & South Shore Railroad (#1016 and #1017) in January 1969.[9] ALCo closed its Schenectady locomotive plant later that year, and sold its designs to the Montreal Locomotive Works in Canada. The vast ALCo Schenectady plant was completely demolished by 2019, and its site is now occupied by a large industrial park.

### Diversification

Alco diversified into areas other than automobiles with greater success. During World War II, Alco built munitions for the war effort, in addition to locomotive production; this continued throughout the Korean War. After the Korean War, Alco began making oil production equipment and heat exchangers for nuclear plants.

In 1955, the company was renamed Alco Products, Incorporated. By this stage, locomotive production only accounted for 20% of the business.[20][21]

The first nuclear power plant connected to the electrical grid, the SM-1, was built for the Army Nuclear Power Program at Fort Belvoir in Virginia in 1957.[22] Another complete plant, the PM-2A, was shipped to and constructed at Camp Century in Greenland. The Camp Century plant was filmed by the U.S. Army.[23]

### Purchase and division

The company was purchased in 1964 by the Worthington Corporation, which merged with the Studebaker corporation in 1967 to form Studebaker-Worthington, Alco remaining a wholly owned subsidiary.[24] Former divisions of Alco became semi-independent subsidiaries in 1968.

After the termination of locomotive production in 1969, the locomotive designs (but not the engine development rights) were transferred to the Montreal Locomotive Works, which continued their manufacture. The diesel engine business was sold to White Motor Corporation in 1970, which developed White Industrial Power.[25] In 1977 White Industrial Power was sold to the British General Electric Company (GEC) which renamed the unit Alco Power. The business was subsequently sold to the Fairbanks-Morse corporation, which continues to manufacture Alco-designed engines in addition to their own design.

The heat exchanger business continued as Alco Products for a time. At some later point, some of the heat exchanger products were manufactured by the Alco Products Division of Smithco Engineering in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Smithco). In January 1983, certain assets of the Alco Products Division of Smithco, namely double-pipe and hairpin-type heat exchanger products sold under the "Alco Twin" name, mark and style, were sold in an asset sale by Smithco to Bos-Hatten, a subsidiary of Nitram Energy. Following the sale of these assets, Smithco remained in business, manufacturing other heat exchange products. In 1985, the assets acquired from Smithco were assigned by Bos-Hatten to its parent, Nitram. In 2008, Nitram was acquired by Peerless Manufacturing Co[26] In 2015, Peerless sold its heat exchanger business to Koch Heat Transfer Co.[27]

## Epilogue

An ALCO 251 engine used as a backup generator at a wastewater plant in Montreal

After the closure of Alco's Schenectady works, locomotives to Alco designs continued to be manufactured in Canada by Montreal Locomotive Works and in Australia by AE Goodwin.

In addition, until 2022, Alco-derived locomotives accounted for most of the diesel power on the Indian Railways.[28] Many thousands of locomotives with Alco lineage are in regular mainline use in India. Most of these locomotives were built by the Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) at Varanasi, India. The Diesel Loco Modernisation Works (DMW) at Patiala, India, do mid-life rebuilding and upgrading the power of these locomotives, typically the 2,600 horsepower (1.94 MW) WDM-2 to 3,100 horsepower (2.31 MW).

An Alco DL537 metre gauge locomotive of the Hellenic Railways Organisation at Corinth Old Railway Station, Greece File:SP 1474 - Alco S4.jpgSouthern Pacific 1474 at the Southern California Railway Museum.

A number of Alco and MLW diesel–electric locomotives (models DL500C, DL532B, DL537, DL543, MX627 and MX636) are in daily use hauling freight trains of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE) in Greece. The oldest of them (class A.201, DL532B) were delivered to the former Hellenic State Railways (SEK) in 1962. In addition to a variety of standard gauge locomotives, the fleet includes 11 metre gauge Alco locomotives, mainly used for departmental trains in the Peloponnese network. The MX627 and MX636 locomotives have been extensively rebuilt at Piraeus Central Factory of OSE. The remaining Alco locomotives are also being rebuilt, starting with models DL532B and DL537.

The ALCO 251 diesel engine is still manufactured by Fairbanks-Morse of Beloit, Wisconsin, a company which also manufactured diesel locomotives. Additionally, Alco diesel engines are used to power the NASA Crawler Transporter.[29]

Alco RSD-16s were used in San Martín Line of Argentina until 2014.

Some Alcos survive on Australian networks, as well as in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Another fleet of Alco Bombardier locomotives run in rugged terrain on the Sri Lanka railway network. Argentina also has a healthy fleet of Alcos DL540 running commuter and cargo trains.

The Glenbrook Vintage Railway New Zealand, has a 2-4-4-2 articulated compound mallet, built by Alco in 1912. Only four mallets with this wheel arrangement were ever built; the other three by Baldwin. This unique loco is currently out of service awaiting overhaul.

During the 1970s, Romania's UCMR Resita made licensed engines from ALCo, putting the engines 6&12R251 into naval gensets and also with the 6R251 in FAUR factory were made locomotives known as LDH 1500 CP. (CFR Classes 67/68/70/71 and CFR Class 61). They were also exported in Iran and Greece (OSE)

### Operational Alco steam locomotives

Several Alco mainline locomotives are still operational, including Union Pacific 844, Union Pacific Big Boy 4014, Milwaukee Road 261, Soo Line 1003, and Florida East Coast 148.

UP Challenger 3985 ran in UP excursion service until 2010, but is now being restored by the Railroad Heritage of Midwest America museum.[30]

ALCO-Cooke #18, built in 1920, survives in passenger service on the Arcade & Attica Railroad in Arcade, New York. It returned to service in May 2009 after a six-year overhaul to bring it into compliance with the FRA's new steam locomotive regulations. Great Western 60, a built in Schenectady in 1937, currently operates in passenger service on the Black River & Western Railroad in Ringoes, NJ. Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad in Garibaldi, Oregon. This railroad owns the McCloud Railway 25. One of only four locomotives built by ALCO. This locomotive is operational, and is used in daily service six months of the year and weekend service an additional four months of the year.[31] This locomotive appeared in the film "Stand by Me".

### Preserved Alco steam locomotives (static display)

In Portugal an Alco built in 1945 (construction number 73480) is displayed at the National Railway Museum at Entroncamento.[32]

An Alco (construction number 75506 of 1947; local name Ty246) is stored at Zduńska Wola Railway Museum, Poland.[33][34]

In Spain, an Alco built 1916 (construction number 57068) is displayed at the Ceuta old Station.[35]

In Mexico an Alco Hudson type built in 1937 for Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México is displayed at Aguascalientes Plaza de las Tres Centurias railroder's museum.[36]

### Preserved Alco diesel locomotives (static display)

Two of the three surviving ALCO “Century” C-628 diesels are at the Yucatán Railroad Museum.[37] The remaining C-628 is at 7 Mile Yard, Dampier, Western Australia.[38] The nearby Pilbara Railways Historical Society Inc. has three ALCOs, including the prototype C-415.[39]

In India, the first WDM-1 and WDM-2 are preserved at the National Rail Museum, New Delhi.[40]

## Popular culture

In February 2014, in the episode The Locomotive Manipulation of the TV series The Big Bang Theory, takes place on a train pulled by what is described as an "Alco FA-4". Actually, the Napa Valley Wine Train (the setting for the episode) owns four Alco FPA-4 not FA-4.

Noted railroad artist Howard L. Fogg began his career at Alco. Hired in 1946 as Alco's new company artist, Fogg began painting locomotives in the livery of prospective customers and taking photographs of them.

At an Alco gala at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, Lucius Beebe, a noted journalist with the New York Herald-Tribune, sought out Fogg. Beebe was considering leaving New York to write railroad books. They began a long-term collaboration, with Beebe buying Fogg's paintings and commissioning new ones for use in his books. In 1947, Beebe's book, Mixed Train Daily, was the first of many to use a Fogg painting on the cover. Fogg was also used by many other railroad authors because of his skill at capturing action shots. With commissions from individuals, authors, publishers, railroads, and related industrial firms flourishing, in 1957 Fogg ended his formal agreement with Alco. He continued to paint periodic commissions for them for a number of years.

## See also

* List of ALCO diesel locomotives
* Locomotives of India
* Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Class A-2a
* The pony truck affair

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "American Locomotive Company Records". Syracuse, New York: Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries. http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/a/alco.htm.
2. ↑ "ALCO's 1950s Nuclear Gamble -- ANS / Newswire". https://www.ans.org/news/article-2159/alcos-1950s-nuclear-gamble/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Steam Locomotive Builders". SteamLocomotive.com. December 8, 2009. http://www.steamlocomotive.com/builders/.
4. ↑ "Markets: Memories". Time Magazine. April 10, 1939. https://time.com/archive/6760334/markets-memories/.
5. ↑ "Samuel R. Callaway Out; Resigns the Presidency of the New York Central". The New York Times. May 18, 1901. https://www.nytimes.com/1901/05/18/archives/samuel-r-callaway-out-resigns-the-presidency-of-the-new-york.html.
6. ↑ "Samuel R. Callaway". Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago): pp. 9. June 2, 1904. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1904/06/02/page/9/article/s-r-callaway-dead.
7. ↑ "The President of the American Locomotive Company". The Railroad Men XVII (10): 380. July 1904. https://books.google.com/books?id=QGDXAAAAMAAJ.
8. ↑ Eonsuu, Tapio (1975). Suomen Veturit. F. Stenvall. ISBN 91-7266-021-X.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Kirkland, John F. (November 1989). The Diesel Builders volume 2: American Locomotive Company and Montreal Locomotive Works. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. ISBN 0-916374-81-5.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kimes, Beverley Rae (April–June 1973). Vorderman, Don. ed. "The Mighty ALCO - A History". Automobile Quarterly (New York, NY: Automobile Quarterly Inc.) 11 (2): 206–221.
11. ↑ "Alco Model 60". Hand book of automobiles (1910). 1910-01-15. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022474715&seq=163.
12. ↑ "Alco Model 40". Hand book of automobiles (1910). 1910-01-15. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022474715&seq=172.
13. ↑ "Alco Model 16". Hand book of automobiles (1910). 1910-01-15. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022474715&seq=175.
14. ↑ "Alco Model 3t Truck". Hand book of automobiles (1910). 1910-01-15. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022474715&seq=176.
15. ↑ "Oregon Electric #21 | Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society". http://oerhs.oregontrolley.com/collection/oregon-electric-21/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "ALCo vs EMD". UtahRails.Net. http://utahrails.net/articles/alco-v-emd.php.
17. ↑ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
18. ↑ "[IRFCA Indian Railways Locomotive Roster National Railway Museum, Delhi (NRM) WDM-2 18040 Show"]. https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/show/3571?list_type=preserved.
19. ↑ "[IRFCA Indian Railways FAQ: Diesel and Electric Locomotive Specifications"]. https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html.
20. ↑ "Alco Changes its Name" Railway Gazette April 29, 1955
21. ↑ "Alco" Diesel Railway Traction April 1955 page 195
22. ↑ The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, February 1958 (Vol.14, issue 2: page 94); "News Roundup: Shippingport Reactor Generates Power" prepared by Helen C. Allison; accessed 11 March 2012.
23. ↑ "The Secret Base Greenland Base of Project Iceworm". Documentary Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DPQ15EgyTY.
24. ↑ Churella 1998, pp. 143–144
25. ↑ Alco Engine Division Acquired by White Motors Railway Transportation March 1970 page 8
26. ↑ "Peerless Manufacturing to buy Nitram Energy for $65M". Dallas Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2008/04/07/daily19.html.
27. ↑ "Koch subsidiary buys new heat transfer equipment brands". Wichita Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/wichita/news/2015/03/30/koch-subsidiary-buys-new-heat-transfer-equipment.html.
28. ↑ "Railway Website Mechanical Department". http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717.
29. ↑ "FM/ALCO 251 F Product Page". FairbanksMorse.com. http://www.fairbanksmorse.com/engine_fm_alco_251.php?return=stationary_power.php.
30. ↑ "Locomotive #3985 – Challenger | Railroading Heritage of Midwest America". https://rrhma.com/loc3985/.
31. ↑ "Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad | Train Rides on the Oregon Coast". https://oregoncoastscenic.org/.
32. ↑ "Colecção Online: Locomotiva a Vapor: CP 855". 2014. https://www.fmnf.pt/colecao/ficha.aspx?t=o&id=446#ad-image-5.
33. ↑ "Ilostan Pojazdów Trakcyjnych ForumKolejowe.pl". https://ilostan.forumkolejowe.pl/index.php?nav=lok&typ=9&seria=148&lok=5386&numer=22&title=Ty246-22.
34. ↑ "Parowóz towarowy Ty246". 30 July 2018. http://muzeumzdunskawola.pl/2018/07/30/parowoz-towarowy-ty246/.
35. ↑ "Locomotora numero 1 Ceuta Class 460-101". 2022. https://elfarodeceuta.es/locomotora-joya-rehabilitada-estacion-ferrocarril/.
36. ↑ "Fueron motor de méxico, son orgullo de la ciudad". 22 Dec 2022. https://www.heraldo.mx/fueron-motor-de-mexico-son-orgullo-de-la-ciudad/.
37. ↑ "Yucatán Railroad Museum redeveloping at Mérida's new great park". 23 September 2023. https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/former-yucatan-railroad-museum-redeveloping-at-meridas-la-plancha-great-park/.
38. ↑ "Hamersley Iron 2000 - Breathing New Life". https://www.saltwatercreekrailroad.com.au/hamersley-iron-2000-breathing-new-life.
39. ↑ "Pilbara Railways Historical Society Inc". https://www.prhs.org.au/Exhibits.php.
40. ↑ "History of the National Rail Museum" (in en). http://nrmindia.com/history.html.

## References

* Steam Locomotive Builders
* Churella, Albert J. (1998). From Steam To Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02776-0.
* Kirkland, John F. (November 1989). The Diesel Builders volume 2: American Locomotive Company and Montreal Locomotive Works. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. ISBN 0-916374-81-5.

## Further reading

* Ingles, J. David (June 1975). "Alco's Big Bid to Be Best-1". Trains 35 (9): 22–32. ISSN 0041-0934. http://ctr.trains.com/~/media/files/pdf/alcos-big-bid1.pdf. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
* Ingles, J. David (July 1975). "Alco's Big Bid to Be Best-2". Trains 35 (10): 22–43. ISSN 0041-0934. http://ctr.trains.com/~/media/files/pdf/alcos-big-bid2.pdf. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
* McDonnell, Greg (2006). "Alco: Tougher than the rest". Classic Trains Special Edition (4, Diesel Victory): 32–35. ISSN 1541-809X.

## External links

* American Locomotive Company (ALCO) Records, Syracuse University
* The Alco Racers (VanderbiltCupRaces.com)
* Preserved locomotives by builder
* Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NY-40, "American Locomotive Company, Foundry, 320 South Roberts Street, Dunkirk, Chautauqua County, NY", 1 photo, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page
* U.S. Army documentary film showing the construction of Camp Century (Greenland) and the shipment and construction of PM-2A posted by DocumentaryTube.net. The arrival occurs at 16:11 in the 27-minute film.

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North American locomotive builders

Current|

* Altoona Works
* Bombardier
* Brookville
* EMD
* GE Transportation
* MotivePower
* NREC
* Progress Rail
* Railpower

Defunct|

* ALCO
* Alco-GE
* Atlas
* Baldwin
* Brooks
* CLC
* Climax
* Cooke
* Davenport
* Dickson
* Fairbanks-Morse
* GMD
* Globe
* Grant
* Hinkley
* Jewett
* Lima
* Manchester
* Mason
* MLW
* Mount Clare Shops
* Mount Savage
* Norris
* Pittsburgh
* Porter
* Portland
* Rhode Island
* Roanoke Shops
* Richmond
* Rogers
* Schenectady
* SLCC
* Taunton
* Tredegar
* Vulcan
* Westinghouse
* Whitcomb
* Willamette

See also: List of locomotive builders

Template:ALCO diesels

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