China Unicom

China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd.

Native name

| 中国联合网络通信集团有限公司
Type| Publicly-traded, majority-State-owned company regulated by public law

Traded as

* SSE: 600050[nb 1]
* SEHK: Script error: No such module "Leading zeros".&sc_lang=en Script error: No such module "Leading zeros".
* Hang Seng Index component
* CSI A100

Industry| Telecommunications
Founded| 18 June 1994; 31 years ago (1994-06-18)[1]
Founder|

* Ministry of Railways
* Ministry of Electronics Industry
* Ministry of Electric Power Industry

Headquarters| Xicheng, Beijing, China

Area served

* Mainland China
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* North Korea

Products|

* Fixed-line telephony
* Mobile telephony
* Internet access
* Digital television

Owner| Central People's Government (100%)

Number of employees

| 244,508[2] (2023)
Subsidiaries| | China United Network Communications| (53.78%)

|

→ China Unicom (H.K.)|
PCCW (18.46%)|
Telefónica (1.27%)|
ASN|

* Template:Autnum

Traffic Levels| 10-20 Tbps[3]
Website| {{{1}}}
Footnotes / references
data obtained from China United Network Communications Ltd. (the accounts of the parent company was not disclosed); in consolidated financial statement; excluding minority interests to red chip minority shareholders[1]
China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd.

Script error: No such module "Infobox multi-lingual name".

China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd., doing business as China Unicom, is a Chinese state-owned telecommunications operator. Originally founded in 1994 as a wireless paging and GSM mobile operator, it currently provides a range of services including mobile network, long-distance & local calling, data communication, Internet services, digital television, and IP telephony. As of 2022, China Unicom is the third-largest wireless carrier in China and the sixth largest mobile provider in the world.[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 IPOs
* 1.2 Merger with China Netcom
* 1.3 Partnership with Telefonica
* 1.4 Mixed-ownership reform of state-owned enterprise
* 1.5 U.S. sanctions
* 1.6 Response to invasion of Ukraine
* 2 Equity investments
* 3 Surveillance allegations
* 4 See also
* 5 Footnotes
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

China Unicom, then known in Chinese as 中国联合通信有限公司; Zhōngguó liánhé tōngxìn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, was founded as a state-owned enterprise in 1994[4] by the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Electronics and the Ministry of Electric Power Industry;[5] the establishment was approved by the State Council in December 1993.[5]

China Unicom was among six state-owned companies that built the communications infrastructure and assisted in financing the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's Connecting Every Village Project, which began in 2004.[6]: 24–25 The project aimed to promote universal telecommunications and internet access in rural China.[6]: 24–25 The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of the internet.[6]: 25

China Unicom has operated a CDMA network in Macau since October 18, 2006[7] and internet services in North Korea since 2010.[8] As of the end of April 2008[update], the company had 125 million GSM subscribers and 43 million CDMA subscribers.[9] As of November 2008 the CDMA operations have been moved to China Telecommunications Corporation (China Telecom Group).[10] On 7 January 2009, China Unicom was awarded WCDMA license to expand its business to 3G telecommunication.[11] UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) was launched in major cities across China on May 17, 2009. On July 11, 2020, China Unicom joined hands with Lu Han to launch the "FuLu Companion Card", which sounded the forward number for the further development of 5G. LuHan also officially unlocked his new identity and became a "China Unicom Innovation Partner", with the "FuLu companion card" to bring exclusive benefits and surprises to the majority of Unicom users.[12]

### IPOs

The intermediate parent company "China Unicom (Hong Kong) Limited" was "China Unicom (BVI) Limited", As of 31 December 2001[update], the BVI company owned 77.47% shares of China Unicom (H.K.). In turn, China Unicom (H.K.) owned the operating subsidiaries of the group. In 2002, another intermediate parent company "China United Network Communications Limited" was established in Shanghai (headquartered in Beijing), to own 51% stake of "China Unicom (BVI) Limited" as well as listing the shares in the Shanghai Stock Exchange.[13] As of 31 December 2002[update], state-owned China Unicom Group owned 74.6% shares of the A share company,[14]: 8 in turn the A share company owned 73.84% of the BVI company.[14]: 23 The BVI company owned 77.47% shares of the red chip company.[15] To sum up, the Chinese Government via A share company, owned 42.67% stake of the operating subsidiaries, as well as additional 20.27% stake by the minority stake in the BVI company.

### Merger with China Netcom

On June 2, 2008, China Unicom announced its intention to sell its CDMA business and assets to China Telecommunications Corporation (China Telecom Group) for a combined total of 110 billion RMB[10] and to merge the remainder of the company,[16][non-primary source needed] in a share swap valued at US$56.3 billion (based on Unicom's stock last traded price) on June 2, 2008, with China Netcom.[17] The CDMA business was officially moved to China Telecom in early November.

In April 2012, China Unicom was a founding member in the formation of Cloud Computing Industry Alliance in Beijing. Other members of the alliance include Baidu, Tencent, and Alibaba.[18][19]

### Partnership with Telefonica

In 2009, China Unicom (Hong Kong) agreed to a US$1 billion cross-holding with Spain's Telefónica.[20] In January 2011, the two partners agreed a further US$500 million tie-up in each other, which following completion in late 2011, Telefónica will hold a 9.7% shares in China Unicom (H.K.), while the red chip company will own 1.4% shares of the Spanish firm.[21] The companies also agreed to deepen their cooperation in areas such as procurement, mobile service platforms, service to MNC's wholesale carriers, roaming, technology, among others, where both companies have been cooperating since the signature of their strategic alliance agreement.[22][23]

In June 2012, China United Network Communications Group (China Unicom Group), the ultimate parent company of Hong Kong listed company "China Unicom (Hong Kong)", had agreed to buy back about 1.1 billion shares (approx. 4.6% of the share capital) of the red chip company from Telefónica for an approx. HK$11 billion. (HK$10.21 per share; by narrow band floating exchange rate approx. US$1.4 billion), via an unlisted subsidiary "China Unicom Group Corporation (BVI) Limited". Immediate after the deal, Telefónica still owned 5% of China Unicom (H.K.).[24][25] In 2014 Telefónica sold a further 2.5% shares of "China Unicom (H.K.)" for HK$6.66 billion (HK$11.14 per share).[26]: 379

During year 2016, Telefónica sold a further 1.51% shares of "China Unicom (H.K.)" for HK$2.822 billion (HK$7.8 per share),[26]: 379 [27] As of 31 December 2016[update] Telefónica owned 1% shares of the red chip company (decreased from 2.51% year-to-yearly), as well as Telefónica's director César Alierta, still served as a director of "China Unicom (H.K.)".[26]: 62

### Mixed-ownership reform of state-owned enterprise

In 2017 China Unicom became one of the pilot projects of the mixed-ownership reform of the Chinese state-owned enterprise, which saw a decrease in the Government's ownership.[28]

In 2017 the Class A listed company of the group introduced ten strategic investors: state-controlled China Structural Reform Fund, state-controlled listed company China Life Insurance, a private equity fund (Chinese: 腾讯信达有限合伙企业; literally: 'Tencent–Cinda Limited Partnership') that was owned by China Cinda Asset Management and a company related to Tencent,[nb 2] a private equity fund partially owned by Baidu[nb 3] and Industrial Bank (Chinese: 百度鹏寰投资合伙企业), a private equity fund that related to JD.com (Chinese: 京东三弘企业管理中心; literally: 'Jingdong Sanhong'),[nb 4] a public company Ali Venture Capital (Chinese: 阿里创业投资),[nb 5] a public company Suning Commerce Group and three minor private equity funds that was subscribed by companies such as Kuang-Chi and CRRC Group.[34][35]

In the same year, the fund raised by the A share company was injected to the Hong Kong incorporated red chip company, via "China Unicom (BVI) Limited", for HK$13.24 per share (for a maximum of 6.64 billion share / HK$88 billion).[36]

### U.S. sanctions

In October 2019, a group of U.S. senators urged the Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board to divest U.S. pension money from any investment in China Unicom for providing telecommunications services to disputed artificial islands in the South China Sea.[37] In August 2020, the United States Department of Defense published a list of companies operating directly or indirectly in the United States with ties to the People's Liberation Army. China Unicom was included on the list.[38][39]

In October 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requested the United States Department of Justice report whether China Unicom poses a "national security risk".[40]

In November 2020, the U.S. President issued an executive order prohibiting U.S. companies and individuals owning stocks that the United States Department of Defense deemed to have links to the People's Liberation Army - which included China Unicom.[41][42] In consequence of the order, the New York Stock Exchange delisted China Unicom in January 2021.[43]

In March 2021, the FCC initiated proceedings to revoke China Unicom's authorization to operate in the U.S. due to "national security" concerns.[44] In January 2022, the FCC revoked China Unicom's authorization to operate in the United States, giving it 60 days to cease providing telecommunications services.[45] In September 2022, the FCC added China Unicom to a list of companies considered "national security threats".[46]

In December 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected China Unicom's challenge of the 2022 FCC revocation of its authorization to operate in the U.S.[47][48] In March 2025, the FCC opened an investigation into China Unicom and other Chinese companies regarding operations in the U.S. in violation of restrictions.[49] Also in March 2025, the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party initiated an inquiry into China Unicom and issued subpoenas for company records in April 2025.[50][51]

### Response to invasion of Ukraine

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, China United Network Communications Group continued its operations in Russia through its subsidiary, China Unicom (Russia) Operations Limited Liability Company, maintaining business as usual despite international sanctions and widespread corporate withdrawals.[52][53] Research from the Yale School of Management placed the company in the "Grade F" category of "Digging In," indicating that it has defied demands for exit or reduction of activities in Russia.[53]

## Equity investments

Template:Section updateTemplate:Updated

* PCCW (18.46%, held by unlisted portion of China Unicom Group)[54]
* Telefónica (1.27%, held by Hong Kong listed subsidiary "China Unicom (H.K.)")[26]

Template:Updated

China Unicom's most recent equity investments have shifted focus from traditional telecom infrastructure toward digital, cloud, and international growth.[55]

* BlackRock: increased stake in China Unicom by 1% in Q1 2023 (now about 5%).[55]
* Vanguard: slightly reduced holdings by 0.5%.[55]
* Capital Group: maintained a stable position at 4.15%.[55]

Recent Equity & Strategic Investments  Year  | Investment Type  | Details

|
|

2023-2025  | Digital/Cloud/AI  | Massive reinvestment in CDSA business, cloud, AI, IoT, 5G[56][57][58]
2023  | Shareholder updates  | BlackRock up to 5%, Vanguard slightly down, Capital Group stable
2024  | International branches  | New offices in Saudi Arabia, Peru, UAE, Uzbekistan under UniCom brand
2024  | Fixed Asset Investment  | Reduction to ~RMB 55 billion, focus on digital, less on new equity stakes

## Surveillance allegations

In December 2020, The Guardian reported that a security researcher identified evidence of surveillance campaign against Americans by China Unicom via Caribbean mobile networks, Cable & Wireless Communications and BTC. China Unicom denied the allegations.[59]

## See also

* Communications in China
* Telecommunications industry in China
* List of mobile network operators
* List of telephone operating companies

## Footnotes

1. ↑ See §Stock for the listing structure of the company.
2. ↑ An indirect unit holder of the fund (Chinese: 深圳市腾讯产业投资基金; literally: 'Shenzhen Tencent Industry Investment Fund'), was owned by some managers of Tencent. It was stated as a "new OPCO" (new operating company) of Cayman-incorporated listed company Tencent Holdings.[29]
3. ↑ One of the unit holder of the fund was indirectly owned by Baidu Netcom Science Technology (Chinese: 百度网讯科技); the stake of Baidu Netcom was 99.5% owned by Robin Li; the stake was pledged to Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) (Chinese: 百度在线网络技术(北京)), an indirect subsidiary of Cayman-incorporated Baidu Inc., thus it was considered as part of Baidu Group.[30] Another indirect unit holder (Chinese: 北京鼎鹿中原科技), owned by some of the managers of Baidu, was linked to Baidu by the Chinese media, but Baidu denied to comment.[31]
4. ↑ The indirect unit holder of the private equity fund (Chinese: 江苏京东邦能投资管理有限公司; literally: 'Jingdong Bangneng Investment Management') was 45% owned by Liu Qiangdong founder of JD.com (Jingdong) and 55% by Sun Jiaming (Chinese: 孙加明), a senior manager of JD.com. Jingdong Bangneng was listed as a consolidated variable interest entity of JD.com[32]
5. ↑ The stake of the company was 80% owned by Jack Ma, but also pledged to Alibaba Group. It was considered as a subsidiary and/or consolidated entity of Alibaba Group.[33]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "2016 Annual Report" (in zh). China United Network Communications Limited. 16 March 2017. http://static.sse.com.cn/disclosure/listedinfo/announcement/c/2017-03-16/600050_2016_n.pdf.
2. ↑ "运营商简报「2023年9月26日刊」三大运营商员工数据分析_中国电信_法治_项目". https://www.sohu.com/a/723816616_120086072.
3. ↑ China Unicom. "PeeringDB". PeeringDB. https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/4837.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Roach, Stephen S. (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 217. doi:10.12987/9780300269017. ISBN 978-0-300-26901-7. OCLC 1347023475.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "关于同意组建中国联合通信有限公司的批复" (Press release) (in 中文). State Council (China). 14 December 1993. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Shi, Song (2023). China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9781978834736.
7. ↑ CHENG, Jingsheng (19 October 2006). "中国联通CDMA澳门本地业务开通" (in zh). C114中国通信网. http://www.c114.net/news/119/a124815.html.
8. ↑ Taylor, Adam (October 2, 2017). "North Korea appears to have a new Internet connection — thanks to the help of a state-owned Russian firm". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/10/02/north-korea-appears-to-have-a-new-internet-connection-thanks-to-the-help-of-a-state-owned-russian-firm/.
9. ↑ "China Unicom Subscriber Data". http://www.chinaunicom.com.hk/en/investor/monthly.html?year=2008&month=4&ym=2008 4.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "ROUNDUP China Unicom acquires Netcom, sells CDMA assets as telco reorg takes off". Forbes. 2 June 2008. https://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2008/06/02/afx5069042.html.
11. ↑ "China awards 3G licences". 2009. http://www.brandrepublic.asia/DigitalMedia/Mobilearticle/2009_01/China-awards-3G-licences/33922.
12. ↑ "官宣！". https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/HUwDpWlnXxm0usRYMvYvKA.
13. ↑ "Prospectus" (in zh). China United Network Communications. 17 September 2002. http://static.sse.com.cn/disclosure/listedinfo/announcement/c/2002-09-17/600050_20020917_1.pdf.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "2002 Annual Report" (in zh). China United Network Communications. 2 April 2003. http://static.sse.com.cn/disclosure/listedinfo/announcement/c/2003-04-02/600050_2002_n.pdf.
15. ↑ "Report of the Directors". 2002 Annual Report. China Unicom (Hong Kong). 14 April 2003. http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2003/0414/LTN20030414100.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
16. ↑ "China Netcom / China Unicom Press Release about Merger". http://www.chinaunicom.com.hk/en/press/pressrelease/news.html?id=4581.
17. ↑ "China telecom companies agree to $56 billion merger". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/biz/5813474.html.
18. ↑ "China Unicom Hongkong". http://www.brightwire.com/company/13248-china-unicom-hong-kong-ltd.
19. ↑ "China Cloud Computing Industry Alliance Established". BrightWire. http://www.brightwire.com/news/202013-china-establishes-cloud-computing-industry-alliance-in-beijing.
20. ↑ "Completion of Discloseable Transaction - Increase in Shareholding Interest in the Company by Telefonica and Investment by the Company in Telefonica". China Unicom (Hong Kong). 21 October 2009. http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2009/1021/LTN20091021534.pdf.
21. ↑ "Telefonica and China Unicom strengthen ties". BBC News. 23 January 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12261887.
22. ↑ "Telecommunications - China Unicom and Telefonica Strengthen Strategic Alliance". telecommunications.tmcnet.com. http://telecommunications.tmcnet.com/topics/telecommunications/articles/137943-china-unicom-telefonica-strengthen-strategic-alliance.htm.
23. ↑ "Telefonica and China Unicom". Telefónica. http://saladeprensa.telefonica.com/jsp/base.jsp?contenido=/jsp/notasdeprensa/notadetalle.jsp&id=0&origen=portada&idm=eng&pais=1&elem=16034&titulo=Telef�nica and China UNICOM s.
24. ↑ "Spain's Telefonica sells Unicom stake for $1.4B". the jakarta post. June 11, 2012. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/11/spains-telefonica-sells-unicom-stake-14b.html.
25. ↑ "Announcement" (PDF) (Press release). China Unicom (Hong Kong). 10 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "2016 Annual Report". Telefónica. 2017. https://www.telefonica.com/documents/153952/13347920/Consolidated_Annual_Accounts_2016.pdf/dc4fed73-51c2-433a-95d0-ef16910abbe9.
27. ↑ Lau, Fiona; Sumeet Chatterjee (9 July 2016). "Telefonica raises $364 million from China Unicom share sale: sources". Reuters (Hong Kong). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-unicom-hk-equity-telefonica-idUSKCN0ZP0CU.
28. ↑ 郑, 志刚 (28 August 2017). (in zh)The Financial Times (Chinese edition). http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001073941.郑&rft.aufirst=志刚&rft.au=郑, 志刚&rft.date=28+August+2017&rft_id=http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001073941&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Company:China_Unicom">
29. ↑ "2014 Annual Report". Tencent. 2015. https://www.tencent.com/en-us/articles/1700031455593767.pdf.
30. ↑ "2016 Annual Report". Baidu. 2017. http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/18/188488/Baidu 2016 20F.pdf.
31. ↑ "百度"曲线入股"华策影视 鼎鹿中原10亿参与增发" (in zh). 新京报 (re-published by ifeng.com). 9 October 2014. http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20141009/40831202_0.shtml.
32. ↑ "FORM 20-F". https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1549802/000110465916111984/a16-3659_120f.htm.
33. ↑ "List of Significant Subsidiaries and Consolidated Entities of Alibaba Group Holding Limited" (SEC filing). Alibaba Group. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1577552/000119312514184994/d709111dex211.htm.
34. ↑ 邓, 元杰 (22 August 2017). "联通混改的本质" (in zh). Sina. http://cj.sina.com.cn/article/detail/1660297672/370860?column=china&ch=9.
35. ↑ "非公开发行A股股票预案" (in zh). China United Network Communications. 21 August 2017. http://www.cninfo.com.cn/cninfo-new/disclosure/sse/bulletin_detail/true/1203829681?announceTime=2017-08-21.
36. ↑ "BRIEF-China Unicom Hong Kong enters share subscription agreement with controlling shareholder Unicom Bvi". Reuters. 22 August 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-china-unicom-hong-kong-enters-shar-idUSFWN1L80PA.
37. ↑ Delevingne, Lawrence; McCrank, John (2019-10-22). "Senators urge U.S. retirement fund to reverse China investment decision" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-trade-china-msci-idUSL2N277123.
38. ↑ "DOD Releases List of Additional Companies, in Accordance with Section 1237 of FY19 NDAA". August 28, 2020. https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2328894/dod-releases-list-of-additional-companies-in-accordance-with-section-1237-of-fy/.
39. ↑ "Qualifying Entities Prepared in Response to Section 1237 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (PUBLIC LAW 105–261)". August 28, 2020. https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/28/2002486689/-1/-1/1/LINK_1_1237_TRANCHE-23_QUALIFYING_ENTITIES.PDF.
40. ↑ Shepardson, David (2020-10-16). "FCC asks Justice Department to weigh in on China Unicom U.S. operations" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-telecom-idUSKBN2712VG.
41. ↑ Chen, Shawna (November 12, 2020). "Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military". Axios. https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html.
42. ↑ Pamuk, Humeyra; Alper, Alexandra; Ali, Idrees (2020-11-12). "Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3.
43. ↑ Mozur, Paul (2021-01-01). "New York to Delist Chinese Telecom Firms in Symbolic Shift" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/business/nyse-delist-china-mobile.html.
44. ↑ Shepardson, David (2021-03-17). "FCC moves against two Chinese telecoms firms operating in U.S." (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-telecom-idUSKBN2B92FE.
45. ↑ "US bans telecom giant China Unicom over spying concerns" (in en-GB). BBC. 2022-01-28. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60164747.
46. ↑ Shepardson, David (2022-09-20). "U.S. agency adds China Unicom, Pacific Networks to national security threat list" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-agency-names-chinese-telecom-firms-national-security-threat-list-2022-09-20/.
47. ↑ Vilensky, Mike (December 24, 2024). "China Unicom's Ejection From US Market by FCC Upheld on Appeal". Bloomberg Law. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/litigation/china-unicoms-ejection-from-us-market-by-fcc-upheld-on-appeal.
48. ↑ Gennaro, Michael (December 24, 2024). "Ninth Circuit upholds FCC revocation of Chinese telecommunications company's US operating certificates" (in en-US). https://www.courthousenews.com/ninth-circuit-upholds-fcc-revocation-of-chinese-telecommunications-companys-us-operating-certificates/.
49. ↑ Shepardson, David (March 21, 2025). "FCC probing if Chinese tech, telecom firms seeking to evade US restrictions". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/fcc-probing-if-chinese-tech-telecom-firms-seeking-evade-us-restrictions-2025-03-21/.
50. ↑ Alper, Alexandra (March 7, 2025). "US lawmakers press Chinese telecoms over ties to military, government". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-lawmakers-press-chinese-telecoms-over-ties-military-government-2025-03-07/.
51. ↑ Martina, Michael (April 23, 2025). "US lawmakers subpoena China telecom giants over security concerns". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/us-lawmakers-subpoena-china-telecom-giants-over-security-concerns-2025-04-23/.
52. ↑ "Over 400 companies have withdrawn from Russia - but some remain" (in en). https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/82/224466.html.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Over 1,000 Companies Have Curtailed Operations in Russia—But Some Remain | Yale School of Management" (in en). https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/over-1000-companies-have-curtailed-operations-russia-some-remain.
54. ↑ "2016 Annual Report". PCCW. 14 February 2017. http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2017/0214/LTN20170214299.pdf.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Exploring China Unicom (0762HK): Who’s Buying and Why? – DCFmodeling.com
56. ↑ "2024 ANNUAL RESULTS ANNOUNCEMENT AND CLOSURE OF REGISTER OF MEMBERS". https://doc.irasia.com/listco/hk/chinaunicom/annual/2024/res.pdf.
57. ↑ "China Unicom: Investment May Remain Relatively Stable in Next 2-3 Yrs as Network Evolves Towards 'AI Ecosystem'". 8 December 2025. https://www.aastocks.com/en/stocks/news/aafn-con/NOW.1460510/industry-news/hk6.
58. ↑ "China Unicom noted that its net profit for the first half of the year rose 5% year-on-year to CNY14.5 billion". 13 August 2025. https://www.rcrwireless.com/20250813/5g/china-unicom.
59. ↑ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (2020-12-15). "China suspected of spying on Americans via Caribbean phone networks" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/dec/15/revealed-china-suspected-of-spying-on-americans-via-caribbean-phone-networks.

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* KT Corporation
* Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
* MTN
* MTS
* Nippon
* NTT DoCoMo
* Oi
* Orange S.A.
* PCCW
* PLDT
* Reliance
* Rogers
* Shaw
* Singtel
* SK Telecom
* SoftBank Mobile
* Spark
* Sprint Corporation
* Swisscom
* Tata Teleservices
* Telecom Italia
* Telefónica
* Telenor
* Telus
* Telmex
* Telstra
* TPG
* Trilogy International Partners
* True
* Türk Telekom
* VEON
* Verizon
* Viettel
* Vivendi
* Vodafone
* Vodafone Idea

See also
Largest IT companies
List of mobile network operators
List of telephone operating companies
Category:Telecommunications companies

* v
* t
* e

Open Handset Alliance

Mobile operators|

* Bouygues Telecom
* China Mobile
* China Telecommunications Corporation
* China Unicom
* KDDI
* Nepal Telecom
* NTT DoCoMo
* SoftBank Group
* Sprint Corporation
* T-Mobile
* Telecom Italia
* Telefónica
* Telus
* Vodafone

Software companies|

* Access
* Ascender Corporation
* eBay
* Google
* Myriad Group
* Nuance Communications
* NXP Software
* Omron
* PacketVideo
* SVOX
* VisualOn

Semiconductor companies|

* AKM Semiconductor, Inc.
* Arm Holdings
* Audience
* Broadcom
* CSR plc (joined as SiRF)
* Cypress Semiconductor
* Freescale Semiconductor
* Gemalto
* Intel
* Marvell Technology Group
* MediaTek
* MIPS Technologies
* Nvidia
* Qualcomm
* Qualcomm Atheros
* Renesas Electronics
* ST-Ericsson (joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms)
* Synaptics
* Texas Instruments

Handset makers|

* Acer Inc.
* Alcatel Mobile Phones
* Asus
* Chaudhary Group (with association of LG)
* CCI
* Dell
* Foxconn
* Garmin
* HTC
* Huawei
* Kyocera
* Lenovo Mobile
* LG Electronics
* Motorola Mobility
* NEC Corporation
* Samsung Electronics
* Sharp Corporation
* Sony Mobile
* Toshiba
* ZTE

Commercialization companies|

* Accenture
* Borqs
* Sasken Communication Technologies
* Teleca
* The Astonishing Tribe
* Wind River Systems
* Wipro Technologies

See also|

* Android
* Dalvik virtual machine
* Google Nexus
* T-Mobile G1

* v
* t
* e

Telecommunications in China

Telecommunications industry

History|

* CERNET
* China Next Generation Internet
* Chinese Domain Name Consortium
* CNGrid
* Digital divide
* Electronics industry
* ICP license
* Internet
* Internet censorship
* Golden Shield Project
* List of websites blocked
* Mobile phone industry
* Online gaming

Government agencies|

* China Internet Network Information Center
* Internet police
* Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
* Cyberspace Administration of China

Telecom operators|

* China Mobile
* China Telecommunications Corporation
* China Telecom
* China Unicom

Equipment suppliers|

* Amoi
* Datang Telecom Group
* Datang Telecom Technology
* Huawei
* Konka Group
* Ningbo Bird
* ZTE

* Economy
* Media
* Television

Template:SSE 50 companies

* v
* t
* e

Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Donald Davies
* Lee de Forest
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Internet pioneers
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Henry Sutton
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* data transmission circuit
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Nodes
* terminal
* Network switching (circuit
* packet)
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* Cellular network
* Computer
* CYCLADES
* Ethernet
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* NPL network
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Telecommunications equipment
* Television
* Telex
* WAN
* Wireless network
* World Wide Web

* Category
* Outline
* Portal
* Commons

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China Unicom. Read more

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