Hindawi (publisher)

Short description: Scientific and medical journal publisher

Hindawi

Parent company| Wiley
Status| Active
Founded| 1997 (1997)
Founder| Ahmed Hindawi
Country of origin| Egypt[1]
Headquarters location| London[1]
Distribution| Worldwide
Publication types| Scientific journals
No. of employees| 42 (in 2019)[2]
Official website| www.hindawi.com

Hindawi is a publisher of peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journals currently active in scientific, technical, and medical (STM) literature. It was founded in 1997 in Cairo, Egypt, and purchased in 2021 for $298 million by John Wiley & Sons, a large US-based publishing company.[3] The publisher has been classified as a predatory publisher.[4] After almost 10,000 article retractions in 2023, Wiley announced that it would cease using the Hindawi brand.[4]

By 2022, Hindawi was publishing over 250 journals, including 64 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, and 1 journal indexed within the Social Sciences Citation Index,[5] with a total of 64 journals ranked with an impact factor. Since 2007, all of Hindawi's journals have been open access and published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY).[6]

In 2010, Hindawi was classified as a possible predatory publisher by Jeffrey Beall, but was removed following a successful appeal.[7] In 2023, Wiley announced after over 7000 article retractions in Hindawi journals that it will cease using the discredited Hindawi brand and will integrate Hindawi’s 200 remaining journals into its main portfolio.[8]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Assessment of Hindawi journals
* 2.1 Assessments and responses to controversial articles
* 3 Business model
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## History

The Hindawi Publishing Corporation was founded in 1997 in Cairo by Ahmed Hindawi and his wife Nagwa Abdel-Mottaleb.[9][10][11] The company's first journal was the International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, which it acquired from a prior publisher. By 2006 Hindawi Publishing owned 48 journals and had about 220 employees, and published journals in the physical and life sciences and medical research.[11] In February 2007, Hindawi moved to a complete open access model on all of its journals.[12][13] By 2007, Hindawi was publishing around 100 journals, 21 of which were ISI listed, and claimed to be second largest publisher in PubMed Central, an open access journal repository. Hindawi journals use a reviewing process that does not assign chief editors to its journals, has no hierarchy among editorial board members, and has no contractual relationship with the editorial board members.[14] The company had a 40% article acceptance rate. Article publication fees averaged $800, varying by journal and page count, being significantly less than prices charged by major open access competitors including BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science.[15]

Two corporations currently act under the name of Hindawi: Hindawi Limited, based in London,[16] and Hindawi Publishing Corporation (HPC),[17] based in Cairo. The original publishing company, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, was founded in Cairo in 1997 by Ahmed Hindawi and Nagwa Abdelmottaleb [18] and now acts merely as a publishing services provider to Hindawi Ltd.[1] Hindawi Ltd was founded in London in 2013 by Ahmed Hindawi and had acquired all the assets and intellectual property of Hindawi Publishing Corporation by 2017.[19]

In January, 2021, John Wiley & Sons acquired Hindawi Limited for an enterprise value of $298 million.[3]

In the fall of 2022, Hindawi announced the retraction of more than 500 articles in 16 of its scientific journals because of cheating involving some of its editors and peer reviewers.[20] By the end of 2023, the number of retractions in Hindawi journal had increased to over 7000 and Wiley announced that it would discontinue the Hindawi brand and operate the journals under a new approach.[8]

## Assessment of Hindawi journals

Between 2009 and 2011, the number of Hindawi journals nearly doubled, and Hindawi's output increased from 2,500 to 13,000 articles per year.[lower-alpha 1] By 2011, Hindawi was publishing 300 journals,[lower-alpha 1] and had a staff of over 450 people.[21] The growth of the company has come from publishing new start-up journals, as well as acquisitions of established journals[11] such as Psyche, an entomological journal founded in 1874.[22] Two major factors facilitating the company's growth have been the low labor costs and well-educated middle class of Cairo.[21] (As of April 2019) Hindawi's publishing portfolio includes 233 journals.[23]

(As of April 2023), the Norwegian Scientific Index lists 195 Hindawi journals, one of which are level X (dubious i.e. possibly predatory), 18 marked level 0 (not academic), the rest marked level 1 (standard academic).[24]

In March 2023, multiple Hindawi journals were delisted from the Web of Science for concerns with their editorial practices.[25]

### Assessments and responses to controversial articles

In 2010, a subset of Hindawi journals were included in a list of suspected predatory open access publishers by Jeffrey Beall; however Beall later removed Hindawi from his list after re-evaluating the company, calling it a "borderline case".[26] Beall has also criticized Hindawi for representing the offshoring of scholarly publishing,[27] a view which has been criticized as neocolonialist.[28]

Some efforts to assess the editorial quality of the review process of Hindawi publications using sting operations have failed to uncover obvious problems. In 2013, two Hindawi journals (Chemotherapy Research and Practice and ISRN Oncology) were targeted in the Who's Afraid of Peer Review? sting operation, and both rejected the fake paper.[29] Similarly, in 2017, another Hindawi journal was included as a target of a sting operation with a Star Wars–themed fake research paper. It was submitted to Hindawi's journal Advances in Medicine, and the journal rejected the paper.[30]

In 2014, three Hindawi journals faced delisting from Journal Citation Reports for anomalous citation patterns, particularly within journal self-citations and an excess of between-journal reciprocal citations. The three journals include The Scientific World Journal, although the problems with this journal occurred partly before Hindawi acquired the journal.[31] Open access journalist Richard Poynder considered this incident anomalous in and of itself,[10] and Retraction Watch has noted that Hindawi's sanctions for authors who manipulate citations – including 3 year bans of author submissions – are stricter than those of many other journals.[32]

In 2015, after an internal investigation, Hindawi flagged 32 published papers for re-review due to three editors subverting the peer review process with fake email accounts.[33]

In an opinion written in 2016, academic publishing critic Leonid Schneider compared Hindawi to another open access publishing group Frontiers Media, concluding overall: "It seems therefore, the Egyptian Hindawi is a traditionally-operated academic publisher like any other, be it OA or subscription one."[34]

In 2018 a Hindawi journal, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, published an epidemiological paper on glioblastoma, none of the authors of which had academic appointments.[35] The paper was accompanied by a press release that overstated the results of the paper in media interviews by the authors, and exaggerated the importance of findings with respect to the hypothesis that cell phones are dangerous.[35][36]

In December 2020, the Chinese Academy of Sciences published a list of journals that may suffer from issues of scientific quality and other risk characteristics.[37] There were four Hindawi group journals in the 65 journals given in its initial list. The list was updated in December 2021 and reduced to only 41 journals, of which six Hindawi journals were included: Complexity, Shock and Vibration, Advances in Civil Engineering, Scientific Programming, Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Journal of Mathematics (list of Hindawi academic journals).[37]

In January 2023, Zhejiang Gongshang University (浙江工商大学) in Hangzhou, China, announced it would no longer include articles published in Hindawi, MDPI, and Frontiers journals when evaluating researcher performance.[38][39]

In 2023, several sources mentioned concerns about the linkage of some Hindawi’s journals (e.g. Mathematical Problems in Engineering) with research paper mills.[40][41][42]

## Business model

Hindawi charges authors an article processing charge.[11][43] The charges vary by journal and are lower on average than other large open-access publishers.[15] By 2012, the company had a profit margin of around 50%, higher than the 2008 average of 35% for commercial publishers.[44]

Most Hindawi journals do not have editors-in-chief, but rather have editorial boards consisting of staff and a volunteer board of 30 to 300 scholars.[21] There is some concern that this style may lead to lower quality output,[45][46] or at least the potential for it. However, journalist Poynder states in the lead to an interview of Ahmed Hindawi, "there is no evidence that Hindawi's editorial approach, or the way in which it recruits authors, has had any serious consequences so far as the quality of its papers is concerned," although he notes that some articles contain poor copy-editing.[10] At least one Hindawi journal (Pain Research and Management[47]) has an editor-in-chief.

Hindawi has also been criticized for its use of unsolicited e-mail, with some claiming it is the chief method of attracting manuscripts and editorial board members.[48][49][50][51] However, others claim that e-mail spam from many publishers is increasing, with open access advocate Stevan Harnad of the University of Southampton stating that while the practice should be frowned upon:

> I think it's true that Hindawi spams no more than other legitimate businesses and organizations spam today. That may not be an admirable standard but it's a realistic one. In this context, Hindawi's promotional messages don't deserve to be singled out for stigmatization.[10]

## See also

* Academic publishing
* List of Hindawi academic journals
* Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, of which Hindawi is a founding member

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 based on projections from the first 8 months of 2011

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "A 2018 update on Hindawi's Corporate Structure" (in en). 2018-03-14. https://about.hindawi.com/blog/a-2018-update-on-hindawis-corporate-structure/.
2. ↑ "Meet the Team" (in en). 2018-08-05. https://about.hindawi.com/team/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Wiley Announces the Acquisition of Hindawi" (Press release). 2021-01-05.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Paper mills are bribing editors at scholarly journals, Science investigation finds". Science. 2024-01-18. doi:10.1126/science.zrjehzt. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.zrjehzt.
5. ↑ company, Web of Science Group, a Clarivate. "Web of Science Master Journal List" (in en). https://mjl.clarivate.com/.
6. ↑ "Hindawi Publishing Corporation - Open Access Memberships". 2013. https://www.hindawi.com/memberships/.
7. ↑ Butler, Declan (2013-03-01). "Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing" (in en). Nature 495 (7442): 433–435. doi:10.1038/495433a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 23538810. Bibcode: 2013Natur.495..433B.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Wiley to stop using "Hindawi" name amid $18 million revenue decline" (in en). 6 December 2023. https://retractionwatch.com/2023/12/06/wiley-to-stop-using-hindawi-name-amid-18-million-revenue-decline/.
9. ↑ Hindawi, Ahmed (2009-01-01). "2020: A Publishing Odyssey". Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community (Ubiquity Press, Ltd.) 22 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1629/2299. ISSN 0953-0460.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Poynder, Richard (September 17, 2012). "The OA Interviews: Ahmed Hindawi, founder of Hindawi Publishing Corporation". http://www.richardpoynder.co.uk/Hindawi_Interview.pdf.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Shaw, Shelli (Sep 2006). "Hindawi Publishing: Catering to Open Access". Information Today. https://www.hindawi.com/infotoday.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
12. ↑ McClure, Marji (May 2008). "Case Study: Open Access Yields Solid Growth for Hindawi". Information Today 25 (5): 1–50 (3p). http://www.infotoday.com/it/may08/McClure.shtml.
13. ↑ Harris, Siân (April 2007). "Encouraging innovation". Research information. http://www.researchinformation.info/features/feature.php?feature_id=132.
14. ↑ Schneider, Leonid (2016-02-15). "OA publishers Hindawi vs. Frontiers: similar, yet different" (in en). https://forbetterscience.com/2016/02/15/oa-publishers-hindawi-vs-frontiers-similar-yet-different/.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Brown, David J.; Boulderstone, Richard (2008). "Business Models as Drivers for Change". The Impact of Electronic Publishing: The Future for Libraries and Publishers. (2nd ed.). Saur Verlag. ISBN 9783598115158. https://books.google.com/books?id=lpr0EV0JvzwC&pg=PA172.
16. ↑ "HINDAWI LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/08671628.
17. ↑ "BUSINESS". https://www.zawya.com/en/business.
18. ↑ Peters, Paul (2007). "Going all the way: how Hindawi became an open access publisher". Learned Publishing 20 (3): 191–5. doi:10.1087/095315107X204049.
19. ↑ "A 2018 update on Hindawi's corporate structure". 2018-03-14. https://about.hindawi.com/blog/a-2018-update-on-hindawis-corporate-structure/.
20. ↑ "How Scientific is 'Peer-Reviewed' Science?". American Council on Science and Health. January 31, 2023. https://www.acsh.org/news/2023/01/31/how-scientific-‘peer-reviewed’-science-16803. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Loy, Matthew (2011). ﻿Hindawi Publishing Corporation: Growing an Open-Access Contributor-Pays Business Model. Case Study Update 2011﻿ (Report). New York: Ithaka S+R. http://www.sr.ithaka.org/sites/default/files/reports/SCA_IthakaSR_CaseStudies_Hindawi_2011.pdf.
22. ↑ "Psyche\- The Club Journal". The Cambridge Entomological Club. http://eciton.org/pysche.
23. ↑ "Journals". Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/.
24. ↑ "Publisher info (Hindawi Limited)". https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/KanalForlagInfo.action?id=18220&request_locale=en.
25. ↑ Quaderi, Nandita (20 March 2023). "Supporting integrity of the scholarly record: Our commitment to curation and selectivity in the Web of Science". https://clarivate.com/blog/supporting-integrity-of-the-scholarly-record-our-commitment-to-curation-and-selectivity-in-the-web-of-science/.
26. ↑ Butler, Declan (2013). "Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing". Nature 495 (7442): 433–5. doi:10.1038/495433a. PMID 23538810. Bibcode: 2013Natur.495..433B.
27. ↑ Jeffrey Beall. "Hindawi's Profit Margin is Higher than Elsevier's – Scholarly Open Access". Scholarly Open Access. http://scholarlyoa.com/2013/04/04/hindawis-profits-are-larger-than-elseviers/.
28. ↑ Rob Virkar-Yates (May 16, 2013). "Are 'predatory' publishers an American export?". Research Information (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Europa Science Ltd). http://www.researchinformation.info/news/news_story.php?news_id=1250.
29. ↑ Bohannon, John (3 October 2013). "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?". Science 342 (6154): 60–65. doi:10.1126/science.342.6154.60. PMID 24092725. Bibcode: 2013Sci...342...60B.
30. ↑ "Predatory Journals Hit By 'Star Wars' Sting". 2017-07-02. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2017/07/22/predatory-journals-star-wars-sting/.
31. ↑ "The Scientific World Journal Will Lose its Impact Factor — Again | Scholarly Open Access". http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/10/14/the-scientific-world-journal-will-lose-its-impact-factor-again/.
32. ↑ "A first? Papers retracted for citation manipulation". 2012-07-05. http://retractionwatch.com/2012/07/05/a-first-papers-retracted-for-citation-manipulation/.
33. ↑ "30+ papers flagged because editors may have "subverted the peer review process" with fake accounts". 2015-07-08. http://retractionwatch.com/2015/07/08/30-papers-flagged-because-editors-may-have-subverted-the-peer-review-process-with-fake-accounts/.
34. ↑ Schneider, Leonid (2016-02-15). "OA publishers Hindawi vs. Frontiers: similar, yet different" (in en). https://forbetterscience.com/2016/02/15/oa-publishers-hindawi-vs-frontiers-similar-yet-different/.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Expert reaction to paper looking at brain tumour incidence and lifestyle factors". Science Media Centre.. May 3, 2018. http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-paper-looking-at-brain-tumour-incidence-and-lifestyle-factors/.
36. ↑ Mazer, Benjamin (16 July 2018). "Bad Faith: When conspiracy theorists play academics and the media for fools". Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/bad-faith-when-conspiracy-theorists-play-academics-and-the-media-for-fools/.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 CoS partition table team, Chinese Academy of Sciences (31 December 2020). "《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》正式发布 - "International Journal Early Warning List officially released (Trial)"". https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI1MzA2MzM1NA==&mid=2659567089&idx=1&sn=f4cad93ba3a425524eb19d25ffb25960&chksm=f2ab5c24c5dcd53275aa36b9167d9788577a6a919e2bc80b1144088ea78b32bae8350535b344&scene=0&xtrack=1.
38. ↑ ForeignFriends. "MDPI, Frontiers & Hindawi are blacklisted by a university". http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5OTY5OTU0Nw==&mid=2454145404&idx=1&sn=e4c8a9cb19c88c120946a4d65403cb0e&chksm=b0849c4887f3155e23aad0563c372f92a6cfdbc8e7fa828ccfc54ec6ccde229cee15e6a49247#rd.
39. ↑ "突发：一高校将Frontiers、MDPI、Hindawi三大OA出版社旗下所有期刊纳入黑名单！_社会科学_教育部_学科". https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/627410143_121124212.
40. ↑ Kincaid (2023). "Nearly 20 Hindawi journals delisted from leading index amid concerns of papermill activity" (in en-US). https://retractionwatch.com/2023/03/21/nearly-20-hindawi-journals-delisted-from-leading-index-amid-concerns-of-papermill-activity/.
41. ↑ "Norway demotes Hindawi journal after claims one published a stolen paper" (in en-US). 29 March 2023. https://retractionwatch.com/2023/03/29/norway-demotes-hindawi-journals-after-claims-one-published-a-stolen-paper/.
42. ↑ "Wiley paused Hindawi special issues amid quality problems, lost $9 million in revenue" (in en-US). 9 March 2023. https://retractionwatch.com/2023/03/09/wiley-paused-hindawi-special-issues-amid-quality-problems-lost-9-million-in-revenue/.
43. ↑ Kho, Nancy Davis (Dec 2010). "Hindawi Publishing: A Working OA Model". Information Today. http://downloads.hindawi.com/A_Working_OA_Model.pdf.
44. ↑ Van Noorden, Richard (27 March 2013). "Open access: The true cost of science publishing". Nature 495 (7442): 426–429. doi:10.1038/495426a. PMID 23538808. Bibcode: 2013Natur.495..426V.
45. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey (2013). "Predatory Publishers Threaten to Erode Scholarly Communication". Science Editor. http://eprints.rclis.org/23264/2/Predatory Publishers Threaten to Erode Scholarly Communication.pdf. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
46. ↑ "8 Ways to Identify a Questionable Open Access Journal". American Journal Experts. https://www.aje.com/arc/8-ways-identify-questionable-open-access-journal/.
47. ↑ Hindawi Publishing Corporation. [1] Cairo. Retrieved on March 2, 2016.
48. ↑ "Predatory Journals Hit by 'Star Wars' Sting". 2017-07-22. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2017/07/22/predatory-journals-star-wars-sting/.
49. ↑ "Hindawi: Another Dodgy OA Publisher". 9 January 2013. http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2013/01/09/hindawi-another-dodgy-oa-publisher/.
50. ↑ "Dear legitimate open-access publishers: stop spamming!". 4 June 2013. https://svpow.com/2013/06/04/dear-legitimate-open-access-publishers-stop-spamming/.
51. ↑ Schneider, Leonid (2016-02-15). "OA publishers Hindawi vs. Frontiers: similar, yet different" (in en). https://forbetterscience.com/2016/02/15/oa-publishers-hindawi-vs-frontiers-similar-yet-different/.

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