Irrational Games

Short description: American video game developer

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Irrational Games

Formerly|

* Irrational Games
* (1997–2007, 2009–2017)
* 2K Boston
* (2007–2009)

Type| Subsidiary
Industry| Video games
Fate| Rebranded
Successor| Ghost Story Games
Founded| 1997; 25 years ago (1997)
Founder|

* Ken Levine
* Jonathan Chey
* Robert Fermier

Defunct| February 23, 2017; 5 years ago (2017-02-23)
Headquarters|

Westwood, Massachusetts

Key people

| Ken Levine (creative director)

Number of employees

| 15 (2014)
Parent| 2K (2006–2017)

Irrational Games (known as 2K Boston between 2007 and 2009) was an American video game developer founded in 1997 by three former employees of Looking Glass Studios: Ken Levine, Jonathan Chey, and Robert Fermier. Take-Two Interactive acquired the studio in 2006. The studio was known for its games System Shock 2, Freedom Force, SWAT 4, and most notably, two of the games in the BioShock series. In 2014, following the release of BioShock Infinite, Levine opted to significantly restructure the studio from around 90 to 15 employees and focus more on narrative games. In February 2017, the studio announced that it had been rebranded as Ghost Story Games and considered a fresh start from the original Irrational name, though still operating at the same business subsidiary under Take-Two.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Restructuring and rebranding
* 2 Games developed
* 2.1 As Irrational Games
* 2.2 As 2K Boston
* 2.3 Cancelled video games
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## History

* 1997 – Irrational Games studio formed by former Looking Glass Studios employees Ken Levine, Jonathan Chey, and Robert Fermier.[1]
* 1999 – System Shock 2, co-developed with Looking Glass Studios, released to critical acclaim.
* 2000 – "Irrational Games Australia" studio is opened in Canberra, with Jonathan Chey taking the helm. Deep Cover is cancelled.
* 2002 – Legal issues with publisher Crave Entertainment result in the development of The Lost being halted.
* 2004 – Irrational designers Ed Orman and Dean Tate awarded "Best Design" in the Australian Game Developer Awards, as well as the studio receiving "Best Game of 2004" and "Best PC Game" for the game Tribes Vengeance.[2]
* 2005 – Irrational's Boston studio moves to larger office space in Quincy, Massachusetts. The studio retains the "Irrational Games Boston" title.
* 2006 – Irrational is acquired by Take-Two Interactive, under the 2K publishing arm.[3]
* 2007 – Irrational Games is renamed to 2K Boston and 2K Australia on August 10.[4] BioShock released August 21 to wide critical acclaim and strong sales.
* 2010 – 2K Boston announces its return to its original name, "Irrational Games" on January 8.[5]
* 2013 - Irrational Games releases BioShock Infinite on 26 March to critical acclaim, selling 11 million copies as of May 2015.

Shortly after BioShock was released, rumors arose that many of the staff who had worked on the game were leaving 2K Boston/Australia. In 2007, five members of the 2K Boston team moved to a new 2K studio in Novato, California.[6] Soon after, 2K announced the formation of 2K Marin in Novato.[7]

In late July 2010, several media outlets reported that a recently created website, whatisicarus.com, was a promotion relating to Irrational Games' unannounced project. The following week, information about the game was again teased, with the trailer confirmed for release on August 12, 2010.[8] This was eventually revealed to be BioShock Infinite.

Before Irrational started development on BioShock Infinite, the studio did preliminary work for the XCOM project that later became The Bureau.[9]

### Restructuring and rebranding

Main page: Company:Ghost Story Games

Development on BioShock Infinite, what would be Irrational's last game, started in 2008, about half a year after completion of the original BioShock. Following the game's public announcement in 2010, the company was pressured by 2K Games and the gaming consumers to make sure the title lived up to the expectations that the promotional material had set for it. Irrational hired more staff and allocated work to additional studios to help with the game, but this only served to complicate matters; from post-mortem interviews with Irrational staff, Levine was continually changing some of the core story beats for the game, which would dramatically change game assets that had already developed. Levine also admitted to difficulties in managing the larger staff. Conflicts over development leadership led to the departure of some high-level individuals in 2012. To bring the game back onto schedule for release, 2K hired industry professionals to assist Levine in managing the large team and focusing the game's content including eliminating planned multiplayer modes. BioShock Infinite was released by March 2013.[10]

On February 18, 2014, Levine announced that the vast majority of the Irrational Games studio staff would be laid off, with all but fifteen members of the staff losing their positions. Levine said that he wanted to start "a smaller, more entrepreneurial endeavor at Take-Two," speaking to how much stress completing a large game like BioShock: Infinite had caused him.[11] Levine said, "I need to refocus my energy on a smaller team with a flatter structure and a more direct relationship with gamers. In many ways, it will be a return to how we started: a small team making games for the core gaming audience."[11] Levine had considered starting a new development studio for this, knowing that building the ideas would take several years before any game product would be made. Still, Take-Two offered to let him keep the division within Take-Two, with Levine saying that they told him, "there was no better place to pursue this new chapter than within their walls."[11] The studio helped to find positions for the displaced employees, and 2K hosted a career day for the remaining 75 employees to help seek employment at 57 other studios.[11][12]

Levine and the 15 remaining members of the team began the process of creating new, smaller games focusing on a replayable narrative for the core gamers. It was said that Levine's studio would continue to keep the Irrational name, although Take-Two later stated that it was not true.[13] From 2014 to 2015, Irrational Games continued to post several openings for jobs at the studio.[14][15][16] In January 2015, Levine and the remaining staff are currently developing their first game, which will be a "first-person sci-fi" game.[17]

On February 22, 2017,[18] the studio announced it had rebranded itself as Ghost Story Games, founded by 12 of the former Irrational members with Levine continuing as president and creative director.[19] The studio's focus is "to create immersive, story-driven games for people who love games that ask something of them";[19] the name was chosen as ghost stories "are immersive, exciting, and steeped in community," similar to the studio's design philosophies.[20] As of this point, the studio had about 25 employees.[21]

## Games developed

### As Irrational Games

Year  | Title  | Platform(s)  | Publisher  | Notes

|
|
|
|

1999  | System Shock 2 | Microsoft Windows | Electronic Arts | Co-developed with Looking Glass Studios
2002  | Freedom Force | Microsoft Windows | Crave Entertainment
2004  | Tribes | Microsoft Windows | Sierra Entertainment  | Assisted Irrational Games Canberra
2005  | Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich | Microsoft Windows | Vivendi Universal Games
SWAT 4 | Microsoft Windows | Sierra Entertainment  |
2006  | SWAT 4: The Stetchkov Syndicate | Microsoft Windows
2013  | BioShock Infinite | Microsoft Windows | 2K Games
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea - Episode One | Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
2014  | BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea - Episode Two | Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360

### As 2K Boston

Year  | Title  | Platform(s)  | Publisher

|
|
|

2007  | BioShock | Microsoft Windows | 2K Games
Xbox 360
2008  | PlayStation 3

### Cancelled video games

* Deep Cover
* Division 9
* Monster Island
* The Lost
* Freedom Force 3
* Untitled BioShock game for PlayStation Vita

## References

1. ↑ Keefer, John (March 31, 2006). "GameSpy Retro: Developer Origins, Page 5 of 19". http://www.gamespy.com/articles/697/697083p5.html.
2. ↑ "The Australian Game Developers Conference". http://www.agdc.com.au/about/arch04_awards.php.
3. ↑ Jenkins, David (January 9, 2006). "Take-Two Acquires Irrational Games". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/98677/TakeTwo_Acquires_Irrational_Games.php.
4. ↑ "Irrational Games Renamed 2K Boston and 2K Australia". Business Wire. August 10, 2007. http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070810005400&newsLang=en.
5. ↑ "The Return Of Irrational Games". Game Informer. http://gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2010/01/08/the-return-of-irrational-games.aspx. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
6. ↑ "Q&A: Ken Levine talks BioShock, reminisces about X-Com". GameSpot. March 20, 2009. http://www.gamespot.com/news/6206477.html.
7. ↑ "Take-Two confirms 2K Marin". GameSpot. December 17, 2007. http://www.gamespot.com/news/6184063.html.
8. ↑ Totilo, Stephen. "BioShock Creators' Next Game Debuts Next Week, Trailer On Aug. 12". Kotaku. http://kotaku.com/5602577/bioshock-creators-next-game-debuts-next-week-trailer-on-aug-12.
9. ↑ Plante, Chris (March 6, 2014). "The final years of Irrational Games, according to those who were there". Polygon. Vox Media. http://www.polygon.com/2014/3/6/5474722/why-did-irrational-close-bioshock-infinite.
10. ↑ Schreier, Jason (May 10, 2021). "A look inside BioShock Infinite's troubled development". Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2021/5/10/22424321/a-look-inside-bioshock-infinites-troubled-development. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Makuch, Eddie (February 18, 2014). "BioShock creator Irrational Games is shutting down". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/bioshock-creator-irrational-games-is-shutting-down/1100-6417821/.
12. ↑ "Irrational Games closure led to 75 layoffs, job fair hosted 57 studios". Polygon. February 28, 2014. http://www.polygon.com/2014/2/28/5458470/irrational-games-closure-layoffs-75-job-fair-57-studios.
13. ↑ Morris, Chris (May 14, 2014). "Take-Two CEO open to buying more studios". GamesIndustry.biz. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-05-14-take-two-ceo-open-to-buying-more-studios.
14. ↑ Gera, Emily (November 24, 2014). "BioShock developer Irrational Games is hiring again". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2014/11/24/7274539/bioshock-developer-irrational-games-is-hiring-again.
15. ↑ Tach, Dave (May 6, 2015). "BioShock creator Irrational Games continues to hire for its mystery project". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2015/5/6/8558865/irrational-games-hiring-senior-programmer.
16. ↑ Frank, Allegra (December 11, 2015). "Irrational Games hiring for 'narrative first-person shooter' project". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2015/12/11/9891652/irrational-games-new-game-fps-steam-bioshock.
17. ↑ Phillips, Tom (January 28, 2015). "BioShock creator Ken Levine teases new first-person sci-fi project". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-01-28-ken-levine-teases-new-first-person-sci-fi-project.
18. ↑ Shafiee, Jason (February 22, 2017). "Welcome to Ghost Story". https://www.ghoststorygames.com/blog/2017/02/22/welcome-to-ghost-story/.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Pereira, Chris (February 23, 2017). "Former BioShock Studio Irrational Games Adopts A New Name". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-bioshock-studio-irrational-games-adopts-a-n/1100-6448166/.
20. ↑ Hall, Charlie (February 23, 2017). "Irrational is now called Ghost Story Games". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/23/14717902/irrational-games-changes-name-ghost-story-games.
21. ↑ Chalk, Andy (February 23, 2017). "Irrational Games is gone—say hello to Ghost Story". PC Gamer. http://www.pcgamer.com/irrational-games-is-gonesay-hello-to-ghost-story/.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Take-Two Interactive

2K|

| Current studios|

* 31st Union
* Cat Daddy Games
* Cloud Chamber
* Firaxis Games
* games
* Hangar 13
* Visual Concepts

|

Former studios|

* 2K Australia
* 2K China
* 2K Czech
* 2K Los Angeles
* 2K Marin
* Frog City Software
* Indie Built
* Irrational Games
* PopTop Software
* Venom Games

Notable games|

* Battleborn
* BioShock series
* Borderlands series
* Civilization series
* Duke Nukem series
* Evolve
* Mafia series
* MLB 2K series
* NBA 2K series
* NBA 2K League
* NHL 2K series
* Prey
* Spec Ops
* The Darkness series
* WWE 2K series
* XCOM series

Rockstar Games|

| Current studios|

* Rockstar India
* Rockstar Leeds
* Rockstar Lincoln
* Rockstar London
* Rockstar New England
* Rockstar North
* Rockstar San Diego
* Rockstar Toronto

|

Former studios|

* Dhruva Interactive
* Rockstar Vancouver
* Rockstar Vienna

Notable games|

* Agent
* Bully
* Grand Theft Auto series
* L.A. Noire
* Manhunt series
* Max Payne series
* Midnight Club series
* Red Dead series
* The Warriors

Technology|

* Rockstar Advanced Game Engine
* Rockstar Games Social Club

Other|

* Ghost Story Games
* Private Division
* Socialpoint
* List of games

Former labels|

* Double Take Comics
* Gathering of Developers
* Global Star Software
* Gotham Games
* Take-Two Licensing
* TalonSoft

* v
* t
* e

Irrational Games

* Ken Levine
* 2K Australia
* Ghost Story Games

BioShock series|

* BioShock (2007)
* BioShock Infinite (2013)

Freedom Force series|

* Freedom Force (2002)
* Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich (2005)

Other games|

* System Shock 2 (co-developed) (1999)
* Tribes (2004)
* SWAT 4 (2005)
* The Lost (cancelled)

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