Loon

Loon LLC

Type| Subsidiary
Industry| Internet and telecommunication
Parent| Alphabet Inc.
Website| loon.co
A Loon balloon at the Christchurch launch event in June 2013

Loon LLC is an Alphabet Inc. subsidiary working on providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. The company uses high-altitude balloons placed in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 18 km (11 mi) to create an aerial wireless network with up to 4G-LTE speeds.[1][2][3][4] It was named Project Loon, since even Google itself found the idea of providing Internet access to the remaining 5 billion population unprecedented and "loony".[1] Loon began as a research and development project by X (formerly Google X), but was spun out into a separate company in July 2018.[5]

The balloons are maneuvered by adjusting their altitude in the stratosphere to float to a wind layer after identifying the wind layer with the desired speed and direction using wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Users of the service connect to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building. The signal travels through the balloon network from balloon to balloon, then to a ground-based station connected to an Internet service provider (ISP), then onto the global Internet. The system aims to bring Internet access to remote and rural areas poorly served by existing provisions, and to improve communication during natural disasters to affected regions.[6][7] Key people involved in the project include Rich DeVaul, chief technical architect, who is also an expert on wearable technology; Mike Cassidy, a project leader; and Cyrus Behroozi, a networking and telecommunication lead.[1]

The balloons use patch antennas – which are directional antennas – to transmit signals to ground stations or LTE users. Some smartphones with Google SIM cards can use Google Internet services. The whole infrastructure is based on LTE; the eNodeB component (the equivalent of the "base station" that talks directly to handsets) is carried in the balloon.

## Contents

* 1 Timeline
* 2 Technology
* 3 Equipment
* 3.1 Incidents
* 4 Reception
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Timeline

In 2008, Google considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp[8]., a company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 mi (32 km) up in the air for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but didn't do so.[9]

Unofficial development on the project began in 2011 under incubation in Google X with a series of trial runs in California 's Central Valley. The project was officially announced as a Google project on June 14, 2013.[1]

On June 16, 2013, Google began a pilot experiment in New Zealand where about 30 balloons were launched in coordination with the Civil Aviation Authority from the Tekapo area in the South Island. About 50 local users in and around Christchurch and the Canterbury Region tested connections to the aerial network using special antennas.[1] After this initial trial, Google plans on sending up 300 balloons around the world at the 40th parallel south that would provide coverage to New Zealand, Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Google hopes to eventually have thousands of balloons flying in the stratosphere.[1][2]

In May 2014, Google X laboratories director, Astro Teller, announced that, rather than negotiate a section of bandwidth that was free for them worldwide, they would instead become a temporary base station that could be leased by the mobile operators of the country it was crossing over.

In May–June 2014 Google tested its balloon-powered internet access venture in Piauí, Brazil , marking its first LTE experiments and launch near the equator.[10]

In 2014 Google partnered with France 's Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) on the project.[11]

In February 2014, the record streak for a balloon lasting in the stratosphere was 50 days. In Nov 2014, the record was 130 days, and in March 2, 2015, the record for a continuous balloon flight is 187 days (over 6 months).

On July 28, 2015, Google signed an agreement with officials of Information and Communication Technology Agency (ICTA) – Sri Lanka, to launch the technology on a mass scale.[12] As a result, by March 2016,[12] Sri Lanka will be the second country in the world to get full coverage of internet using LTE, after Vatican City.

In February 2016, Google announced to have achieved a stable laser communication connection between two balloons over a distance of 62 miles (100km). The connection was stable over many hours and during day and nighttime and reached a data rate of 155 Mbit/s.[13]

On February 25, 2016, Google started testing their autolauncher named "Chicken Little" at former naval station Roosevelt Roads located in Ceiba, Puerto Rico.[14]

In May 2017 Spacedata started proceedings for patent infringement,[8] due in court in 2019.

On October 6, 2017, Google filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and cleared it the same day, with authorization to start immediately to provide emergency LTE coverage to Puerto Rico in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria. The plan allows 30 balloons to relay communication between ground terminals connected to people's handsets. Google will have to install Over The Air (OTA) updates to allow Band 8 operations and at the end of the authorization, a separate OTA update will disable this operation. Puerto Rico Governor Ricardo Rosselló announced at a press conference on October 8, 2017 the launch of Google's Loon Project on the Caribbean island, following its approval by the FCC.

On October 9, 2017, multiple balloons were spotted near Puerto Rico via Flightradar24.[15] That same month, it was reported that the project had spun off into its own company Loon Inc; however, it was clarified that it still remained as a project at X, until July 2018.[16] On November 9, 2017, it was reported that Google had launched several balloons from Nevada and positioned them over Puerto Rico as part of an effort to bring 100,000 people online.[17]

On July 11, 2018, X, Google's R&D facility, announced that Loon was "graduating", becoming an Alphabet subsidiary in its own right rather than a project of X.[18] As part of its first commercial agreement with Telkom Kenya, Loon has pledged to bring internet access to some of Kenya's most inaccessible regions.[19]

## Technology

Loon is Alphabet's pursuit to deploy a high-altitude balloon network operating in the stratosphere, at altitudes between 18 km and 25 km. Google asserts that this particular layer of the stratosphere is advantageous because of its relatively low wind speeds (e.g., wind speeds between 5 and 20 mph / 10 to 30 km/h) and minimal turbulence. Moreover, the company claims that it can model, with reasonable accuracy, the seasonal, longitudinal, and latitudinal variations in wind speeds within the 18–25 km stratospheric layer.[20]

Given a reasonably accurate model of wind speeds within the 18–25 km band, Loon claims that it can control the latitudinal and longitudinal position of high-altitude balloons by adjusting only the balloon's altitude.[20] By adjusting the volume and density of the gas (e.g., helium, hydrogen, or another lighter-than-air compound) in the balloon, the balloon's variable buoyancy system is able to control the balloon's altitude.[20] Google has additionally indicated that balloons may be constructed from various materials (e.g., metalized Mylar or BoPET) or a highly flexible latex or rubber material (e.g., chloroprene).[20]

Initially, the balloons communicated using unlicensed 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ISM bands,[21] and Google claims that the setup allows it to deliver "speeds comparable to 3G" to users, but they then switched to LTE[22] with cellular spectrum by cooperating with local telecommunication operators.[23] It is unclear how technologies that rely on short communications times (low latency pings), such as VoIP, might need to be modified to work in an environment similar to mobile phones where the signal may have to relay through multiple balloons before reaching the wider Internet.[24][25] Google also experimented with laser communication technology to interconnect balloons at high altitude and achieved a data rate of 155 Mbps over a distance of 62 miles (100 km). [13]

The first person to connect to the "Google Balloon Internet" after the initial test balloons were launched into the stratosphere was a farmer in the town of Leeston, New Zealand, who was one of 50 people in the area around Christchurch who agreed to be a pilot tester for Loon. The New Zealand farmer lived in a rural location that couldn't get broadband access to the Internet, and had used a satellite Internet service in 2009, but found that he sometimes had to pay over $1000 per month for the service. The locals knew nothing about the secret project other than its ability to deliver Internet connectivity, but allowed project workers to attach a basketball-sized receiver resembling a giant bright-red party balloon to an outside wall of their property in order to connect to the network.[26][27]

The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using expensive fiber cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to the Internet. Alphabet feels this will greatly increase Internet usage in developing countries in regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia that can't afford to lay underground fiber cable.[26]

## Equipment

The balloon envelopes used in the project are made by Raven Aerostar,[28] and are composed of polyethylene plastic about 0.076 mm (0.0030 in) thick. The balloons are superpressure balloons filled with helium, standing 15 m (49 ft) across and 12 m (39 ft) tall when fully inflated. They carry a custom air pump system dubbed the "Croce"[29] that pumps in or releases air to ballast the balloon and control its elevation.[1] A small box weighing 10 kg (22 lb) containing each balloon's electronic equipment hangs underneath the inflated envelope. This box contains circuit boards that control the system, radio antennas and a Ubiquiti Networks 'Rocket M2'[30] to communicate with other balloons and with Internet antennas on the ground, and batteries to store solar power so the balloons can operate during the night. Each balloon's electronics are powered by an array of solar panels that sit between the envelope and the hardware. In full sun, the panels produce 100 watts of power, which is sufficient to keep the unit running while also charging a battery for use at night. A parachute attached to the top of the envelope allows for a controlled descent and landing when a balloon is ready to be taken out of service.[21] In the case of an unexpected failure, the parachute deploys automatically.[31] When taken out of service, the balloon is guided to an easily reached location, and the helium is vented into the atmosphere. The balloons typically have a maximum life of about 100 days, although Google claims that its tweaked design can enable them to stay aloft for closer to 200 days.[32]

The prototype ground stations use a Ubiquiti Networks 'Rocket M5'[30] radio and a custom patch antenna[33] to connect to the balloons at a height of 20 km (12 mi).[7] Some reports have called Google's project the Google Balloon Internet.[2][34][35]

The balloons are equipped with automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast and so can be publicly tracked (along with other balloons) with the call-sign "HBAL"[36]

### Incidents

* On May 29, 2014, a Loon balloon crashed into power lines in Washington (state) , United States .[37]
* On June 20, 2014, New Zealand officials briefly scrambled emergency services personnel when a Loon balloon came down.[38]
* In November 2014, a South African farmer found a crashed Loon balloon in the Karoo desert between Strydenburg and Britstown.[39]
* On April 23, 2015, a Loon balloon crashed in a field near Bragg City, Missouri.[40]
* On September 12, 2015, a Loon balloon crashed in the front lawn of a residence on Rancho Hills, Chino Hills, California.
* On February 17, 2016, a Loon balloon crashed in the tea-growing region of Gampola, Sri Lanka while carrying out tests.[41]
* On April 7, 2016, a Loon balloon landed on a farm in Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.[42]
* On April 22, 2016, a Loon balloon crashed in a field in the Ñeembucú Department, Paraguay.[43][44]
* On August 22, 2016, a Loon balloon landed on a ranch in Formosa, Argentina about 40 km. West of the Capital of Formosa.[45]
* On August 26, 2016, a Loon balloon landed northwest of Madison, South Dakota.
* On January 9, 2017, a Loon Balloon crashed in Sieyic, near Changuinola, Bocas del Toro province, Panama.[46]
* On January 8, 2017 and January 10, 2017, two Loon Balloons landed at 10 km E of Cerro Chato & 40 km NNW of Mariscala, Uruguay.
* On February 17, 2017 a Loon Balloon crashed in Buriti dos Montes, Brazil.[47]
* On March 14, 2017, a Loon Balloon crashed in San Luis, Tolima, Colombia.
* On March 19, 2017, a Loon Balloon crashed in Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
* On August 9, 2017, a Loon Balloon crashed in a reedbed in Olmos, Lambayeque, Peru.
* On December 30, 2017, a Loon Balloon crashed in Nthambiro, Igembe Central, Meru County, Kenya.[48]

## Reception

Loon has generally been well received, although Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project developers and astronomers have raised concerns that the lower of the two ISM bands that Loon uses (2.4 GHz) will interfere with the mid-band frequency range (0.5 GHz–3 GHz) used in the SKA project.[49]

Alphabet has not yet specified the costs of this project.[50]

## See also

* List of countries by number of Internet users
* Mobile broadband modem
* Google Fiber
* High-altitude balloon
* Atmospheric satellite
* Alliance for Affordable Internet
* Internet.org
* Geostationary balloon satellite
* Outernet
* O3b Networks
* Google Free Zone
* Stratovision

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Levy, Steven (June 14, 2013). "How Google Will Use High-Flying Balloons to Deliver Internet to the Hinterlands". Wired. https://www.wired.com/business/2013/06/google_internet_balloons/all/google.com/loon. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Google to beam Internet from balloons". Agence France-Presse. Google. June 15, 2013. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jzP2DG8WdyTFsRBXkX5IHRDod8UA?docId=CNG.1e0cb853eae78a4ee2a211df3413fa9a.01. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
3. ↑ "Google launches Project Loon". The New Zealand Herald. June 15, 2013. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/internet/news/article.cfm?c_id=137&objectid=10890750. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
4. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (June 14, 2013). "Google X Announces Project Loon: Balloon-Powered Internet For Rural, Remote And Underserved Areas". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/14/google-x-announces-project-loon-balloon-powered-internet-for-rural-remote-and-underserved-areas/. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
5. ↑ Koulopoulos, Thomas (July 2018). "The Moonshot to Create the Next Google". Inc.. https://www.inc.com/thomas-koulopoulos/the-moonshot-to-create-next-google.html.
6. ↑ Mack, Eric (June 14, 2013). "Meet Google's 'Project Loon:' Balloon-powered 'net access". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57589464-1/meet-googles-project-loon-balloon-powered-net-access/. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brodkin, Jon (June 14, 2013). "Google flies Internet balloons in stratosphere for a "network in the sky"". ArsTechnica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/06/google-flies-internet-balloons-in-stratosphere-for-a-network-in-the-sky/. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "A Lawsuit Has Alphabet's Project Loon In Jeopardy | Backchannel" (in en-US). WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/the-lawsuit-that-could-pop-alphabets-project-loon-balloons.
9. ↑ Sharma, Amol (February 20, 2008). "Floating a New Idea For Going Wireless, Parachute Included". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120347353988378955. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
10. ↑ The Next Web: Google celebrates Project Loon's birthday with first LTE experiments and launch near the equator
11. ↑ Svitak, Amy (December 12, 2014). "Google, France Partner on Balloon-Powered Internet". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141214160826/http://aviationweek.com/space/google-france-partner-balloon-powered-internet. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Google Project Loon to provide free internet across Sri Lanka
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Google Laser-Beams the Film Real Genius 60 Miles Between Balloons". https://www.wired.com/2016/02/google-shot-laser-60-miles-just-send-copy-real-genius/.
14. ↑ "Project Loon shows off autolauncher at work in Puerto Rico". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2016/02/26/project-loon-autolauncher-peurto-rico/.
15. ↑ @DrSalted (9 October 2017). ".@Google 's parent company Alphabet gets FCC approval to fly 30 Project Loon balloons over Puerto Rico & provide LTE coverage. Google's balloons can be tracked via their ADS-B transponders on websites such as @flightradar24 www.flightradar24.com/multiview/f252d5c,f229cff,f2599b6,f25bf29,f25fb17,f26d9de … #GOOGL #PuertoRico #HuracanMaria". https://twitter.com/DrSalted/status/917498260293550087.
16. ↑ https://www.engadget.com/2017/10/13/alphabet-loon-inc-internet-balloons/
17. ↑ "Project Loon Launches Balloons". Popular Mechanics. http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/news/a28990/project-loon-internet-balloons-puerto-rico/. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
18. ↑ "INSIDE X, THE MOONSHOT FACTORY RACING TO BUILD THE NEXT GOOGLE". July 11, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180719183038/https://www.wired.com/story/alphabet-google-x-innovation-loon-wing-graduation/. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
19. ↑ "Google's balloons to deliver net to Kenya". 19 July 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44886803. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Richard Wayne DeVaul, Eric Teller, Clifford L. Biffle, Josh Weaver; Eric Teller & Clifford L. Biffle et al., "Balloon network with free-space optical communication between super-node balloons and RF communication between super-node and sub-node balloons", US patent application 13/346,636, published July 11, 2013, assigned to Google Inc.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "How Loon Works". Google. https://www.google.com/loon/how/. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
22. ↑ Project Loon: Scaling Up
23. ↑ Project Loon
24. ↑ Hodson, Hal (June 18, 2013). "Google's Project Loon to float the internet on balloons". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23721-googles-project-loon-to-float-the-internet-on-balloons.html. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
25. ↑ Misra, Archan; Das, Subir; McAuley, Anthony J. (2001). Hierarchical Mobility Management for VoIP Traffic. http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/people/a/archan/milcom2001b.pdf. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Perry, Nick; Mendoza, Martha (June 15, 2013). "Google launches Internet-beaming balloons". Associated Press. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/google-begins-launching-internet-beaming-balloons. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
27. ↑ Smith, Mac; Heinrich, Mitch (August 23, 2013). "Ask Away: How was the antenna casing designed?" (Video). Google Project Loon. https://plus.google.com/+ProjectLoon/videos. Retrieved October 18, 2013. "6s: "The challenge for us, we have this big network of balloons that can provide Internet connectivity to people on the ground, but the people who are getting that service can't actually see the balloons. In fact, the only thing that they see from day to day is the device that's attached to their house." - Mac Smith ... 35s: "so we decided to iterate on the antenna form to make it more balloon-like." - Brian Wasson"
28. ↑ "Project Loon: Raven Aerostar - Google Collaboration". Raven Aerostar. http://ravenaerostar.com/about/project-loon-raven-aerostar-google. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
29. ↑ Gartner, Keegan; Ratner, Dan (August 14, 2013). "Ask Away: How do the balloons move up and down?". Google Project Loon. https://plus.google.com/+ProjectLoon/videos. Retrieved October 18, 2013. "58s into video: We call this air control system "Croce" because our co-worker lead saw the shape of our impeller housing was bottle shaped and started singing "Time in a Bottle" [by] Jim Croce"
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Re: Internet for all". Ubiquiti Networks Community Forum. http://community.ubnt.com/t5/The-Lounge/Internet-for-all/m-p/491445#M24270. "I've just been down to talk to the folks from Google, who are here in Christchurch, New Zealand, launching their pilot for Loon. One engineer told me "we use the Ubiquiti Rocket M2 for transceiving, and the M5 for groundstation uplink". He described the downwards-pointing antenna on the ballon, which sounded to me like a UniFi polar map, but on a bigger scale. They have modified the firmware to only work with other modified firmware Rockets."
31. ↑ Kelion, Leo (June 15, 2013). "Google tests balloons to beam internet from near space". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22905199. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
32. ↑ Jon Brodkin (March 11, 2015). "Google balloons, "cell towers in the sky," can serve 4G to a whole state". https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/03/google-balloons-cell-towers-in-the-sky-can-serve-4g-to-a-whole-state/. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
33. ↑ Behroozi, Cyrus. "Ask Away: What's inside the Loon antenna?". Google Project Loon. https://plus.google.com/+ProjectLoon/videos. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
34. ↑ "Google's ambitious Internet balloons soar above New Zealand". Associated Press. CBS News. June 15, 2013. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57589468/googles-ambitious-internet-balloons-soar-above-new-zealand/. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
35. ↑ Mendoza, Martha; Perry, Nick (June 15, 2013). "Google begins launching Internet-beaming balloons". Associated Press. NBCNews. http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/google-begins-launching-internet-beaming-balloons-6C10331940. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
36. ↑ Keep Your Eye on the HBAL—Tracking Project Loon Balloons – Flightradar24 Blog
37. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic. "One of Google's Project Loon balloons crashed into power lines in Washington state". AOL Inc.. https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/03/one-of-googles-project-loon-balloons-crashed-into-power-lines-in-washington-state/. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
38. ↑ Sharwood, Simon (June 20, 2014). "That's no plane wreck, that's a Google Wi-Fi balloon: unplanned splashdown scrambles New Zealand emergency services". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/20/thats_no_plane_wreck_thats_a_google_wifi_balloon/. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
39. ↑ "South African sheep farmer discovers downed Google Loon balloon crashed in Karoo Desert". November 20, 2014. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/11243440/South-African-sheep-farmer-discovers-downed-Google-Loon-balloon-crashed-in-Karoo-Desert.html. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
40. ↑ "Device known as 'Google Loon' lands in Missouri". April 27, 2015. http://www.kctv5.com/story/28906631/device-known-as-google-loon-lands-in-missouri. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
41. ↑ "Google's Internet balloon 'crashes' in Sri Lanka test flight". February 18, 2016. http://phys.org/news/2016-02-google-internet-balloon-sri-lanka.html. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
42. ↑ 'Project Loon' Balloon found on farm in KZN
43. ↑ Globo de Google aterrizó bajo control - Ciencia - ABC Color
44. ↑ Globo de Google cae a un esteral de Ñeembucú
45. ↑ Cayó un globo de Google en un campo de las modelos Maglietti
46. ↑ "Proyecto Loon in Bocas del Toro", La Prensa, January 9, 2017, https://www.prensa.com/provincias/Investigan-satelite-comunidad-Bocas-Toro_0_4663783603.html
47. ↑ Balão do Project Loon cai no interior do Piauí
48. ↑ Ndung'u, Wainaina. "Google device plunges into a miraa farm in Igembe Central, Meru prompting talk of aliens" (in en). The Standard. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001264534/google-internet-balloon-equipment-plunges-into-igembe-meru.
49. ↑ Richard Chirgwin, Richard (June 17, 2013). "Google launches broadband balloons, radio astronomy frets". The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/17/google_launches_broadband_balloons_astrophysics_frets/print.html. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
50. ↑ Hall, Brian S. (June 19, 2013). "A Handy Guide To Google's Project Loon". ReadWrite. Say Media Inc.. http://readwrite.com/2013/06/19/a-handy-guide-to-google-project-loon. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

## External links

* Wired: The Untold Story of Google's Quest to Bring the Internet Everywhere—By Balloon
* Sri Lanka inks deal for Google Loon broadband floating 'telecom towers
* PointALoon: Open-source tool for Project Loon live signal tracking

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