Psygnosis

Psygnosis Limited

Logo used from 1993 to 1996, designed by Roger Dean[1]

Formerly| Psygnosis (1984–1999)
Type| Subsidiary
Industry| Video games
Fate| Merged
Founded| 1984; 42 years ago (1984)
Founders| Ian Hetherington
David Lawson
Jonathan Ellis
Defunct| 22 August 2012 (2012-08-22)
Headquarters|

Napier Court, Wavertree Technology Park, Liverpool, England

Products| Shadow of the Beast
Lemmings
Wipeout
Colony Wars
Formula One
Parent| Sony Computer Entertainment (1993–2005)
SCE Worldwide Studios (2005–2012)
Website| worldwidestudios.net/liverpool

Psygnosis Limited (/sɪɡˈnoʊsɪs/; known as SCE Studio Liverpool or simply Studio Liverpool from 1999)[1] was a British video game developer and publisher headquartered at Wavertree Technology Park in Liverpool. Founded in 1984[1][2] by Ian Hetherington, Jonathan Ellis, and David Lawson, the company initially became known for well-received games on the Atari ST and Amiga. In 1993, it became a wholly owned subsidiary and first-party developer of Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) and began developing games for the original PlayStation. It later became a part of SCE Worldwide Studios. The company was the oldest and second largest development house within the company. The company is best known for creating the Wipeout, Formula One and Colony Wars series.

Reports of Studio Liverpool's closure surfaced on 22 August 2012, with Edge quoting staff tweets.[3] Staff members were told the news by Michael Denny, vice president of Sony Worldwide Studios Europe.[4] Sony said that the Liverpool site would remain in operation, as it was still home to many Sony Departments.[5] At the time of its closure, it employed roughly 100 people comprising two development teams. Mick Hocking oversaw Studio Liverpool's operations as its last Group Studio Director, a position he continued to hold within Evolution Studios.

Psygnosis still exists as a legal entity under Sony and continues to make legal filings, but has had no developers since 2012.[6] In December 2021, Sony renewed Psygnosis' logo and trademarks despite not using the Psygnosis branding since 2000, though this is thought to be standard filing practice as trademarks last for a decade in the United States and Sony had previously filed renewal applications in 2011 as well.[7]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Studio Camden
* 1.2 As Studio Liverpool
* 2 Spin-off studios
* 3 XDev
* 4 Games
* 4.1 Games developed or published as Psygnosis
* 4.2 Games developed as SCE Studio Liverpool
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

The Psyclapse name was used on some early releases.

Psygnosis was the eventual successor of the defunct 8-bit software house Imagine Software, where Lawson was one of the founders and Hetherington was financial director. Finchspeed, a company created by the directors,[8][9] attempted to acquire the assets of the failing company but this was unsuccessful and the remains of Imagine, including their much-hyped but never completed "megagames", were sold by the receivers.[10] While the name and trademarks were bought by Ocean Software,[11] Sinclair Research paid a rumoured £100,000 for the rights to Bandersnatch and contracted a new company set up by Hetherington and Lawson, Fire Iron, to produce the game for the Sinclair QL for release in early 1985.[12][13][14]

Sinclair withdrew funding from Fire Iron in early 1985,[15] and Psygnosis, which became a limited company under United Kingdom company law in July 1985,[16] revealed their first title Brataccas, which featured many of the concepts originally intended for Bandersnatch,[17] at the 1985 Personal Computer World show in September.[15][18]

The name of another Imagine Megagame (the proposed but never developed Psyclapse) was later used by Psygnosis as an alternative label for some of its releases,[19] such as Ballistix and Captain Fizz Meets The Blaster-Trons.[20]

The box artwork was very distinctive with a black background and fantasy artwork by Roger Dean[21] bordered in red. This style was maintained for the better part of 10 years. For the next few years, Psygnosis' releases contained increasingly improved graphics, but were marred by similarly difficult gameplay and control methods. The original company headquarters were located at the Port of Liverpool Building at the Pier Head in Liverpool, but soon moved to Century Buildings in Liverpool's Brunswick Business Park, and later moved down the road to South Harrington Building by the docks.

Although Psygnosis primarily became a game publisher, some games were developed fully or partly in-house. During the early days, artists were employed full-time at the headquarters, offering third-party developers, who were often just single programmers, a high-quality art resource. This allowed Psygnosis to maintain high graphical standards across the board. The original artists were Garvan Corbett, Jeff Bramfitt, Colin Rushby and Jim Bowers, with Neil Thompson joining a little later.

Obliterator, released in 1988, contained an opening animation by Jim Bowers. This short scene would pave the way for increasingly sophisticated intro animations, starting with 2D hand drawn sequences, and progressing into FMV and 3D rendered movies created with Sculpt 4D on the Amiga. Eventually, Psygnosis would buy Silicon Graphics workstations for the sole purpose of creating these animations.

While most game companies of the mid-to-late 1980s (including Psygnosis) were releasing identical games on both the Amiga and Atari ST, Psygnosis started to use the full potential of the Amiga's more powerful hardware to produce technically stunning games, with the landmark title Shadow of the Beast bringing the company its greatest success so far in 1989. Its multi-layered parallax scrolling and music were highly advanced for the time and as such led to the game being used as a showcase demonstration for the Amiga in many computer shops.

Psygnosis consolidated its fame after publishing the DMA Design Lemmings game franchise: debuting in 1991 on the Amiga, Lemmings was ported to a plethora of different computer and video game platforms, generating many sequels and variations of its concept through the years. Microcosm, a game that appeared on the FM Towns, Amiga CD32, and 3DO furthered the company's reputation for games with excellent graphics.

Psygnosis also created the "Face-Off" games in the Nickelodeon 1992 television game show, Nick Arcade, such as "Post Haste", "Jet Jocks" and "Battle of the Bands".

In 1993 the company was acquired by Sony Electronic Publishing.[22][23] The acquisition cost Sony £20 million.[24] In preparation for the September 1995 introduction of Sony's PlayStation console in Western markets, Psygnosis started creating games using the PlayStation as primary reference hardware. Among the most famous creations of this period were Wipeout, G-Police, and the Colony Wars series, some of which were ported to PC and to other platforms. The PlayStation marked a turning point in Psygnosis's game design, moving away from the prerendered graphics and limited gameplay that the company had become associated with.[25][26] This was a successful period for the company; in the 1995–96 financial year, Psygnosis games accounted for 40% of all video games sales in Europe.[27]

The acquisition was rewarding for Sony in another aspect: development kits for PlayStation consoles. As it had previously published PSY-Q development kits for various consoles by SN Systems, Psygnosis arranged for them to create a development system for the PS based on cheap PC hardware. Sony evaluated the system during CES in January 1994 and decided to adopt it.[28]

As Psygnosis expanded after the Sony buyout, another satellite office was opened in Century Building with later offices opening in Stroud, London, Chester, Paris, Germany, and Foster City in California (as the Customer Support & Marketing with software development done in San Francisco), now the home of Sony Computer Entertainment America. The company headquarters has resided at Wavertree Technology Park since 1995.

The Stroud studio was opened in November 1993 in order to attract disgruntled MicroProse employees. Staff grew from initially about 50 to about 70 in 1997.[29] Among the titles created at Stroud are Overboard! and G-Police.[29] The Wheelhouse—its publishing name—was closed in 2000 as part of the Sony Computer Entertainment takeover of Psygnosis. Some members joined Bristol-based Rage Software, but faced a similar demise a number of years later.

Despite being owned by Sony, Psygnosis retained a degree of independence from its parent company during this period and continued to develop and publish titles for other platforms,[30] including the Sega Saturn[31][32] and the Nintendo 64.[33] This caused friction between Psygnosis and Sony, and in 1996 Sony engaged SBC Warburg's services in finding a buyer for Psygnosis.[34][35] However, though bids reportedly went as high as $300 million (more than ten times what Sony paid for the company just three years before),[36] after six months Sony rescinded its decision to sell Psygnosis. Relations between the two companies had improved during this time, and Sony became reconciled to Psygnosis releasing games for competing platforms.[37] Shortly after, Psygnosis took over distribution of its own titles, a task that Sony had been handling following the buyout.[38]

### Studio Camden

Psygnosis had a subsidiary studio at Camden Town which developed Blast Radius, Kingsley's Adventure and Team Buddies.[39] It was moved to Sony as a separate studio named SCEE Studio Camden and released Software:Dropship: United Peace Force before being merged with Team Soho into London Studio.[40]

### As Studio Liverpool

The SCE Studio Liverpool logo, used from 2001 to 2012

In 1999, a process to consolidate Psygnosis into Sony Computer Entertainment was underway, resulting in the bulk of Psygnosis' sales, marketing and PR staff being made redundant and the development teams reporting directly into Sony Computer Entertainment Europe's president of software development.[41] To reflect this, in 2000, the Psygnosis brand was dropped in favour of SCE Studio Liverpool. During the year, as its American division was shut down, Midway Home Entertainment acquired the remaining titles of Psygnosis' PlayStation lineup.[42]

The newly named SCE Studio Liverpool released its first title, Formula One 2001, in 2001. The game was also the studio's first release on the PlayStation 2, and the first entry in the Formula One series after taking over from developer Studio 33. From 2001 to 2007, Studio Liverpool released eight instalments in the series between the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3. However, Sony Computer Entertainment's exclusive licence with the Formula One Group expired, without renewal, before the 2007 season, marking the end of any further Formula One series instalments from the developer.

Studio Liverpool also developed Wipeout Fusion, the first of two instalments of the series on the PlayStation 2, released in 2002. Next they developed Wipeout Pure for the PlayStation Portable, which launched alongside the handheld in 2005 to significant acclaim, with many media outlets heralding it a return to glory for the series. They followed up with the sequel Wipeout Pulse in 2007 which was later ported to the PlayStation 2 and released in Europe.

In 2008 it released Wipeout HD, a downloadable title for the PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network service, consisting of various courses taken from both Wipeout Pure and Wipeout Pulse remade in high definition. An expansion pack for Wipeout HD named Wipeout HD Fury is available at PlayStation Network, including new game modes, new tracks, new music and new ship skins/models.[43] In 2007, a copy of Manhunt 2 was leaked online prior to its release by an employee from the Sony Europe Liverpool office.[44]

On 29 January 2010, Sony made a public statement on its restructuring of Studio Liverpool.[45] The closure of Studio Liverpool was announced on 22 August 2012. In a press release, Sony stated that after an assessment of all European studios, it had decided to close Studio Liverpool. Sony said that the Liverpool site would remain in operation, as it is home to a number of Sony Worldwide Studios and SCEE Departments.[5]

Eurogamer was told by an unnamed source that, at the time of its closure, Studio Liverpool was working on two PlayStation 4 launch titles. One was a Wipeout title described as "dramatically different"; the other was a motion capture-based game along the lines of Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell.[46]

## Spin-off studios

In 2013 a number of former Studio Liverpool employees formed two new studios: Firesprite,[47] which worked on the visuals of The Playroom for the PlayStation 4,[48] and Playrise Digital, who had success with their Table Top Racing games. In September 2021, Sony acquired Firesprite.[49]

## XDev

XDev, Sony's external development studio, is responsible for managing the development of titles at developers that are outside of Sony's own developer group. It has won 14 British Academy (BAFTA) video game awards and AIAS awards for LittleBigPlanet, 3 BAFTA awards for the Buzz! series and Develop Industry Excellence Awards for MotorStorm and Buzz!.[50]

## Games

### Games developed or published as Psygnosis

Year  | Name  | Platforms

|
|

1986  | Brataccas | Amiga, Atari ST, Mac
1986  | Deep Space |
1987  | Barbarian | Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, ZX Spectrum
1987  | Terrorpods | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, MSX
1988  | Baal | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS
1988  | Captain Fizz Meets The Blaster-Trons |
1988  | Chrono Quest | Amiga, Atari ST
1988  | Menace | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS
1988  | Obliterator | Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, MS-DOS, ZX Spectrum
1989  | Ballistix | Acorn Electron, Amiga, Atari ST, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, TurboGrafx-16
1989  | Blood Money | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS
1989  | Nevermind | Amiga
1989  | Shadow of the Beast | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1990  | Anarchy | Amiga, Atari ST
1990  | Atomino | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS
1990  | Awesome | Amiga, Atari ST, FM Towns
1990  | Carthage | Amiga, Atari ST
1990  | Infestation | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, FM Towns
1990  | The Killing Game Show | Amiga, Atari ST, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1990  | Matrix Marauders | Amiga, Atari ST
1990  | Nitro | Amiga, Atari ST
1990  | Shadow of the Beast II | Amiga, Atari ST, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1990  | Stryx |
1991  | Amnios | Amiga
1991  | Armour-Geddon | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS
1991  | Barbarian II | Amiga 500, Atari ST
1991  | Christmas Lemmings |
1991  | Leander | Amiga, Atari ST, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1991  | Lemmings | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, ZX Spectrum, Amiga CDTV, Super NES, Acorn Archimedes, NES, Sharp X68000, PC-98, TurboGrafx-CD, Atari Lynx, Master System, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Amstrad CPC, SAM Coupé, Commodore 64, Amiga CD32, Philips CD-i, Game Gear, Game Boy, 3DO, Windows 95, Apple Macintosh, PlayStation, Game Boy Color, Sony PSP, Sony PS3
1991  | Obitus | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Super NES
1991  | Oh No! More Lemmings | Amiga, MS-DOS, Atari ST, SAM Coupé, Apple Macintosh, Acorn Archimedes
1991  | Ork | Amiga, Atari ST
1992  | Superhero (Cancelled) | Amiga
1992  | Ultraverse: Prime | Sega CD, Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Cancelled)
1992  | Agony | Amiga
1992  | Air Support | Amiga, Atari ST
1992  | Aquaventura |
1992  | Bill's Tomato Game | Amiga, Atari ST
1992  | The Carl Lewis Challenge |
1992  | Cytron | Amiga
1992  | Daughter of Serpents | MS-DOS
1992  | Red Zone | Amiga
1992  | Shadow of the Beast III | Amiga
1993  | Bob's Bad Day | Amiga
1993  | Bram Stoker's Dracula | NES, Super NES, Game Boy, Game Gear, Master System, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Sega CD/Mega-CD, Amiga, MS-DOS
1993  | Combat Air Patrol | Amiga, MS-DOS
1993  | Creepers | MS-DOS
1993  | Global Domination | MS-DOS, Amiga
1993  | Globdule | Amiga
1993  | Hired Guns | Amiga, MS-DOS
1993  | Innocent Until Caught | Amiga, MS-DOS
1993  | Last Action Hero | NES, Super NES, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Game Boy, Game Gear, Amiga, MS-DOS
1993  | Software:Lemmings 2: The Tribes | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Super NES, Game Boy, Acorn Archimedes, FM Towns
1993  | Microcosm | FM Towns, Sega CD/Mega-CD, 3DO, Amiga CD32, MS-DOS
1993  | Software:Perihelion: The Prophecy | Amiga
1993  | Prime Mover |
1993  | Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame | MS-DOS, Mac OS, Super NES, FM Towns, Xbox (bonus)
1993  | Puggsy | Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Sega CD/Mega-CD, Amiga
1993  | Theatre of Death |
1993  | Walker | Amiga
1993  | Wiz 'n' Liz: The Frantic Wabbit Wescue | Amiga, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1994  | 3 Ninjas Kick Back | Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1994  | Armour-Geddon 2: Codename Hellfire | Amiga
1994  | Benefactor | Amiga, Amiga CD32
1994  | Brian the Lion | Amiga
1994  | Ecstatica | MS-DOS
1994  | Hardcore (cancelled) | Amiga, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1994  | Software:Hexx: Heresy of the Wizard | MS-DOS
1994  | Mary Shelley's Frankenstein | Super NES, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Sega CD/Mega-CD
1994  | Misadventures of Flink | CD32, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Sega CD/Mega-CD
1994  | Novastorm | PlayStation, MS-DOS, FM-Towns, 3DO, Sega CD/Mega-CD
1994  | No Escape | Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
1994  | Second Samurai | Mega Drive, Amiga
1995  | 3D Lemmings | MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn
1995  | 3D Lemmings Winterland | MS-DOS
1995  | All New World of Lemmings | Amiga, MS-DOS
1995  | Blue Ice | Windows
1995  | Darker | MS-DOS
1995  | Defcon 5 | MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, 3DO
1995  | Destruction Derby | MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64
1995  | Diggers 2: Extractors | MS-DOS
1995  | Discworld | MS-DOS, Mac OS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn
1995  | Guilty | MS-DOS
1995  | Pyrotechnica |
1995  | Silverload | MS-DOS
1995  | Wipeout | PlayStation
1995  | X-It |
1996  | Adidas Power Soccer | PlayStation
1996  | Assault Rigs | PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Windows
1996  | Chronicles of the Sword | MS-DOS, PlayStation
1996  | Software:Darkstalkers: The Night Warriors | Arcade, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Network
1996  | Deadline |
1996  | Destruction Derby 2 | MS-DOS, Windows, PlayStation
1996  | Discworld II: Mortality Bytes! | MS-DOS, Windows, PlayStation, Sega Saturn
1996  | Formula 1 | PlayStation, Windows
1996  | Krazy Ivan | PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Windows
1996  | Lemmings Paintball | Windows
1996  | Mickey's Wild Adventure | PlayStation
1996  | The Adventures of Lomax | PlayStation, Windows
1996  | Wipeout: 2097/Wipeout XL | PlayStation
1997  | Adidas Power Soccer International 97 | PlayStation
1997  | Alundra | PlayStation
1997  | Colony Wars | PlayStation
1997  | Ecstatica II | MS-DOS, Windows
1997  | Formula 1 97 | PlayStation, Windows
1997  | G-Police | PlayStation, Windows
1997  | Lifeforce Tenka | PlayStation, Windows
1997  | Overboard! | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation
1997  | Professional Underground League of Pain | MS-DOS, PlayStation, Windows
1997  | Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme | PlayStation
1997  | Rush Hour | PlayStation, Microsoft Windows
1997  | Sentient | PlayStation, MS-DOS, Windows
1997  | Shadow Master | PlayStation, Windows
1997  | Shipwreckers! | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation
1997  | The City of Lost Children | MS-DOS, PlayStation
1997  | Thunder Truck Rally | PlayStation, Windows
1998  | A Bug's Life | PlayStation, Microsoft Windows
1998  | Adidas Power Soccer 98 | PlayStation, Microsoft Windows
1998  | Blast Radius | PlayStation
1998  | Software:Colony Wars: Vengeance | PlayStation
1998  | Eliminator | PlayStation, Windows
1998  | Formula 1 98 | PlayStation
1998  | O.D.T. – Escape... Or Die Trying | PlayStation, Windows
1998  | Psybadek | PlayStation
1998  | Rascal | PlayStation
1998  | Roll Away | PlayStation, Android
1998  | Sentinel Returns | Windows, PlayStation
1998  | Spice World | PlayStation
1998  | Wipeout 64 | Nintendo 64
1998  | Zombieville |
1999  | 3X: The Science of War |
1999  | Attack of the Saucerman | PlayStation, Windows
1999  | Destruction Derby 64 | Nintendo 64
1999  | Software:Drakan: Order of the Flame | Windows
1999  | Software:Eagle One: Harrier Attack | PlayStation
1999  | Expert Pool | Windows
1999  | Formula One 99 | PlayStation, Windows
1999  | Software:G-Police: Weapons of Justice | PlayStation
1999  | Kingsley's Adventure | PlayStation
1999  | Lander | Windows
1999  | Software:Nations: WWII Fighter Command |
1999  | Panzer Elite | Windows
1999  | Pro 18 World Tour Golf | PlayStation, Windows
1999  | Retro Force | PlayStation
1999  | Rollcage | PlayStation, Windows
1999  | Tellurian Defense |
1999  | Wipeout 3 | PlayStation
2000  | Software:Colony Wars: Red Sun | PlayStation
2000  | Destruction Derby Raw | PlayStation
2000  | Formula One 2000 | PlayStation, Game Boy Color
2000  | Lemmings Revolution | Windows
2000  | Metal Fatigue | Windows
2000  | Muppet Monster Adventure | PlayStation
2000  | Muppet RaceMania | PlayStation
2000  | Rollcage Stage II | PlayStation, Windows
2000  | Team Buddies | PlayStation
2000  | Wipeout 3: Special Edition | PlayStation

### Games developed as SCE Studio Liverpool

Game title | Year released | Platform(s)

|
|

Formula One 2001 | 2001  | PlayStation 2
Wipeout Fusion | 2002
Formula One 2002
Formula One 2003 | 2003
Formula One 04 | 2004
Wipeout Pure | 2005  | PlayStation Portable
Formula One 05 | PlayStation 2
Formula One 06 | 2006  | PlayStation 2
PlayStation Portable
Formula One Championship Edition | PlayStation 3
Wipeout Pulse | 2007  | PlayStation 2
PlayStation Portable
Wipeout HD | 2008  | PlayStation 3
Wipeout HD Fury (DLC)  | 2009
Wipeout 2048 | 2012  | PlayStation Vita

## See also

* London Studio
* Guerrilla Cambridge
* Evolution Studios
* Bigbig Studios

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "And Your Birds Can Sing – The Legacy of Psygnosis". Imagine Publishing. 11 October 2012. pp. 22–29. https://archive.org/details/retro_gamer/RetroGamer_108/page/22/mode/2up.
2. ↑ "Corporate Backgrounder". Psygnosis. 26 June 1996. http://www.psygnosis.com/. "The company has developed and published more than 100 titles since its founding in 1984"
3. ↑ Brown, Nathan (22 August 2012). "Sony to close Studio Liverpool – Edge Magazine". Edge-online.com. http://www.edge-online.com/news/report-sony-closes-studio-liverpool/.
4. ↑ Crossley, Rob. "PlayStation News: Sony to axe Liverpool studio". ComputerAndVideoGames.com. http://www.computerandvideogames.com/364296/sony-to-close-liverpool-studio/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Yin-Poole, Wesley (22 August 2012). "Sony closes WipEout developer Sony Liverpool • News •". Eurogamer.net. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-08-22-sony-closes-wipeout-developer-sony-liverpool-report.
6. ↑ "Filing history for PSYGNOSIS LIMITED (01039371)". https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01039371/filing-history.
7. ↑ Scullion, Chris (17 January 2022). "Sony has renewed the Psygnosis trademark and logo". https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/sony-has-renewed-the-psygnosis-trademark-and-logo/.
8. ↑ "Secrets of the Imagine Megagames". Personal Computer Games (VNU): 12. September 1984. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=1626&page=12. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
9. ↑ "The Bubble Bursts". Crash (Newsfield) (7): 32. August 1984. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=974&page=32. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
10. ↑ "Future of the Megagames". Popular Computing Weekly (Sunshine Publications) (33): 5. 16 August 1984. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=2819&page=5. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
11. ↑ Stuart Hunt. "A Life On The Ocean Wave". Retro Gamer (101): 53–62.
12. ↑ "Imagine phoenix". Home Computing Weekly (Argus Specialist Publications) (84): 1. 16 October 1984. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=2650&page=1. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
13. ↑ "Megagame for QL". Popular Computing Weekly (Sunshine Publications) (41): 1. 11 October 1984. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=2827&page=1. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
14. ↑ "Sinclair admits to megagames". Your Computer (IPC) (1): 45. January 1985. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=182&page=45. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Imagine Team Resurfaces". Popular Computing Weekly (Sunshine Publications) (38): 8. 19 September 1985. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=2875&page=5. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
16. ↑ "PSYGNOSIS LIMITED". UK Government. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01039371.
17. ↑ "The Making Of: Bandersnatch – Edge Magazine". Edge-online.com. 4 September 2009. http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-bandersnatch?page=2.
18. ↑ "PCW Show News". Popular Computing Weekly (Sunshine Publications) (37): 11. 12 September 1985. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/page.php?issue_id=2874&page=11. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
19. ↑ "Psygnosis History". The Purple One. http://home.iprimus.com.au/danmcpharlin/purpleowl/psygnosis-history.html. "Psyclapse was actually the name of a Commodore 64 game that was never released [but] was to live on as a division of Psygnosis."
20. ↑ "Captain Fizz Meets the Blaster-Trons (Advert)". Lemon Amiga. http://www.lemonamiga.com/games/advert.php?id=1826.
21. ↑ Lien, Tracey (14 February 2013). "The art outside the box: The story of Roger Dean". Vox Media. https://www.polygon.com/features/2013/2/14/3768030/roger-dean-outside-the-box-psygnosis.
22. ↑ "SCE Worldwide Studios – SCE Studio Liverpool". Worldwidestudios.net. 20 February 2009. http://www.worldwidestudios.net/liverpool.
23. ↑ "The 7th International Computer Game Developers Conference". Computer Gaming World: 34. July 1993. http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=108. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
24. ↑ Foster, Michael (March 5, 1995). "Britain faces game drain". p. 38. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99178270/the-observer/.
25. ↑ "PlayStation: Sony's Bid for Power". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (3): 41. March 1995.
26. ↑ Rider, David; Semrad, Ed (December 1997). "British Invasion: Psygnosis". Electronic Gaming Monthly (Ziff Davis) (101): 170. "In the 16-Bit days, Psygnosis was best known for attractive titles lacking gameplay, but that all changed with the launch of the PlayStation.".
27. ↑ "Sony's Video Games Onslaught Continues!". Maximum: The Video Game Magazine (Emap International Limited) (7): 72–73. June 1996.
28. ↑ "History of the PlayStation". IGN. 28 August 1998. https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/08/28/history-of-the-playstation.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "E3: Psygnosis Co-founder Speaks: part 2". IGN. 19 June 1997. https://www.ign.com/articles/1997/06/19/e3-psygnosis-co-founder-speaks-part-2.
30. ↑ "Publisher: Psygnosis". http://gamespy-archives.quaddicted.com/sites/www.strategyplanet.com/metalfatigue/info_psygnosis.shtml.html.
31. ↑ "Psygnosis Develops for Saturn". gamezero.com. 2 February 1996. http://www.gamezero.com/team-0/whats_new/past/psygnosis-saturn.html.
32. ↑ "Sleeping with the Enemy". Electronic Gaming Monthly (Sendai Publishing) (81): 20. April 1996.
33. ↑ "Psygnosis to Develop for N64". gamespot.com. 17 April 1998. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/psygnosis-to-develop-for-n64/1100-2463204/.
34. ↑ "Divorce for Sony and Psygnosis". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (19): 14. July 1996.
35. ↑ "Sony May Sell Psygnosis". GamePro (IDG) (95): 16–17. August 1996.
36. ↑ Svensson, Christian (November 1996). "Psygnosis Bidding Hits $300 Million". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (23): 26.
37. ↑ Svensson, Christian (February 1997). "Sony Halts Psygnosis Sale". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (26): 28.
38. ↑ "Tidbits...". Electronic Gaming Monthly (Ziff Davis) (94): 20. May 1997.
39. ↑ Strohm, Axel (13 April 2000). "First Look: PlayStation2 Dropship [date mislabeled as "May 8, 2000""]. CBS Interactive. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/first-look-playstation2-dropship/1100-2565426/. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
40. ↑ Exposed, Marco (25 May 2019). "Blood & Truth: who are the guys from London Studio and what The Getaway was". IGN. https://it.ign.com/blood-and-truth-ps4/154913/feature/blood-truth-chi-sono-i-ragazzi-di-london-studio-e-cosa-e-stato-the-getaway.
41. ↑ "Sony Swallows Psygnosis". Official UK PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (44): 28. 1999.
42. ↑ I. G. N. Staff (2000-05-14). "E3: Midway Acquires Psygnosis PS Lineup" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/05/14/e3-midway-acquires-psygnosis-ps-lineup.
43. ↑ Buckley, Tony (1 June 2009). "WipEout HD Fury Expansion Pack – PlayStation.Blog.Europe". blog.eu.playstation.com. http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2009/06/01/wipeout-hd-fury-expansion-pack-details/.
44. ↑ "Manhunt 2 leaked by Sony Europe employee". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/22/manhunt_2_leaked_by_sony_europe_employee/.
45. ↑ Elliott, Phil (28 January 2010). "Sony to restructure Liverpool studio | GamesIndustry International". gamesindustry.biz. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sony-to-restructure-liverpool-studio.
46. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (22 August 2012). "Sources: Sony Liverpool was working on WipEout PS4 and a Splinter Cell style game for PS4 • News •". Eurogamer.net. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-08-22-sources-sony-liverpool-was-working-on-wipeout-ps4-and-a-splinter-cell-style-game-for-ps4.
47. ↑ Wawro, Alex (5 December 2013). "Former Psygnosis/Studio Liverpool devs unite to form Firesprite". Gamasutra. Think Services. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/former-psygnosis-studio-liverpool-devs-unite-to-form-firesprite.
48. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (6 December 2013). "From the ashes of WipEout dev Studio Liverpool rises Firesprite". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-12-06-from-the-ashes-of-wipeout-dev-studio-liverpool-rises-firesprite.
49. ↑ "Why PlayStation is buying Firesprite, one of the UK's fastest growing studios". 8 September 2021. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-09-08-why-playstation-is-buying-firesprite-one-of-the-uks-fastest-growing-games-studios.
50. ↑ "SCE Worldwide Studios – Publishing Europe". Worldwidestudios.net. 25 February 2009. http://www.worldwidestudios.net/xdev.

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