Rockstar North

Rockstar Games UK Limited

Headquarters at Barclay House, Edinburgh (pictured in 2023)

Trade name

| Rockstar North
Formerly|

* DMA Design Limited (1988–2002)
* Rockstar Studios Limited (2002)
* Rockstar North Limited (2002–2021)

Type| Subsidiary
Industry| Video games
Founded| 1988; 38 years ago (1988) in Dundee, Scotland
Founder| David Jones
Headquarters|

Edinburgh

Scotland

Key people

| Andrew Semple (studio director)
Products|

* Lemmings series (1991–1994)
* Grand Theft Auto series (1997–present)

Number of employees

| 650 (2018)
Parent|

* Gremlin Interactive (1997–1999)
* Take-Two Interactive (1999–2002)
* Rockstar Games (2002–present)

Website| rockstarnorth.com

Rockstar North (Rockstar Games UK Limited; formerly DMA Design Limited) is a British video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Edinburgh. The studio is best known for creating the Lemmings and Grand Theft Auto series, including Grand Theft Auto V, the second-best-selling game and most profitable entertainment product of all time.

David Jones founded the company as DMA Design in 1988 in his hometown of Dundee. During his studies, he had developed the game Menace and struck a six-game publishing deal with Psygnosis, which released Jones's project in October 1988. While making its sequel, Blood Money, Jones dropped out and hired several of his friends, including Mike Dailly, Steve Hammond, and Russell Kay, with whom he had attended the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club. They opened the company's first offices above a former fish and chip shop in 1989. Following the successful 1991 release of Lemmings, the studio rapidly expanded and moved into proper offices, after which Kay left to establish Visual Sciences. Several Lemmings expansions and sequels later, 1994's All New World of Lemmings was DMA Design's final game in the series and its last with Psygnosis.

After many halted projects from partnerships with Nintendo and BMG Interactive, Jones sold the financially stricken studio to Gremlin Interactive in April 1997. The subsequent spin-off of DMA Design's American satellite studio triggered Hammond's departure. While the commercially successful release of Grand Theft Auto led Take-Two Interactive to buy the game's intellectual property and form Rockstar Games in 1998, Body Harvest's underperformance later that year saw Gremlin Interactive being taken over by Infogrames. In September 1999, Infogrames sold DMA Design to Take-Two, enabling a close collaboration with Rockstar Games to release Grand Theft Auto 2. Amid these changes, Dailly left for Visual Sciences, while Jones founded Denki and Real Time Worlds.

A few months after an Edinburgh branch was established for DMA Design, the prior Dundee location was closed. Grand Theft Auto III, the first Grand Theft Auto game presented fully in 3D, was released in 2001 and sold 6 million units in one year. Considered genre-defining, the game gave rise to a number of Grand Theft Auto clones. Take-Two integrated DMA Design with Rockstar Games as Rockstar Studios in March 2002, which was renamed Rockstar North in May. Since then, the studio has continued the Grand Theft Auto series with Software:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2002), Software:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004), Grand Theft Auto IV (2008), and Grand Theft Auto V (2013), as well as a number of smaller games in the franchise. Rockstar North also created Manhunt in 2003 and collaborated with other Rockstar Games studios on Manhunt 2 (2007), Red Dead Redemption (2010), L.A. Noire (2011), Max Payne 3 (2012), and Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018).

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Background and formation (1983–1988)
* 1.2 Initial games with Psygnosis and Lemmings (1988–1994)
* 1.3 Partnerships with Nintendo and BMG Interactive (1994–1997)
* 1.4 Sale to Gremlin Interactive (1997)
* 1.5 Sale to Take-Two Interactive (1997–2000)
* 1.6 Grand Theft Auto trilogy and rebranding as Rockstar North (2000–2004)
* 1.7 Grand Theft Auto IV, Grand Theft Auto V, and development collaborations (2004–2013)
* 1.8 Continued expansion and leadership dispute (2014–present)
* 2 Games developed
* 2.1 As DMA Design
* 2.2 As Rockstar North
* 2.3 Cancelled
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

### Background and formation (1983–1988)

Among the core members of the early DMA Design team were (from left to right) Russell Kay, Mike Dailly, Steve Hammond, Gary Timmons, and David Jones (pictured in 2011).[1][2]

Rockstar North was founded as DMA Design by the Dundee native David Jones. Having frequently played Space Invaders in his youth, he gained early programming knowledge when his secondary school, Linlathen High, obtained an Apple II computer and piloted O-level qualifications in computer studies.[3][4] In 1983, he took up an apprenticeship at the local plant of the electronics manufacturer Timex. Although the company was best known for producing watches, the Dundee factory also built home computers for Sinclair Research, including the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum, which had boosted interest in hobbyist programming in the area.[3][5] Timex paid for programming courses at the local Kingsway Technical College, which also hosted the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club (KACC).[3][4][6] Jones, the oldest attendee at the KACC, soon befriended Steve Hammond and Russell Kay.[3] Mike Dailly, the youngest participant at 14, joined the club at the recommendation of a friend in 1984 with the Plus/4 he had received for Christmas.[3][7] The quartet bonded over their shared interest in creating original games instead of playing or cloning existing ones.[3][4]

During their time at the KACC, Dailly and Hammond developed Freek Out for the Plus/4, which they finished and sold to the publisher Cascade for "a modest fee", while Jones and Kay cooperated on Moonshadow for the ZX Spectrum, which was eventually released as Zone Trooper.[3][6] Jones and Dailly also worked on The Game With No Name.[6] As Sinclair Research's market share dropped significantly during 1986, Timex enacted layoffs in Dundee.[3] Jones accepted a voluntary redundancy for GB£3,000, a roughly half-year salary that he invested into an Amiga 1000, and subsequently enrolled in computer science at the Dundee Institute of Technology (DIT).[6][8] Hammond also attended the DIT, and all four soon joined its computer club.[9] Because Jones easily passed the course's first year, he had much time to learn to programme for the Amiga and spent one year creating the shoot 'em up CopperCon1.[3] Working out of his parents' bedroom, he provisionally used the moniker "Acme".[6] The game featured graphics by the demoscene member Tony Smith, with whom he communicated by post, and sounds Dailly and Hammond recorded from a Salamander machine at a local arcade.[3][10]

After courting publishers at the Personal Computer World Show, Jones initially agreed to a publishing deal with Hewson Consultants but, fearing that his game would merely become the Amiga version of Zynaps, he walked away from the agreement.[2][3] Instead, he turned to the nascent Psygnosis in 1987 and agreed to a six-game publishing deal.[2][3] CopperCon1 was renamed Draconia, which was ultimately changed to Menace because the name was too similar to that of Draconus.[3][11] Jones also agreed to bring Psygnosis's Ballistix from the Amiga to the Commodore 64, for which he engaged Dailly and Hammond.[9][12] In his search for a company name to replace the already taken "Acme", Jones discussed alternatives with the members of the DIT's computer club in 1988.[2][6][9] Among others, "Milliard", "Visual Voyage", and "Alias Smith and Jones" (in reference to Menace's artist) were floated, and Jones finally settled on "DMA Design".[2][3] The abbreviation "DMA" stood for "direct memory access" in Amiga manuals but carried no meaning in the company name.[13] While "Direct Mind Access" was official briefly, Jones eventually began stating that the abbreviation was short for "Doesn't Mean Anything".[2][3][9] He formally founded DMA Design in 1988, when he was 22 years old.[14][15][16][17]

### Initial games with Psygnosis and Lemmings (1988–1994)

DMA Design inaugurated its first offices on 134B Nethergate in Dundee (top; pictured in 2005) in August 1989.[12][18] A plaque commemorating the twentieth anniversary of Lemmings was installed in February 2011.[19]

Menace was released in October 1988 after 18 months of development.[20][21] It was DMA Design's debut game and the first game under Psygnosis's Psyclapse label for budget-priced games.[3] Jones only received GB£0.75 for every copy sold, which he retrospectively viewed as a "terrible" deal. Still, the 20,000 sales allowed him to buy a car and regularly visit the Psygnosis offices to meet other game developers.[3][6] While working on a sequel to Menace, the difficulty of Jones's university programme spiked, leading him to drop out and pursue game development full-time, against the advice of his professors.[3][22] He intended to return after one year but never finished his studies, eventually receiving an honorary degree.[13][17] Jones hired Dailly, who had just been expelled from college, as the first employee in 1989. Dailly began working on a Commodore 64 conversion of Menace.[2][3][6] Hammond joined second on a part-time basis as he continued his education, followed shortly by Kay and Brian Watson, one of Jones's university friends.[2][6] The Menace sequel, Blood Money, was released in April 1989.[23] It sold 40,000 copies.[2][3] Gary Timmons joined the studio shortly after the game was completed, while Dailly developed its Commodore 64 version and began working on a PC Engine port of Shadow of the Beast for Psygnosis.[2][12] DMA Design also made Shadow of the Beast's Commodore 64 port and the PC Engine and MS-DOS versions for Ballistix.[2][21]

Jones's father-in-law, the owner of the Dundee fish and chip shop The Deep Sea, lent him a small office space above the shop's former location at 134B Nethergate in Dundee.[18][24] The infill building, built in 1893, is sometimes called the Wee Pink Nethergate House.[18] The office was inaugurated on 1 August 1989.[18][24] The studio continued to expand, also hiring many students to work part-time.[3][25] In 1990, DMA Design cancelled several projects: The Golden Axe-inspired Gore! was shelved due to technical restrictions of the Amiga at the time and the platformer Cutiepoo did not make adequate progress after one year of work by the freelance programmer Tony Colgan.[2][26] Jones further put aside his game Walker as he found he could not achieve his vision for it and stopped working on the Monster Cartridge, a cheat cartridge for the Amiga, after another such product was released first.[2]

Working remotely from Edinburgh, the programmer Ian Dunlop and artist Neill Glancy began to experiment with the technology from Walker.[3][27] When Dailly learned that they were working with characters just sixteen pixels tall, he challenged himself to create characters that were recognisable at half the height.[3] During one lunch break, he animated a demo of small characters walking in a line and being killed comically, to the amusement of the office. Kay remarked that a game could be created from this. Jones concurred and thought of a design in which the player should prevent the characters from being killed.[3][7] Kay wrote a demo before it was passed on to Dailly and later to Jones, who worked out the gameplay foundations with Timmons.[12] The game was named Lemmings upon Kay's suggestion and released in February 1991.[3][24] It sold 55,000 copies on its first day and was swiftly brought to other regions and platforms.[3][6] Jon Dye, another former KACC attendee, was hired later that year to bring the game to the ZX Spectrum.[28]

Lemmings had 20 million lifetime sales across 21 platforms.[6][29] At 25 years old, Jones became a millionaire and subsequently bought multiple luxury cars.[8][13] The company rapidly expanded and began working on several additional projects.[3] As Psygnosis sought DMA Design to produce Lemmings expansion packs and sequels in the wake of this success, the studio developed Oh No! More Lemmings (1991), Software:Lemmings 2: The Tribes (1993), and All New World of Lemmings (1994).[2] It also made the Christmas-themed Holiday Lemmings to be distributed for free on covermounts in 1991 and 1992, before Psygnosis made it a commercial release for 1993 and 1994.[30][31]

By November 1992, DMA Design had grown to 22 staff, including 10 former classmates of Jones, and relocated to proper offices at the Dundee Technology Park.[17] As Kay left DMA Design in 1993 to form Visual Sciences, Jones and Dailly hired Keith Hamilton as a replacement and put him in charge of All New World of Lemmings. This entry focused on larger, more detailed lemmings, which Hamilton and Jones later believed diminished the game's charm.[32] In the same year, Psygnosis released the Amiga-exclusive Walker and Hired Guns, which had been created principally by Scott Johnston with a story by Hammond.[33][34] All New World of Lemmings was the final game in Jones's original deal with Psygnosis. With the studio experiencing fatigue for the Lemmings series, Psygnosis hired other developers for subsequent entries, including Kay and Visual Sciences for Lemmings Paintball.[2][30][32]

### Partnerships with Nintendo and BMG Interactive (1994–1997)

After leaving Lemmings behind, DMA Design began researching development for the 3DO.[29] In another project, Psygnosis briefly had DMA Design emulate an in-development Star Wars game on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES).[35] During one trade show, Jones caught the attention of Nintendo with a full-motion video Star Wars clip running on the SNES, something previously believed impossible.[33][36] At the time, the company was seeking development partners for its upcoming Nintendo 64 console, which was then called Project Reality.[32][36] DMA Design signed a two-game contract—worth several million pounds—and joined Nintendo's "Dream Team" of external partners.[36][37] When this partnership was announced in April 1994, DMA Design was only Nintendo's second partner for the platform.[33][38] Using these funds, the studio grew to occupy 2,500 square feet (230 m2) of office space at the Dundee Technology Park and spent around GB£250,000 outfitting all rooms with high-end devices.[37] The partnership also led DMA Design to cease developing for the 3DO.[29][33] The studio steered clear of other consoles, like the PlayStation and Sega Saturn, because Jones disliked "multiformat publishing for the sake of it".[29]

DMA Design's first project for Nintendo was Unirally, a racing game featuring animated unicycles created using 2D sprites rendered from a 3D model.[39] Following the game's 1994 release for the SNES, the animation studio Pixar sued Nintendo over perceived similarities between the game's characters and the unicycle protagonist from Pixar's 1987 animated short film Red's Dream.[13][39] The judge ruled in Pixar's favour and the two companies agreed that Nintendo would cease the production of Unirally copies while Pixar was to receive a Nintendo 64 game development kit.[12][39] Despite the ruling, the game sold 300,000 copies.[39] DMA Design continued working with Nintendo on Kid Kirby, a spin-off in Nintendo's Kirby franchise made by Colgan after requesting a second chance from Jones.[2] The game featured a young version of the title character, who would have been launched around levels using the Super NES Mouse.[40] In November 1994, a team of five people commenced developing Body Harvest, scheduled to be a launch title for the Nintendo 64.[33][36]

In the meantime, Dailly was experimenting with ways to render 3D buildings from a top-down perspective. To showcase this technology, he devised a game that saw the player control a dinosaur and destroy the city. After adding cars to make the scene more lively, a colleague suggested having the player drive these cars instead.[41] Jones took notice of Dailly's project and passed it to a team that should turn it into a game.[12] In July 1993, The Liaison and Promotion Company began handling the marketing for DMA Design and its games, and it introduced the studio to potential partners for the project.[42] Jones consequently presented a prototype of the game, which became known as Race'n'Chase, to BMG Interactive, the recently formed games arm of Bertelsmann.[32][37] The two companies signed a GB£3.4 million contract in March 1995, wherein the studio would develop four games for the publisher.[42][43] According to The Liaison and Promotion Company, Jones had not informed the firm of the impending deal, instead claiming he would partner with another company, such as Virgin Interactive Entertainment. DMA Design and The Liaison and Promotion Company then severed ties just before the deal with BMG Interactive had been finalised, and this became a legal dispute when DMA Design refused to pay the marketing firm.[42]

The publishing agreement with BMG Interactive covered Race'n'Chase, Space Station Silicon Valley, Tanktics, and the stealth game Covert.[36] With the acquired funds, DMA Design intended to expand its offices and increase its 40-strong headcount, quickly growing to 130 people.[32][43] The company took over an additional 5,000 square feet (460 m2) of office space and expanded to two adjacent buildings, therein also setting up a GB£500,000 motion capture studio that found little usage.[44][45] Another section housed DMA Music with seven full-time musicians.[29] Race'n'Chase formally began production in March 1995.[46][47] The development team consisted mostly of recent graduates with little development experience, with Hamilton as the lead programmer.[32] As such, the unorganised team struggled with the development until Gary Penn moved from BMG Interactive to DMA Design as the game's creative director and producer.[46][48] BMG Interactive's production team, including the head of development Sam Houser, was hands-off during the development.[32][46]

Body Harvest progressed slowly and faced numerous delays, such that it missed its intended launch with the Nintendo 64.[2][36] The production also stalled on Kid Kirby and the climbing-themed action game Zenith, and Nintendo cancelled the former following the low sales of the Super NES Mouse.[2][36] Furthermore, the American division of BMG Interactive regularly pushed for Race'n'Chase to be cancelled because the team kept missing development milestones.[32][48] As the studio continued work on multiple games, several staffers believed Body Harvest would be a bigger hit.[46] With DMA Design struggling financially, Jones kept agreeing to game projects solely to receive sign-on bonuses and with no plans to complete them. At one point, the studio had seven or eight projects in development at the same time.[36] In the latter half of 1996, GT Interactive signed with DMA Design for Attack! and Clan Wars, despite neither draft having a proper team assigned.[36] Jones also sold the rights to Grand Theft Auto to BMG Interactive to help keep the studio afloat.[32] In November 1996, DMA Design opened a satellite studio in Boulder, Colorado.[49][50] Anthony Harman was installed as the studio's manager, and it had 27 employees by April 1997.[51]

### Sale to Gremlin Interactive (1997)

Games will always be here. ... If you do good games, they'll always sell well. What I like is that people are not daft anymore. ... There was a time when you could sell anything in this business. Anything. That was more disappointing – when the business was bigger it was because of that. Times are hard now, making people focus more on quality and innovation which is great.

David Jones, founder of DMA Design, 1997[29]

The development on Body Harvest stalled under the conflicting demands between the Japanese and American branches of Nintendo.[33][36] The team sought to keep up its relationship with Nintendo and caved in to these demands. Despite stark changes to the game's design, Nintendo was dissatisfied with the result and cancelled the game.[36] Still in financial disarray and wanting his company to focus on game development,[32][36] Jones arranged for Gremlin Interactive to acquire DMA Design for GB£4.2 million in April 1997.[14][52] The publisher was impressed with DMA Design's multi-use 3DMA game engine and wanted the two companies to cooperate on research and development.[2] It also expected DMA Design to become profitable within two years of the acquisition.[53] Gremlin Interactive introduced several project management methods—including Microsoft Project and Gantt charts—that the studio perceived as unnecessary bureaucracy. Additionally, the company made DMA Design finish games as quickly as possible, as opposed to Jones's prior methodology of releasing a game only once it is good.[36] Jones received a 5% stake in Gremlin Interactive and became a member of its board of directors.[22][54] He subsequently moved into the creative director role for DMA Design.[2] In May, the studio had 100 employees.[22]

A video taken in a snow-covered commercial area. The camera first focuses on a black-and-white sign reading "DMA Design", then pans across a large, dark-coloured office building. In the second half, the camera turns around and zooms in on the nearby mountain range, revealing a rock formation that resembles the top half of a thumb.DMA Design's satellite studio in Boulder, Colorado, was based near the Devil's Thumb rock formation it was later named after (pictured in 1996).

As another result of the acquisition, the Boulder studio was spun off as a separate company.[1][55] Under Harman's continued leadership, it was renamed Devil's Thumb Entertainment.[50][56] The Boulder studio had been developing a remake of Hired Guns for Psygnosis with Hammond as the writer. Being more passionate about this project than Grand Theft Auto, he left DMA Design to work on the remake in a freelance position, which he later said he regretted "ever since".[1][55] Devil's Thumb Entertainment also developed Mike Piazza's StrikeZone and Tides of War for GT Interactive.[57] In March 1999, the studio was acquired and absorbed by the developer VR-1, also based in Boulder.[58][59] The Hired Guns remake was never released.[60]

Two months after DMA Design's acquisition, Gremlin Interactive became a public company on the London Stock Exchange.[14][61] Jones's stake in the company was valued at GB£55 million at the time.[22] Meanwhile, Bertelsmann had decided to withdraw from the video game industry and shut down the American division of BMG Interactive. In its place, the release in North America was licensed to ASC Games.[32] Gremlin Interactive also picked up the rights to Body Harvest and engaged Midway Home Entertainment as the publisher in North America.[2][62] For Tanktics, the North American publishing rights were sold to Interplay Entertainment.[63] DMA Design further negotiated back the rights to Attack! and Clan Wars from GT Interactive.[64]

By July 1997, The Liaison and Promotion Company had sued DMA Design for GB£1.5 million over breach of contract in relation to the deal with BMG Interactive. Lord Penrose, presiding over the case at the Court of Session, then opined that the marketing firm had been pivotal in the deal being reached and that DMA Design had taken a "rather cynical action" by excluding it from the negotiations, asserting that the actions did constitute breach of contract.[42] Also in 1997, DMA Design became one of the founding members of the Scottish Game Alliance, alongside Visual Sciences and five other studios.[65] Meanwhile, in November 1997, Jones helped the Dundee Institute of Technology (now called the University of Abertay Dundee) introduce an unprecedented computer games degree. In 1998, DMA Design developed games for a game design course at Dundee College.[1][66]

### Sale to Take-Two Interactive (1997–2000)

In the lead-up to the debut of Race'n'Chase, now renamed Grand Theft Auto, BMG Interactive hired the publicist Max Clifford, who wanted to use controversy to market the game. Baron Campbell of Croy warned of the game at the United Kingdom's House of Lords in May 1997, and several tabloid newspapers called for it to be banned in the country.[32] Grand Theft Auto was released in November 1997 and, despite mixed reviews, quickly sold 500,000 units and generated GB£25 million.[67] Visual Sciences developed the PlayStation port for Grand Theft Auto, which was largely programmed by Kay and produced by Houser.[1][32][68] The success diminished the focus on other games, particularly Space Station Silicon Valley, and a sequel was soon approved.[69][70] Bertelsmann decided to ramp down BMG Interactive to reduce costs. At the same time, the publisher Take-Two Interactive was looking to grow its business and invited Houser to discuss his vision for game development.[69] As a result, Take-Two acquired BMG Interactive, since dormant, for 1.85 million shares worth US$14.2 million in March 1998.[69][71] Through the acquisition, Take-Two also obtained the intellectual property of Grand Theft Auto and Space Station Silicon Valley, and it published the former's PlayStation version in North America later that year.[32][71]

Houser subsequently moved over to Take-Two as its "vice president of worldwide product development", in charge of internal and external development studios.[69] The company also incrementally purchased all individual publishing rights for Grand Theft Auto from other companies to hold the exclusive rights to the game worldwide.[46] Body Harvest and Space Station Silicon Valley were released in late 1998 but were scarcely marketed, leading to meagre sales.[36] Houser and some of his former BMG Interactive colleagues joined Take-Two to form the Rockstar Games publishing label in December 1998.[46] The newborn company commissioned its internal studio, Rockstar Canada, to develop two expansions for the original game, Software:Grand Theft Auto: London 1969 and Grand Theft Auto: London 1961, which were released in 1999.[46]

In March 1999, the poor sales of Body Harvest contributed to dire financials at Gremlin Interactive that forced it into a GB£24 million takeover by the French publisher Infogrames.[14][72] During this year, Dailly left the company to join Kay at Visual Sciences as its head of research and development.[1][12] Under the new ownership, Gremlin Interactive published DMA Design's Wild Metal Country in May and Tanktics in June.[73][74] As Infogrames was more conservative and sought to produce child-friendly games, it did not wish to hold on to any assets related to Grand Theft Auto.[5][32] Take-Two Interactive bought DMA Design from the publisher in September 1999 for the nominal price of GB£1 while assuming US$12.3 million in debt.[14][75] DMA Design henceforth worked closely with Rockstar Games, which Houser described as a "perfect match".[76] During these ownership and managerial changes, several projects were cancelled, including Attack!, Grand Theft Auto and Wild Metal Country for the Nintendo 64, and an Unreal version for the 64DD.[2] At the time of Take-Two's acquisition, DMA Design was working on GTA 3D and Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World.[77][78]

Grand Theft Auto 2, published by Rockstar Games, was released in October 1999 and quickly sold more than 1 million copies, the first Take-Two game to do so.[79][80] Shortly thereafter, DMA Design established a satellite studio in the Leith area of Edinburgh to house the former teams of Body Harvest and Space Station Silicon Valley.[46][81] Among those who relocated there were Leslie Benzies, Aaron Garbut, and Obbe Vermeij, all of whom had worked on Space Station Silicon Valley.[32][36] Under the direction of Andrew Semple, the branch launched with 25 people.[82] While the Edinburgh location continued to develop a 3D Grand Theft Auto game, now modelled after Driver, the Dundee office was working on an expansion for Grand Theft Auto 2 set in Miami, of which the former was ultimately prioritised and became Grand Theft Auto III.[32] Jones was the last member of the original DMA Design team to work on this game.[2] However, unhappy with his studio's new overseas ownership, he departed the company in early 2000.[2][32] With three other former DMA Design employees, he formed the game studio Denki.[83] In February, alongside an investment in Denki, Rage Software hired Jones to oversee its operations in Scotland.[84] Jones bought out Rage Software's Dundee studio in 2002 to form Real Time Worlds, which went on to hire many past DMA Design staffers.[2][10] Benzies was soon appointed as the studio's development director and ultimately became its president.[85][86]

Rockstar Games released a Dreamcast port of Wild Metal Country, renamed Wild Metal, in February 2000.[87] Take-Two encouraged DMA Design to narrow its focus to fewer, larger game projects. Many staffers felt at odds with this shift, as it diminished the prior atmosphere they felt was driven by creativity.[46] The publisher closed the Dundee studio in March 2000, relocating many of the 35 staffers to Edinburgh and laying off the rest.[32][88] The move was to enable a merger between DMA Design, Rockstar Games, and Pixel Broadband Studios under the "Broadband Studios" name.[88] The combined entity would have largely leveraged Pixel Broadband Studios's online game technology.[89][90] Jim Woods, who had become the DMA Design's managing director by this time, resigned as he wished to stay in Dundee.[88] The merger was ultimately abandoned, as was Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World.[91]

### Grand Theft Auto trilogy and rebranding as Rockstar North (2000–2004)

The stylised capital letters "D", "M", and "A", respectively coloured red, green, and blue, stacked vertically to resemble a humanoid figure.The "DMA Man" was DMA Design's longest-running logo. Designed by Stewart Graham, it was adopted in 1994 after winning an internal design competition and replaced in 2001 for the release of Grand Theft Auto III.[92]

During the development of Grand Theft Auto III, DMA Design again expanded rapidly, forming a core team of 20 people and engaging "dozens more" in some capacity.[93] The total team encompassed 60 people.[94] The team retained the focus on a mostly unconstrained open world from the prior two games while introducing fully 3D graphics and a third-person view.[93][95][96] With much of the game planned out from the start, the development progressed smoothly, such that it was released for the PlayStation 2 in late 2001.[93] The game sold 6 million copies within one year and more than 15 million in total, exceeding the development team's expectations.[96] It was the best-selling game of 2001 and the second-best in 2002.[93] Grand Theft Auto III's approach to 3D open worlds has been referred to as genre-defining and inspired a number of successful titles, also spawning the category of Grand Theft Auto clones, which includes Software:The Simpsons: Hit & Run, Software:True Crime: Streets of LA, Driver 3, and Saints Row.[95][97]

Plans to outfit Grand Theft Auto III with an online multiplayer component were scrapped in favour of a follow up, Software:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.[93] Conceptualised as an expansion pack for Grand Theft Auto III, Rockstar Games made it a standalone product as its scope expanded. Vice City reused its predecessor's engine, such that the programmers were not engaged until six months before the end of the production, and lessons learned from the previous development cycle allowed the designers to plan features more efficiently. In the meantime, the programmers worked on bringing Grand Theft Auto III to personal computers.[96] In March 2002, DMA Design was renamed Rockstar Studios, which Houser described as the studio's "final integration" with Rockstar Games.[85][98] The name was revised to Rockstar North in May.[99] Vice City was completed in one year and released in late 2002.[96] For its work on the game, Rockstar North won the "best in-house development studio" and "creativity" awards at the first Develop Industry Excellence Awards in August 2003.[100]

Following Vice City's release, Rockstar North began work on Z, a zombie survival game set on a Scottish island. The game repurposed code from Vice City and was in production for around one month before the concept lost traction at the studio.[101][102] The studio's Manhunt, a stealth game, was released in 2003 after roughly three years in development.[103] Due to its dark tone and focus on realistic violence, it was considered the studio's pet project, and most people at Rockstar Games wanted no part in it.[104] Despite provoking controversy for its graphic depiction of violence, the game sold 1.5 million copies.[105][106] Rockstar North further assisted Rockstar Vienna and later Rockstar London in the production of a sequel, Manhunt 2, which entered into production in January 2004.[107][108]

Rockstar North's Software:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was given one year of additional development time over Vice City, which allowed the team to rework core parts of the gameplay and visuals.[109] It had a budget of less than $10 million.[110] By the end of the game's production, Rockstar North had relocated to offices on Calton Square in Edinburgh.[81][111] San Andreas was released in October 2004. In four days, the game generated $101 million and sold 2.1 million copies, 45% above Vice City's initial sales.[112] Alongside several other year-end accolades, San Andreas was named the "game of the year" at the 2004 Spike Video Game Awards and 2005 Golden Joystick Awards.[113][114] Grand Theft Auto III, Vice City, and San Andreas were bundled as Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy in 2006.[115] By 2008, they had amassed sales of 14.5 million, 17.5 million, and 21.5 million, respectively.[116]

### Grand Theft Auto IV, Grand Theft Auto V, and development collaborations (2004–2013)

After San Andreas, Rockstar North began producing Grand Theft Auto IV. At the same time, the studio commenced the production of a stealth game called Agent (codenamed Jimmy in reference to James Bond). A game with the same name and concept had previously been cancelled at the sister studio Rockstar San Diego, and Benzies was interested in furthering the idea. The studio was split evenly between the two projects, although Grand Theft Auto IV was soon prioritised over Agent. Although Agent was announced for the PlayStation 3 in 2009, its trademark was abandoned in 2018 and the listing was later removed from Rockstar Games's website.[101][102] Meanwhile, Rockstar North worked closely with Rockstar Leeds on three Grand Theft Auto games for handheld game consoles: Liberty City Stories, Vice City Stories, and Chinatown Wars.[117][118][119]

Grand Theft Auto IV's production encompassed 220 people at the studio and 1,000 worldwide. Benzies estimated the budget at $100 million.[120] Upon its April 2008 release, Grand Theft Auto IV broke the record for the highest revenue for a game within one day at $310 million from 3.6 million copies sold.[121] At the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards, the game won "game of the year" and earned Rockstar North a nomination for "best studio".[122][123] The studio continued with two expansion packs—The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony —which were later bundled as Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City.[124] In the meantime, the studio contributed to Rockstar San Diego's Red Dead Redemption in 2010 and Team Bondi's L.A. Noire in 2011.[125] For Max Payne 3 in 2012, Rockstar North assisted a number of other Rockstar Games studios collectively credited as "Rockstar Studios".[126]

Immediately following the completion of Grand Theft Auto IV, Rockstar North began preliminary work on Grand Theft Auto V.[127] Rockstar North's 360 employees formed the core of a worldwide team of 1,000 staff, including several other Rockstar Games studios.[82] The core development took roughly three years, and the game was released in September 2013.[127] The game broke the records for the best-selling and highest-grossing video game within one day and the fastest entertainment property to reach $1 billion in revenue at three days.[128][129] With continuing sales and the success of its online multiplayer counterpart, Grand Theft Auto Online, the game grossed an estimated $6 billion by 2018, making it the most profitable entertainment product of all time.[130] With 200 million copies sold as of March 2024, Grand Theft Auto V became the second-best-selling game ever, adding to the 425 million total sales for the series.[131][132]

### Continued expansion and leadership dispute (2014–present)

A modern office building featuring beige stone walls, large glass windows, and multiple terraces with greenery. The photo is taken from an adjacent hill, and leafless trees are visible in the foreground.From 2004 to 2014, Rockstar North occupied offices at Calton Square, 1 Greenside Row, Edinburgh; at the foot of Calton Hill.[81][111]

In 2014, Rockstar North took over 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2) of office space in Barclay House on Holyrood Road in Edinburgh. The building had been constructed for the previous tenant, the newspaper group The Scotsman, in 1999.[133] In the same year, the studio began receiving tax credits from the newly established Video Games Tax Relief system set up by the government of the United Kingdom. According to the investigative think tank TaxWatch UK, the studio had received GB£80 million by 2020, 37% of the system's total payout, while having not paid any corporation tax since 2009.[134][135] In response, Rockstar Games stated that the tax credits had enabled higher investments into the country, while The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment reported that the system had brought about a fourfold return on investment for the British economy.[135]

When Benzies went on a sabbatical in September 2014, his responsibilities as the studio head were picked up by Garbut and Rob Nelson, both art directors for the studio. He did not return, culminating in the announcement of his departure in January 2016.[136] On 12 April 2016, Benzies sued Rockstar Games, Take-Two, Sam Houser, and Dan Houser, claiming that the companies had withheld $150 million in royalty payments following his departure.[137][138] In the suit, he claimed that the Houser brothers had persuaded him to take a six-month sabbatical and fired his son and several friends during this absence.[139] As Benzies tried to return after the planned end of his sabbatical in April 2015, his building access had been disabled and the office manager ordered him off the premises.[137] The lawsuit stated that the three "Rockstar Principals"—himself and the Houser brothers—had established a shell corporation to evenly share profits and eventually leave Take-Two. Additionally, Benzies accused Sam Houser of having built a sexually charged culture at Rockstar Games and having ineptly handled the development of Red Dead Redemption.[137]

Take-Two quickly filed a counterclaim and described Benzies's claims as "entirely without merit and in many instances downright bizarre".[139][140] The claim asserted that, because Benzies had departed Rockstar North without a good cause, he was not entitled to any additional compensation.[137] The New York Supreme Court partially dismissed Benzies's lawsuit in April 2018 because the profit-sharing agreement did not guarantee equal pay for the Rockstar Principals, although he remained entitled to some royalties.[141] Take-Two later accused Benzies of poaching employees from Rockstar North for his newer studio, Royal Circus Games, and argued that the company's name and trademark had been deliberately chosen to have consumers confuse the two entities.[142][143] Royal Circus Games was renamed Build a Rocket Boy in October 2018 and, following a confidential settlement, the case was dismissed on 8 February 2019.[143][144]

For Red Dead Redemption 2, all Rockstar Games studios pooled their resources to act as one team.[145] By the time the game was released in October 2018, Rockstar North had grown to 650 employees.[146] In July 2021, Rockstar North bought Barclay House, where it had become the sole tenant, for GB£31 million and the adjacent Holyrood Park House, which it had since occupied parts of, for GB£18.25 million.[147][148] During 2022, the studio grew to occupy an additional 11,577 square feet (1,075.5 m2) of office space in the latter.[149]

Rockstar Games fired 31 studio employees on 30 October 2025, citing public discussion and distribution of confidential information.[150][151][152] The Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain (IWGB) accused the company of union busting, stating these employees were attempting to unionise with labour organisers on Discord.[152][153] Alex Marshall, the president of the IWGB, called the firings "the most blatant and ruthless act of union busting in the history of the games industry".[154] IWGB-organised protests outside the studio started on 6 November and were supported by Ross Greer, the co-leader of the Scottish Greens.[155][156] Rockstar Games's next release, Grand Theft Auto VI, was delayed on the same day. Journalists believed the firings did not cause the delay but could lead to missed deadlines,[157][158] and a Rockstar North employee said morale was "at rock bottom".[159][160] The IWGB issued legal claims against Rockstar Games on 12 November, citing the company's refusal to meet with the union.[161] More than 200 employees signed a petition demanding the workers' reinstatement, and Christine Jardine, the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh West, criticised the firings during a session of the House of Commons.[162][163] In December, the prime minister, Keir Starmer, called the events "deeply concerning" and said his ministers would investigate.[164]

## Games developed

### As DMA Design

Template:Sronly Year  | Title  | Platform(s)  | Publisher(s)  | Notes  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

1988  | Menace | Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS | Psygnosis |  | rowspan="20" Template:Centred
1989  | Ballistix | Commodore 64, MS-DOS, PC Engine  | Port development
Blood Money | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Commodore 64  |
Shadow of the Beast | Commodore 64, PC Engine  | Port development
1991  | Lemmings | 3DO, Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Amiga CD32, Amstrad CPC, Atari Lynx, Atari ST, CD-i, CDTV, Commodore 64, FM Towns, Game Boy, Game Gear, J2ME, Mac OS, Master System, Mega Drive, MS-DOS, Nintendo Entertainment System, PC-98, PC Engine, SAM Coupé, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, X68000, ZX Spectrum |
Oh No! More Lemmings | Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Atari ST, Mac OS, MS-DOS, SAM Coupé  |
1993  | Walker | Amiga  |
Software:Lemmings 2: The Tribes | Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Atari ST, FM Towns, Game Boy, Mega Drive, MS-DOS, Super Nintendo Entertainment System  |
Hired Guns | Amiga, MS-DOS  |
Holiday Lemmings 1993 | Amiga, Mac OS, MS-DOS  |
1994  | All New World of Lemmings | Amiga, MS-DOS  |
Holiday Lemmings 1994 | Amiga, MS-DOS  |
Unirally | Super Nintendo Entertainment System  | Nintendo |
1997  | Grand Theft Auto | MS-DOS, PlayStation, Windows | BMG Interactive, ASC Games, Take-Two Interactive |
1998  | Body Harvest | Nintendo 64 | Gremlin Interactive, Midway Home Entertainment  |
Space Station Silicon Valley | Nintendo 64, PlayStation  | Take-Two Interactive  |
1999  | Tanktics | Windows  | Gremlin Interactive, Interplay Entertainment |
Wild Metal Country | Dreamcast, Windows  | Gremlin Interactive, Rockstar Games |
Grand Theft Auto 2 | Dreamcast, PlayStation, Windows  | Rockstar Games  |
2001  | Grand Theft Auto III | Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox |

### As Rockstar North

Template:Sronly Year  | Title  | Platform(s)  | Publisher(s)  | Notes  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

2002  | Software:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City | Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox  | Rockstar Games  |  | Template:Centred
2003  | Manhunt | PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox  |  | Template:Centred
2004  | Software:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas | Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Windows, Windows Phone, Xbox, Xbox 360 |  | Template:Centred
2005  | Software:Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories | Android, Fire OS, iOS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable | Co-developed with Rockstar Leeds | Template:Centred
2006  | Software:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories | PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable  | Template:Centred
2007  | Manhunt 2 | PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Windows  | Supportive development for Rockstar London | Template:Centred
2008  | Grand Theft Auto IV | PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360  |  | Template:Centred
2009  | Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned | PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360  |  | Template:Centred
Software:Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars | Android, Fire OS, iOS, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable  | Co-developed with Rockstar Leeds  | Template:Centred
Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony | PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360  |  | Template:Centred
2010  | Red Dead Redemption | Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360  | Supportive development for Rockstar San Diego | rowspan="2" Template:Centred
2011  | L.A. Noire | Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One | Supportive development for Team Bondi
2012  | Max Payne 3 | macOS, PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360  | Developed as part of Rockstar Studios  | Template:Centred
2013  | Grand Theft Auto V | PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S  |  | Template:Centred
2018  | Red Dead Redemption 2 | PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One  |  | Template:Centred
2026  | Grand Theft Auto VI | PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S  |  | Template:Centred

### Cancelled

* Gore![2]
* Cutiepoo[2]
* Covert[36]
* Zenith[36]
* Kid Kirby[36]
* Attack![2][36]
* Clan Wars[2][36]
* Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World[91]
* Z[101][102]
* Agent[101][102]

## See also

* List of game companies in the United Kingdom

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 MacDonald, Ben (2 January 2024). "Grand Theft Auto's Dundee Masterminds – Where Are They Now?". https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/4837660/grand-theft-auto-dundee-dma-design-creators/.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 Jones, Darran (26 March 2009). "From the Archives: DMA Design". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (62): 84–91.
3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 Levene, Rebecca; Anderson, Magnus (2012). "Wandering Creatures". Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World. Aurum. pp. 156–170. ISBN 978-1-84513-704-5. https://archive.org/details/grandthievestomb0000ande/page/158/mode/2up.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sandbrook, Dominic (2015). The Great British Dream Factory: The Strange History of Our National Imagination. Penguin Books. pp. 163–168. ISBN 978-0-14-197931-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=IlPBBwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dorsey, Kristy (19 March 2005). "Making a Play for the Future". https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12395600.making-a-play-for-the-future-dave-jones-creator-of-notorious-grand-theft-auto-his-dream-is-of-massive-multiplayer-online-gaming-finds-kristy-dorsey/.
6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 McKay, Gabriel (12 November 2023). "Grand Theft Auto and Its Scottish Roots Ahead of Sixth Game". https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/homenews/23913934.grand-theft-auto-scottish-roots-ahead-sixth-game/.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Donnelly, Joe (21 January 2016). "The Making of: Lemmings". https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-making-of-lemmings.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 McLaughlin, Martyn (11 March 2012). "The Perfect Crime: Inside the Minds of the Scottish Creators of Grand Theft Auto". https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/the-perfect-crime-inside-the-minds-of-the-scottish-creators-of-grand-theft-auto-2473026.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Hammond, Steve (27 June 2012). "Steve Hammond's Manual Override". https://scottishgames.net/2012/06/27/steve-hammonds-manual-override/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wallis, Alistair (21 December 2006). "Playing Catch Up: GTA/Lemmings' Dave Jones". http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103142/Playing_Catch_Up_GTALemmings_Dave_Jones.php.'+Dave+Jones&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft.au=Wallis, Alistair&rft.date=21+December+2006&rft_id=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103142/Playing_Catch_Up_GTALemmings_Dave_Jones.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Company:Rockstar_North">
11. ↑ "Menace Spring Again...". The Games Machine (Newsfield) (13): 76. December 1988. https://archive.org/details/thegamesmachine-13/page/n75/mode/2up.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Drury, Paul (25 February 2016). "Desert Island Disks: Mike Dailly". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (152): 93–97.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Takahashi, Dean (9 July 2018). "Grand Theft Auto Creator Dave Jones: You Never Know When You've Got a Hit Idea". https://venturebeat.com/games/grand-theft-auto-creator-dave-jones-you-never-know-when-youve-got-a-hit-idea/view-all/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Gibson, Rick; Gibson, Nick (5 March 2008). "IP Profile: Grand Theft Auto". http://www.developmag.com/interviews/135/IP-profile-Grand-Theft-Auto.
15. ↑ Sleight, Christopher (7 December 2009). "How Dundee Became a World Gaming Hub". https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/8399935.stm.
16. ↑ Scott, Andrew Murray (2002). Modern Dundee: Life in the City Since World War Two. Breedon Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-85983-331-5. https://archive.org/details/moderndundeelife0000scot_z4e0/page/130/mode/2up.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Ogilvy, David (19 November 1992). "The Whizz-Kid With a Winning Game Plan". https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12579660.the-whizz-kid-with-a-winning-game-plan/.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Batchelor, Andrew (28 May 2024). "The History of the Wee Pink Nethergate House in Dundee". https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/the-history-of-the-wee-pink-nethergate-house-in-dundee.
19. ↑ Hillier, Brenna (15 February 2011). "Lemmings Celebrates 20th Birthday With Commemorative Plaque". https://www.vg247.com/lemmings-celebrates-20th-birthday-with-commemorative-plaque.
20. ↑ "Menace/Psygnosis". The Games Machine (Newsfield) (11): 14. October 1988. https://archive.org/details/thegamesmachine-11/page/n13/mode/2up.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Scotford, Laurence (January 1992). "The One Profile: David Jones". The One (EMAP) (40): 24. https://archive.org/details/The_One_Issue_040/page/2000/mode/2up.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Calder, Colin (28 May 1997). "College Flop's Game and Fortune". p. 17. https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-college-flops-game-and-for/143464539/.
23. ↑ Holborn, Jason (22 April 1989). "Money Makes the World Go Round". New Computer Express (Future Publishing) (24): 35. https://archive.org/details/new-computer-express-24_202005/page/6/mode/2up.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Horne, Marc (2 December 2015). "Four Geeks Meet — and Form World's Richest Entertainment Franchise". https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-100-tech/hardware-profile/article/four-geeks-meet-and-form-worlds-richest-entertainment-franchise-77vn36fj0pd.
25. ↑ Stuart, Keith (18 May 2015). "How We Made ... Grand Theft Auto". https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/18/how-we-made-grand-theft-auto.
26. ↑ "Tribble Trouble". Raze (Newsfield) (1): 9. November 1990. https://archive.org/details/RAZE_Issue_01_1990-11_Newsfield_Publishing_GB/page/n7/mode/2up.
27. ↑ Bevan, Mike (27 November 2015). "The Making of: Walker". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (149): 70–73.
28. ↑ McMahon, Liv (28 February 2021). "'We Were Basically The Big Bang Theory but 30 Years Ago': The Dundee Developers Who Became Scottish Video Game Legends With Lemmings". https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/we-were-basically-the-big-bang-theory-but-30-years-ago-the-dundee-developers-who-became-scottish-video-game-legends-with-lemmings-3147464.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 "Gamespotting". Next Generation (Imagine Publishing) (28): 98–104. April 1997. https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_28/page/n99/mode/2up.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Wild, Kim (21 June 2007). "The Making of... Lemmings 1 and 2". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (39): 78–83.
31. ↑ "The 12 Days of Last Christmas". 21 December 2007. https://www.eurogamer.net/the-12-days-of-last-christmas-article.
32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 32.17 32.18 Levene, Rebecca; Anderson, Magnus (2012). "Hit and Run". Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World. Aurum. pp. 265–286. ISBN 978-1-84513-704-5. https://archive.org/details/grandthievestomb0000ande/page/264/mode/2up.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Hammond, Steve (13 September 2012). "Steve Hammond's Manual Override – Developer Hell". https://scottishgames.net/2012/09/13/steve-hammonds-manual-override-developer-hell/.
34. ↑ Virtue, Graeme (14 September 2014). "After Lemmings Was a Hit, DMA Design Declared War With Walker". https://www.eurogamer.net/after-lemmings-was-a-hit-dma-design-declared-war-with-walker.
35. ↑ Browne, Richard (31 May 2012). "The Rise and Fall of Sony – Part 1". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-part-1.
36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 36.17 36.18 36.19 Zak, Robert (28 October 2021). "DMA Design: The Chaotic N64 Years That Led to Rockstar North". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (226): 78–83.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Kushner, David (2012). "Race'n'Chase". Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Wiley. pp. 20–26. ISBN 978-0-470-93637-5. https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/20/mode/2up.
38. ↑ Cunningham, Jennifer (20 May 1995). "That's Quite Some Game, Boy". https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12106933.thats-quite-some-game-boy/.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 McFerran, Damien (9 March 2010). "Feature: The Making of Unirally". https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2010/03/feature_the_making_of_unirally.
40. ↑ Hagues, Alana (14 June 2022). "Brand New Details on the Cancelled SNES Kirby Game Have Been Discovered". https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/06/brand-new-details-on-the-cancelled-snes-kirby-game-have-been-discovered.
41. ↑ Bennett, Magnus (28 November 2022). "The Birth Pangs of the Grand Theft Auto Franchise". https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-63742004.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 "Games Firm in £1.5m Legal Action". 30 July 1997. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12313999.games-firm-in-15m-legal-action/.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Ex-Timex Tycoon Expands Factory". 28 March 1995. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12127803.ex-timex-tycoon-expands-factory/.
44. ↑ Kushner, David (2012). "Gouranga!". Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Wiley. pp. 27–35. ISBN 978-0-470-93637-5. https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/26/mode/2up.
45. ↑ "Businesses Take Active Interest". 6 July 1995. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12099252.businesses-take-active-interest/.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 Yarwood, Jack (3 June 2021). ""It Was a Mess": The Chaotic Origins of Grand Theft Auto". Wireframe (Raspberry Pi Foundation) (51): 28–33. https://archive.org/details/Wireframe51/page/28/mode/2up.
47. ↑ Ransom-Wiley, James (22 March 2011). "Race'n'Chase: Original GTA Design Docs Posted". https://www.engadget.com/2011-03-22-race-n-chase-original-gta-design-docs-posted.html.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Yin-Poole, Wesley (16 September 2013). "How the First Grand Theft Auto Was Almost Cancelled". https://www.eurogamer.net/how-the-first-grand-theft-auto-was-almost-cancelled.
49. ↑ "About DTE". Devil's Thumb Entertainment. 1998. http://www.devilsthumb.com/aboutus.html.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Kelly, Kevin (22 September 2009). "AGDC: Interview with Brett Close, CEO of Curt Schilling's 38 Studios". https://www.engadget.com/2008-09-22-agdc-interview-with-brett-close-ceo-of-curt-schillings-38-stu.html.
51. ↑ Mitchell, Karen (29 April 1997). "Boulder Becoming a Software Center". Albuquerque Journal. Knight-Ridder Newspapers: p. B2. https://www.newspapers.com/article/albuquerque-journal-boulder-becoming-a-s/143464506/.
52. ↑ Barrow, Rebecca (28 May 1997). "Gremlin Games Pair to Sell a £6m Stake". The Daily Telegraph: p. 29. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-gremlin-games-pair-t/143464668/.
53. ↑ Carr, Miranda (13 November 1997). "Shearer in Gremlin's Stocking". The Daily Telegraph: p. 39. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-shearer-in-gremlins/143464732/.
54. ↑ "DMA Snatched by Gremlin". Edge (Future Publishing) (45): 11. May 1997. https://archive.org/details/Edge_Gaming/Edge Gaming Magazine 045/page/n9/mode/2up.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Hammond, Steve. "GTA Q&A". https://www.stevehammond.org/dmadesign/gta.html.
56. ↑ "Hired Guns". Next Generation (Imagine Publishing) (49): 46–47. January 1999. https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_49/page/n47/mode/2up.
57. ↑ "Unreal Scores Another Deal". 3 October 1998. https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/10/03/unreal-scores-another-deal.
58. ↑ "Online Game Developer VR-1, Inc. Acquires Two Console Game Developers to Expand Into the Online Console Game Market" (Press release). VR-1. 4 March 1999. Archived from the original on 30 September 1999.
59. ↑ Schulaka, Carly (26 October 1999). "Video Game Developer Explores Other Ideas". Herald News: p. B6. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-video-game-developer-exp/143407183/.
60. ↑ Churchill, James (5 February 2015). "The Making of: Hired Guns". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (138): 34–37.
61. ↑ Newman, Cathy (27 May 1997). "Gremlin Sets Out Its Stall to Double Profits". https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/gremlin-sets-out-its-stall-to-double-profits-1263895.html.
62. ↑ "Gremlin Undecided About Body Harvest". 17 April 1998. https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/04/17/gremlin-undecided-about-body-harvest.
63. ↑ Dunkin, Alan (24 November 1998). "Interplay Nabs More Gremlins". http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_11/24_pc_iplay/index.html.
64. ↑ "Gremlin Group Announces Strong Interim Results". Gremlin Interactive. 1998. http://www.gremlin.co.uk/interimreport.html.
65. ↑ Low, Bob (4 July 1997). "Aim for the Net". Daily Record: p. 55. https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-aim-for-the-net/143464597/.
66. ↑ "Hollywood Calls". Daily Record – Recruitment Record: p. 10. 30 July 1998. https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-hollywood-calls/143464863/.
67. ↑ Kushner, David (2012). "Eating the Hamster". Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Wiley. pp. 36–45. ISBN 978-0-470-93637-5. https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/36/mode/2up.
68. ↑ Crookes, David (1 March 2012). "The Making of: Grand Theft Auto". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (100): 80–85.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Kushner, David (2012). "Liberty City". Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Wiley. pp. 46–54. ISBN 978-0-470-93637-5. https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/46/mode/2up.
70. ↑ Barnes, Adam (27 December 2018). "The Making of: Space Station Silicon Valley". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (189): 82–85.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Johnston, Chris (12 March 1998). "Take 2 Takes BMG". http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_03/12_taketwo/index.html.
72. ↑ Cassy, John; Schofield, Jack (5 July 2000). "Lara Croft Falls Victim to the French as UK Loses Out in Cyber Takeovers". The Guardian: p. 3. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-lara-croft-falls-victim-to/143466264/.
73. ↑ Brooker, Charlie (May 1999). "Say Goodbye to the City, and Head for the... Wild Metal Country". PC Zone (Dennis Publishing) (76): 56–57. https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_Issue_076_1999-05_Dennis_Publishing_GB/page/n55/mode/2up.
74. ↑ Hill, Steve (July 1999). "Tanktics". PC Zone (Dennis Publishing) (78): 76–77. https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_78_July_1999/page/n77/mode/2up.
75. ↑ "Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 1999". Take-Two Interactive. 27 January 2000. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/000089155400000145/0000891554-00-000145.txt.
76. ↑ "Take-Two Interactive Software Announces the Acquisition of DMA Design, Ltd" (Press release). Take-Two Interactive. 29 September 1999. Archived from the original on 4 June 2000.
77. ↑ "Take Two". The Guardian: p. online|7. 7 October 1999. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-take-two/143466206/.
78. ↑ "No Stopping GTA". PC Zone (Dennis Publishing) (83): 21. December 1999. https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_83_December_1999/page/n19/mode/2up.
79. ↑ Kennedy, Sam (13 October 1999). "Rockstar's GTA2 Goes Gold". http://headline.gamespot.com/news/99_10/13_vg_gta/index.html.
80. ↑ "Sam Houser's CV – in His Own Words". MCV/Develop. 11 July 2008. https://mcvuk.com/business-news/publishing/sam-housers-cv-in-his-own-words/. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 "Grand Theft Auto's Scottish References and Easter Eggs". 31 January 2017. https://www.scotsman.com/news/grand-theft-autos-scottish-references-and-easter-eggs-606030.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 French, Michael (4 October 2013). "Inside Rockstar North – Part 2: The Studio". http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-2-the-studio/0184061.
83. ↑ Nutt, Christian (29 July 2009). "Interview: The Philosophy of Denki Games". https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/interview-the-philosophy-of-denki-games.
84. ↑ Berghammer, Billy (7 February 2000). "Ragin' Online GBA". https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/4580/ragin-online-gba.
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Scottish Developer Becomes Rockstar". 19 March 2002. https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/19/scottish-developer-becomes-rockstar.
86. ↑ Burnes, Andrew (1 March 2004). "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Announced". https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/03/01/grand-theft-auto-san-andreas-announced.
87. ↑ White, Matt (2 February 2000). "Wild Metal Deployed". https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/02/02/wild-metal-deployed.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 Dorsey, Kristy (22 March 2000). "DMA Pulls Out of Jute City". https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12199524.dma-pulls-out-of-jute-city/.
89. ↑ "Take Two Gets Wide". 10 March 2000. https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/take-two-gets-wide.
90. ↑ "DMA to Expand". 16 March 2000. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12225058.dma-to-expand/.
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Yarwood, Jack (26 August 2024). "The GTA Games, Ports and Expansions We Never Got to Play". https://www.timeextension.com/features/best-of-2024-the-gta-games-ports-and-expansions-we-never-got-to-play.
92. ↑ Yarwood, Jack (25 January 2024). "Random: The Creator of the DMA Design Logo Reflects on Its Legacy 30 Years Later". https://www.timeextension.com/news/2024/01/random-the-creator-of-the-dma-design-logo-reflects-on-its-legacy-30-years-later.
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 Crookes, David (8 November 2013). "The Making of: Grand Theft Auto III". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (122): 58–63.
94. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (25 November 2014). ""The Reality Is We're Not Really Interesting"". https://www.eurogamer.net/the-reality-is-were-not-really-interesting.
95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Hunt, Stuart (24 April 2008). "The History of... Grand Theft Auto". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (50): 46–53.
96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 Barnes, Adam (1 September 2023). "The Making of: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (250): 80–85.
97. ↑ Walker-Emig, Paul (31 October 2019). "Brave New Open Worlds". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (200): 84–87.
98. ↑ Bramwell, Tom (20 March 2002). "DMA Design Is No More..". https://www.eurogamer.net/article-45659.
99. ↑ "E3 2002: Rockstar Changes Name". 24 May 2000. https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-changes-name.
100. ↑ Boxer, Steve (4 September 2003). "Prepare to N-Gage". The Guardian: p. 20. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-prepare-to-n-gage/143466898/.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 Wales, Matt (22 November 2023). "Ex-Rockstar North Dev Spills on Agent, Abandoned Zombie Game, and More in Fascinating New Blog". https://www.eurogamer.net/ex-rockstar-north-dev-talks-agent-abandoned-zombie-game-in-fascinating-new-blog.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Evans-Thirlwell, Edwin (21 November 2023). "Rockstar Once Planned a Zombie Island Survival Game Using GTA: Vice City Code, but It Was Too "Depressing"". https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/rockstar-once-planned-a-zombie-island-survival-game-using-gta-vice-city-code-but-it-was-too-depressing.
103. ↑ Perry, Douglass C. (22 August 2003). "Manhunt". https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/08/22/manhunt-3.
104. ↑ Walker, John (27 July 2007). ""Manhunt Made Us Feel Icky"". https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/manhunt-made-us-feel-icky.
105. ↑ Gwinn, Eric; Buchanan, Levi (24 November 2003). "'Manhunt,' the next step in video game violence". https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/11/24/manhunt-the-next-step-in-video-game-violence/.
106. ↑ Martin, Matt (12 March 2008). "Grand Theft Auto series has sold 66 million units to date". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/grand-theft-auto-series-has-sold-66-million-units-to-date.
107. ↑ Hatfield, Daemon (2 November 2007). "Manhunt 2 Blackballs Rockstar Vienna". https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/02/manhunt-2-blackballs-rockstar-vienna.
108. ↑ Kuchera, Ben (8 February 2007). "Manhunt 2 Coming to the PS2, PSP, and... Wii?". https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/02/6946/.
109. ↑ Garratt, Patrick (14 July 2004). "Rockstar Speaks: The Art of GTA San Andreas". https://www.eurogamer.net/interview-13072004-gtaaarongarbut.
110. ↑ Prince, Marcelo; Roth, Peter (21 December 2004). "Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games". https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110243451698593254.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Freeman, Will (28 August 2009). "Profile: Scotland's Rockstar North". MCV/Develop. https://mcvuk.com/development-news/profile-scotlands-rockstar-north/. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
112. ↑ Feldman, Curt (15 November 2004). "NPD Calls October Sales Solid". https://www.gamespot.com/articles/npd-calls-october-sales-solid/1100-6113108/.
113. ↑ Jenkins, David (15 December 2004). "Spike TV Announces 2004 Video Game Award Winners". https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/spike-tv-announces-2004-video-game-award-winners.
114. ↑ Anderiesz, Mike (10 November 2005). "Golden Joystick awards: Winners and losers". https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/nov/10/games.guardianweeklytechnologysection1.
115. ↑ Goldstein, Hilary (7 November 2006). "GTA: The Trilogy". https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/11/07/gta-the-trilogy.
116. ↑ "Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. Recommendation of the Board of Directors to Reject Electronic Arts Inc.'s Tender Offer March 2008". Take-Two Interactive. 26 March 2008. p. 12. http://taketwovalue.com/documents/TTWO_Value.pdf#page=12.
117. ↑ Castro, Juan (14 October 2005). "GTA: Liberty City Stories Interview". https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/10/14/gta-liberty-city-stories-interview.
118. ↑ Bramwell, Tom (27 September 2006). "Vice Captain". https://www.eurogamer.net/i-vcs-gordonhall.
119. ↑ Harris, Craig (25 February 2009). "Rockstar Leeds Talks GTA DS". https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/25/rockstar-leeds-talks-gta-ds.
120. ↑ Bowditch, Gillian (27 April 2008). "Grand Theft Auto Producer Is Godfather of Gaming". https://www.thetimes.com/article/grand-theft-auto-producer-is-godfather-of-gaming-qhgtk0d3d8h.
121. ↑ Pham, Alex (8 May 2008). "'Grand Theft Auto IV' steals video game record". https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-08-fi-gta8-story.html.
122. ↑ Lang, Derrick J. (14 November 2008). "'Grand Theft IV' Up for Awards". Ledger-Enquirer. The Associated Press: p. A15. https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-grand-theft-iv-up-for/143467106/.
123. ↑ Garratt, Patrick (15 December 2008). "VGA 2008 – The Winners". https://www.vg247.com/vga-2008-the-winners.
124. ↑ Parfitt, Ben (26 May 2009). "GTA: The Ballad of Gay Tony Announced". MCV/Develop. https://mcvuk.com/business-news/gta-the-ballad-of-gay-tony-announced/. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
125. ↑ Simmons, Alex (12 November 2013). "Grand Theft Auto 5's Unseen Mastermind". https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/11/13/grand-theft-auto-5s-unseen-mastermind.
126. ↑ "Asked & Answered: Max Payne 3, L.A. Noire, Red Dead and More". Rockstar Games. 5 October 2011. https://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/ak14o88381o725/asked-answered-max-payne-3-la-noire-red-dead-and-more.html.
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 French, Michael (3 October 2013). "Inside Rockstar North – Part 1: The Vision". http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-1-the-vision/0183989.
128. ↑ Pitcher, Jenna (9 October 2013). "Grand Theft Auto 5 Smashes 7 Guinness World Records". https://www.polygon.com/2013/10/9/4819272/grand-theft-auto-5-smashes-7-guinness-world-records.
129. ↑ Goldfarb, Andrew (20 September 2013). "GTA 5 Sales Hit $1 Billion in Three Days". https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/20/gta-5-sales-hit-1-billion-in-three-days.
130. ↑ Donnelly, Joe (9 April 2016). "GTA 5 Estimated to Be the Most Profitable Entertainment Product of All Time". https://www.pcgamer.com/gta-5-estimated-to-be-the-most-profitable-entertainment-product-of-all-time/.
131. ↑ Middler, Jordan (16 May 2024). "GTA 5 Has Surpassed 200 Million Copies Sold, According to Take Two". https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-5-has-surpassed-200-million-copies-sold-according-to-take-two/.
132. ↑ Franzese, Tomas (16 May 2024). "Grand Theft Auto 6 Will Launch in Fall 2025". https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/grand-theft-auto-6-fall-2025-release-date/.
133. ↑ Donald, Colin (22 December 2013). "Scotsman Group Seeks New Headquarters as Rockstar Prepares to Move Into Barclay House". https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13137464.scotsman-group-seeks-new-headquarters-rockstar-prepares-move-barclay-house/.
134. ↑ MacDonald, Keza (29 July 2019). "Grand Theft Auto Maker Has Paid No UK Corporation Tax in 10 Years – Report". https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jul/29/grand-theft-auto-maker-uk-corporation-tax-rockstar-north-games.
135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 Batchelor, James (21 January 2020). "Rockstar Responds to Claims It Abuses Tax Relief". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/rockstar-responds-to-claims-it-abuses-tax-relief.
136. ↑ Klepek, Patrick (12 January 2016). "Rockstar North Boss Leslie Benzies Is Out After Nearly Two Decades". https://kotaku.com/rockstar-north-boss-leslie-benzies-is-out-after-nearly-1752495562.
137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 Sinclair, Brendan (12 April 2016). "Leslie Benzies Suing Rockstar Over $150 Million". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/leslie-benzies-suing-rockstar-over-usd150-million.
138. ↑ Sinclair, Brendan (12 April 2016). "Grand Theft Auto Devs Planned to Leave Take-Two". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/grand-theft-auto-devs-planned-to-leave-take-two.
139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 Campbell, Colin (14 April 2016). "The Great Grand Theft Auto Lawsuit Explained". https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/14/11428072/the-great-grand-theft-auto-lawsuit-explained.
140. ↑ Brightman, James (12 April 2016). "Rockstar: Benzies' Claims "Downright Bizarre"". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/rockstar-benzies-claims-downright-bizarre.
141. ↑ Taylor, Ivy (9 April 2018). "Former GTA Producer Suffers Setback in $150m Lawsuit Against Take Two". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/former-gta-producer-suffers-setback-in-usd150m-lawsuit-against-take-two.
142. ↑ Leask, David (7 January 2019). "First the Game, Then the Courtroom". https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17340954.first-game-courtroom/.
143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 McLaughlin, Martyn (5 January 2019). "Grand Theft Auto Pioneer Accused of Poaching Staff in Court Battle". https://www.scotsman.com/regions/grand-theft-auto-pioneer-accused-of-poaching-staff-in-court-battle-2512695.
144. ↑ Ostrager, Barry R. (8 February 2019). "Stipulation of Discontinuance of Action With Prejudice". New York Supreme Court. https://iapps.courts.state.ny.us/nyscef/ViewDocument?docIndex=idJ7VgKR6m8lEPirJiLa/g==.
145. ↑ Crecente, Brian (24 October 2018). "The Story Behind the Story of 'Red Dead Redemption 2'". https://variety.com/2018/gaming/features/red-dead-redemption-2-narrative-interview-1202992401/.
146. ↑ White, Sam (24 October 2018). "Red Dead Redemption 2: The Inside Story of the Most Lifelike Video Game Ever". https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/red-dead-redemption-2-interview.
147. ↑ Reid, Scott (22 July 2021). "Pandemic Dents Commercial Property Investment in Scotland but 'Reasons for Optimism' Emerging". https://www.scotsman.com/business/pandemic-dents-commprop-investment-but-reasons-for-optimism-emerging-3318262.
148. ↑ "Lismore Advises on £18.25m Sale of Edinburgh Office to Rockstar North". Lismore Real Estate Advisors. 12 July 2021. https://lismore-re.com/lismore-advises-on-18-25m-sale-of-edinburgh-office-to-rockstar-north/.
149. ↑ Reid, Scott (1 March 2023). "Contrasting Fortunes for Edinburgh and Glasgow Office Markets in 2022 After End-of-Year Flurry". https://www.scotsman.com/business/contrasting-fortunes-for-edinburgh-and-glasgow-office-markets-in-2022-after-end-of-year-flurry-4046153.
150. ↑ Bailey, Dustin (11 November 2025). "Union leader says fired GTA 6 devs weren't leaking Rockstar secrets, they were talking about working conditions on a private Discord: 'They should be legally protected to do that'". https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/union-leader-says-fired-gta-6-devs-werent-leaking-rockstar-secrets-they-were-talking-about-working-conditions-on-a-private-discord-they-should-be-legally-protected-to-do-that/.
151. ↑ McMahon, Liv; Vallance, Chris (7 November 2025). "Grand Theft Auto studio accused of 'union busting' after sacking workers". Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251112013202/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Schreier, Jason (5 November 2025). "Grand Theft Auto Studio Says Fired Employees Were Leaking Information". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-05/-grand-theft-auto-studio-says-fired-employees-were-leaking-information.
153. ↑ Schreier, Jason (31 October 2025). "Grand Theft Auto Studio Accused of Union Busting After Firings". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-31/-grand-theft-auto-studio-accused-of-union-busting-after-firings.
154. ↑ Bonifield, Stevie (31 October 2025). "GTA VI developer accused of union busting in mass firings". Archived from the original on 31 October 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251031225223/https://www.theverge.com/news/811999/gta-vi-rockstar-games-union-busting. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
155. ↑ Grayson, Nathan (10 November 2025). "Following Firings And Grand Theft Auto VI Delay, Union Plans To Keep Pressure On Rockstar". https://aftermath.site/grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-union-protest-rockstar/.
156. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (6 November 2025). "'Grand Theft Employment!' – Protests Outside Take-Two and Rockstar North Offices as Fired Staff Deny Leaking Company Secrets". https://www.ign.com/articles/grand-theft-employment-protests-outside-take-two-and-rockstar-north-offices-as-fired-staff-deny-leaking-company-secrets.'''Grand+Theft''+Employment!'+–+Protests+Outside+Take-Two+and+Rockstar+North+Offices+as+Fired+Staff+Deny+Leaking+Company+Secrets&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Yin-Poole&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft.au=Yin-Poole, Wesley&rft.date=6+November+2025&rft_id=https://www.ign.com/articles/grand-theft-employment-protests-outside-take-two-and-rockstar-north-offices-as-fired-staff-deny-leaking-company-secrets&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Company:Rockstar_North">
157. ↑ Richardson, Tom (7 November 2025). "Why does GTA 6 keep getting delayed?". Archived from the original on 7 November 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233020/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2nr219xk0o. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
158. ↑ Lucas, James (7 November 2025). "Grand Theft Auto 6 Delay Is Reportedly All About Polishing To 'Prevent A Cyberpunk Scenario'". https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-6-gta-vi-delay-reportedly-prevent-cyberpunk-2077-launch/.
159. ↑ Hernandez, Patricia (7 November 2025). "As GTA 6 gets delayed, fired Rockstar employees paint a grim picture". https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/.
160. ↑ Blazewicz, Jacob (7 November 2025). "Rockstar North morale is said to be exceptionally low, and not necessarily because of another GTA 6 delay". https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3.
161. ↑ Blake, Vikki (12 November 2025). "Union files formal legal claims against Rockstar amid union-busting accusations". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/union-files-formal-legal-claims-against-rockstar-amid-union-busting-accusations.
162. ↑ Chalk, Andy (13 November 2025). "Rockstar is now under pressure from UK Parliament as protests grow and 220 employees demand fired workers be reinstated". https://www.pcgamer.com/games/rockstar-is-now-under-pressure-from-uk-parliament-as-protests-grow-and-220-employees-demand-fired-workers-be-reinstated/.
163. ↑ Peppiatt, Dom (13 November 2025). "Rockstar's controversial dismissal of 31 employees is such a big deal, it's made its way to UK Parliament". https://www.eurogamer.net/rockstars-controversial-dismissal-of-31-employees-is-such-a-big-deal-its-made-its-way-to-uk-parliament.
164. ↑ Phillips, Tom (10 December 2025). "UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Says Rockstar Firing 31 GTA 6 Developers Over Alleged Union Busting is 'Deeply Concerning' And Pledges That Ministers Will Now Investigate". https://www.ign.com/articles/uk-prime-minister-sir-keir-starmer-says-rockstar-firing-31-gta-6-developers-over-alleged-union-busting-is-deeply-concerning-and-pledges-that-ministers-will-now-investigate.

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