Sony

Sony Group Corporation

Logo used since 1973

File:Sony headquaters 1.jpg

Headquarters in Minato, Tokyo

Native name

| ソニーグループ株式会社

Romanized name

| Sonī Gurūpu kabushiki-gaisha
Formerly|

* Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (1946Template:Nbndash1957)
* Sony Corporation (1958Template:Nbndash2021)[lower-alpha 1][1]

Type| Public

Traded as

* TYO: 6758
* NYSE: SONY
* Nikkei 225 component
* TOPIX Core30 component

Industry| Conglomerate
Founded| 7 May 1946; 80 years ago (1946-05-07)
Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan[2]
Founders|

* Masaru Ibuka
* Akio Morita

Headquarters| Sony City,

Minato, Tokyo

Japan

Area served

| Worldwide

Key people

* Kenichiro Yoshida
(Executive Chairman)
* Hiroki Totoki
(President and CEO)
* Lin Tao
(Chief Financial Officer)

Products|

* Automotive
* Anime
* Cameras
* Computer hardware
* Consumer electronics
* Films
* Music
* Robots
* Semiconductors
* Telecommunications equipment
* Television shows
* Video games

Services|

* Advertising agency
* Network services

Revenue|  ¥12.87 trillion
(US$90.14 billion) (2024)

Operating income

|  ¥1.44 trillion
(US$10.09 billion) (2024)

Net income

|  ¥957.4 billion
(US$6.69 billion) (2024)
Total assets|  ¥32.76 trillion (US$229.25 billion) (2024)
Total equity|  ¥8.04 trillion
(US$56.26 billion) (2024)

Number of employees

| 113,000[3] (2023)
Subsidiaries| List of assets owned by Sony
Website| sony.com
Footnotes / references
Financials as of fiscal year ended 31 March 2021[update].
References:[4][5]

Script error: The function "nihongo_foot" does not exist., commonly referred to as Script error: The function "nihongo_foot" does not exist., is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered at Sony City in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.[6] The Sony Group encompasses various businesses, including electronics (Sony Corporation), imaging and sensing (Sony Semiconductor Solutions), film (Sony Pictures Entertainment), music (Sony Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment Japan), video games (Sony Interactive Entertainment), and others.

Sony was founded in 1946 as initially Script error: The function "nihongo_foot" does not exist. by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita. In 1958, the company adopted the name Script error: The function "nihongo_foot" does not exist. Initially an electronics firm, it gained early recognition for products such as the TR-55 transistor radio and the CV-2000 home video tape recorder, contributing significantly to Japan's post-war economic recovery.[7][8][9] After Ibuka's retirement in the 1970s, Morita served as chairman until 1994, overseeing Sony's rise as a global brand recognized for innovation in consumer electronics.[10] Landmark products included the Trinitron color television, the Walkman portable audio player, and the co-development of the compact disc.[7][11]

Expanding beyond electronics, Sony acquired Columbia Records in 1988 and Columbia Pictures in 1989, while also entering the home video game console market with the launch of the PlayStation in 1994. In Japan, the company further diversified by establishing a financial services division, that would be turned into a separate company in September 2025, with the group maintaining 20% of the shares. In 2021, the company was renamed Sony Group Corporation as it transitioned into a holding company structure, with its electronics business continuing under the name Sony Corporation.

As of 2020[update], Sony holds a 55% share of the global image sensor market, making it the largest image sensor manufacturer,[12] the second largest camera manufacturer,[13] a semiconductor sales leader,[14] and the world's third-largest television manufacturer by sales.[15][16][17][18]

Although Sony is not part of a traditional keiretsu, it has historical ties to the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, dating back to the 1950s when it relied exclusively on Mitsui Bank for financing.[19][20] Sony is publicly traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (a component of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices) and also maintains American depositary receipts on the New York Stock Exchange, where it has been listed since 1961.[19] As of 2021, it ranked 88th on the Fortune Global 500[21] and 57th on the 2023 Forbes Global 2000 list.[22]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo
* 1.2 Name
* 1.3 Globalization
* 2 Formats and technologies
* 2.1 Video recording
* 2.2 Visual display
* 2.3 Audio recording
* 2.4 Audio encoding
* 2.5 Optical storage
* 2.6 Disk storage
* 2.7 Flash memory
* 2.8 Communication
* 2.9 Video gaming
* 2.10 Continued research and development
* 3 Business units
* 3.1 Electronics products & solutions
* 3.1.1 Audio
* 3.1.2 Car audio
* 3.1.3 Video
* 3.1.4 Photography and videography
* 3.1.5 Computing
* 3.1.6 Healthcare and biotechnology
* 3.1.7 Mobility
* 3.1.8 Robotics
* 3.2 Imaging & sensing solutions
* 3.3 Game & network services
* 3.4 Pictures and music
* 3.4.1 Sony Pictures Entertainment
* 3.4.2 Sony Music Group and SMEJ
* 3.4.3 Anime
* 3.5 Financial services
* 3.6 Others
* 3.6.1 Electric vehicles and batteries
* 4 Corporate information
* 4.1 Institutional ownership
* 4.2 Business trends
* 4.3 Community engagement
* 5 Criticism & controversies
* 5.1 Environmental record
* 5.2 Cartel
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links
* 11 History
* 12 Studios
* 12.1 Former
* 13 Other divisions
* 13.1 ICE Team
* 13.2 XDev
* 14 References
* 15 External links

## History

### Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo

Sony's first product was an electric rice cooker in the late 1940s.[23]

Sony began in the wake of World War II. In 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in Shirokiya,[24] a department store building in the Nihonbashi area of Tokyo. The company started with a capital of ¥190,000[25] and a total of eight employees.[26] On 7 May 1946, Ibuka was joined by Akio Morita to establish a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (東京通信工業, Tōkyō Tsūshin Kōgyō; Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation).[27] The company built Japan's first tape recorder, called the Type-G.[27][11] In 1958, the company changed its name to "Sony".[28]

### Name

Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo founders Morita and Ibuka realized that to achieve success and grow, their business had to expand to the global market, which required labeling their products with a short and easy brand name.[29] While looking for a romanized name, they at first strongly considered using their initials, TTK. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK.[27] The company occasionally used the syllabic acronym "Totsuko" in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was "Tokyo Teletech" until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name.[30]

The name "Sony" was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words: one was the Latin word "sonus", which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was "sonny", a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a young boy.[31][32] In 1950s Japan, "sonny boys" was a loan word in Japanese, which connoted smart and presentable young men, which Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka considered themselves to be.[31]

The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, but the company name did not change to Sony until January 1958.[33]

At the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time, Mitsui, had strong feelings about the name. They pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's chairman gave their approval.[27]

### Globalization

According to Schiffer, Sony's TR-63 radio "cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics."[34] By the mid-1950s, American teens had begun buying portable transistor radios in huge numbers, helping to propel the fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units in 1955 to 5 million units by the end of 1968.[35]

File:Vintage Advertising For The Sony Cube Transistor Radio (Model TR-1819) In An American Department Stores Ad In The Fort Myers Florida News Press Newspaper, July 22, 1966 (49158891557).jpg

Advertising for transistor radio models TR-6, TR-63, TR-72 (1957), and TR-1819 "Cube Radio" (1966)

Sony co-founder Akio Morita founded Sony Corporation of America in 1960.[26] In the process, he was struck by the mobility of employees between American companies, which was unheard of in Japan at that time.[26] When he returned to Japan, he encouraged experienced, middle-aged employees of other companies to reevaluate their careers and consider joining Sony.[26] The company filled many positions in this manner, and inspired other Japanese companies to do the same.[26] Moreover, Sony played a major role in the development of Japan as a powerful exporter during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s,[36] supplying the U.S. Military with bomb parts used in the Vietnam War.[37] It also helped to significantly improve American perceptions of "made in Japan" products.[38] Known for its production quality, Sony was able to charge above-market prices for its consumer electronics and resisted lowering prices.[38]

In 1971, Masaru Ibuka handed the position of president over to his co-founder Akio Morita. Sony began a life insurance company in 1979, one of its many peripheral businesses. Amid a global recession in the early 1980s, electronics sales dropped and the company was forced to cut prices.[38] Sony's profits fell sharply. "It's over for Sony", one analyst concluded. "The company's best days are behind it."[38]

Around that time, Norio Ohga took up the role of president. He encouraged the development of the compact disc (CD) in the 1970s and 1980s, and of the PlayStation in the early 1990s. Ohga went on to purchase CBS Records in 1988 and Columbia Pictures in 1989, greatly expanding Sony's media presence. Ohga would succeed Morita as chief executive officer in 1989.[39]

A Sony TR-730 transistor radio made in Japan, c. 1960

Despite some successes, the company faced continued struggles in the mid- to late-2000s.[36] In 2012, Kazuo Hirai was promoted to president and CEO, replacing Stringer. Shortly thereafter, Hirai outlined his company-wide initiative, named "One Sony" to revive Sony from years of financial losses and bureaucratic management structure, which proved difficult for former CEO Stringer to accomplish, partly due to differences in business culture and native languages between Stringer and some of Sony's Japanese divisions and subsidiaries. Hirai outlined three major areas of focus for Sony's electronics business, which include imaging technology, gaming and mobile technology, as well as a focus on reducing the major losses from the television business.[40]

In February 2014, Sony announced the sale of its Vaio PC division to a new corporation owned by investment fund Japan Industrial Partners and spinning its TV division into its own corporation as to make it more nimble to turn the unit around from past losses totaling $7.8 billion over a decade.[41] Later that month, they announced that they would be closing 20 stores.[42] In April, the company announced that they would be selling 9.5 million shares in Square Enix (roughly 8.2 percent of the game company's total shares) in a deal worth approximately $48 million.[43] In May 2014 the company announced it was forming two joint ventures with Shanghai Oriental Pearl Group to manufacture and market Sony's PlayStation game consoles and associated software in China.[44]

In 2015, Sony purchased Toshiba's image sensor business.[45]

Sony Style store in Bangkok, Thailand

Sony Store (after rebranding from Sony Style[46]) in Markville Shopping Centre, Canada

It was reported in December 2016 by multiple news outlets that Sony was considering restructuring its U.S. operations by merging its TV & film business, Sony Pictures Entertainment, with its gaming business, Sony Interactive Entertainment. According to the reports, such a restructuring would have placed Sony Pictures under Sony Interactive's CEO, Andrew House, though House would not have taken over day-to-day operations of the film studio.[47][48][49] According to one report, Sony was set to make a final decision on the possibility of the merger of the TV, film, & gaming businesses by the end of its fiscal year in March of the following year (2017).[47]

In 2017, Sony sold its lithium-ion battery business to Murata Manufacturing.[50][51][52]

In 2019, Sony merged its mobile, TV and camera businesses.[53][54]

On 1 April 2020, Sony Electronics Corporation was established as an intermediate holding company to own and oversee its electronics and IT solutions businesses.

On 19 May 2020, the company announced that it would change its name to Sony Group Corporation as of 1 April 2021. Subsequently, Sony Electronics Corporation would be renamed to Sony Corporation.[55] On the same day the company announced that it would turn Sony Financial Holdings (currently Sony Financial Group), of which Sony already owns 65.06% of shares, to a wholly owned subsidiary through a takeover bid.[56]

On 1 April 2021, Sony Corporation was renamed Sony Group Corporation. On the same day, Sony Mobile Communications Inc. absorbed Sony Electronics Corporation, Sony Imaging Products & Solutions Inc., and Sony Home Entertainment & Sound Products Inc. and changed its trade name to Sony Corporation.[57]

## Formats and technologies

Sony has historically been notable for creating its own in-house standards for new recording and storage technologies, instead of adopting those of other manufacturers and standards bodies, while its success in the early years owes to a smooth capitalization on the Digital Compact Cassette standard introduced by Philips,[58] with which Sony went on to enjoy a decades-long technological relationship in various areas. Sony (either alone or with partners) has introduced several of the most popular recording formats, including the 3.5-inch floppy disk, compact disc and Blu-ray disc.[59]

### Video recording

Sony introduced U-matic, the world's first videocassette format, in 1971, but the standard was unpopular for domestic use due to the high price.[60] The company subsequently launched the Betamax format in 1975.[61] Sony was involved in the videotape format war of the early 1980s, when they were marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC.[62] In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs.[62]

Betamax is, for all practical purposes, an obsolete format. Sony's professional-oriented component video format called Betacam, which was derived from Betamax, was used until 2016 when Sony announced it was stopping production of all remaining 1/2-inch video tape recorders and players, including the Digital Betacam format.[63]

In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8 format.[64] Video8 and the follow-on hi-band Hi8 format became popular in the consumer camcorder market. In 1987 Sony launched the 4 mm DAT or Digital Audio Tape as a new digital audio tape standard.[65]

### Visual display

Sony held a patent for its proprietary Trinitron until 1996.

Sony introduced the Triluminos Display, the company's proprietary color reproduction enhancing technology, in 2004, featured in the world's first LED-backlit LCD televisions.[66] It was widely used in other Sony's products as well, including computer monitors, laptops, and smartphones.[67] In 2013, Sony released a new line of televisions with an improved version of the technology, which incorporated quantum dots in the backlight system. It was the first commercial use of quantum dots.[68][69]

In 2012, the company revealed a prototype of an ultrafine RGB LED display, which it calls the Crystal LED Display.[70]

### Audio recording

Sony used the Compact Cassette format in many of its tape recorders and players, including the Walkman, the world's first portable music player.[71] Sony introduced the MiniDisc format in 1992 as an alternative to Philips DCC or Digital Compact Cassette and as a successor to the Compact Cassette.[72] Since the introduction of MiniDisc, Sony has attempted to promote its own audio compression technologies under the ATRAC brand, against the more widely used MP3. Until late 2004, Sony's Network Walkman line of digital portable music players did not support the MP3 standard natively.

In 2004, Sony built upon the MiniDisc format by releasing Hi-MD. Hi-MD allows the playback and recording of audio on newly introduced 1 GB Hi-MD discs in addition to playback and recording on regular MiniDiscs. In addition to saving audio on the discs, Hi-MD allows the storage of computer files such as documents, videos and photos.

### Audio encoding

In 1993, Sony challenged the industry standard Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound format with a newer and more advanced proprietary motion picture digital audio format called SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound).[73] This format employed eight channels (7.1) of audio opposed to just six used in Dolby Digital 5.1 at the time.[73] Ultimately, SDDS has been vastly overshadowed by the preferred DTS (Digital Theatre System) and Dolby Digital standards in the motion picture industry. SDDS was solely developed for use in the theatre circuit; Sony never intended to develop a home theatre version of SDDS.[74][75]

Sony and Philips jointly developed the Sony-Philips digital interface format (S/PDIF) and the high-fidelity audio system SACD. The latter became entrenched in a format war with DVD-Audio. Still, neither gained a major foothold with the general public. CDs had been preferred by consumers because of the ubiquitous presence of CD drives in consumer devices until the early 2000s when the iPod and streaming services became available.[76]

In 2015, Sony introduced LDAC, a proprietary audio coding technology which allows streaming high-resolution audio over Bluetooth connections at up to 990 kbit/s at 32 bit/96 kHz. Sony also contributed it as part of the Android Open Source Project starting from Android 8.0 "Oreo", enabling every OEM to integrate this standard into their own Android devices freely. However the decoder library is proprietary, so receiving devices require licenses. On 17 September 2019, the Japan Audio Society (JAS) certified LDAC with their Hi-Res Audio Wireless certification. Currently the only codecs with the Hi-Res Audio Wireless certification are LDAC and LHDC, another competing standard.

### Optical storage

Front side of a Sony 200GB Blu-ray disc

Sony demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in 1977 and soon joined hands with Philips, another major contender for the storage technology, to establish a worldwide standard.[77] In 1983, the two companies jointly announced the Compact Disc (CD). In 1984, Sony launched the Discman series, an expansion of the Walkman brand to portable CD players. Sony began to improve performance and capacity of the novel format. It launched write-once optical discs (WO) and magneto-optical discs which were around 125MB size for the specific use of archival data storage, in 1986 and 1988 respectively.[78]

In the early 1990s, two high-density optical storage standards were being developed: one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density Disc (SD), supported by Toshiba and many others. Philips and Sony abandoned their MMCD format and agreed upon Toshiba's SD format with only one modification. The unified disc format was called DVD and was introduced in 1997.

Sony was one of the leading developers of the Blu-ray optical disc format, the newest standard for disc-based content delivery. The first Blu-ray players became commercially available in 2006. The format emerged as the standard for HD media over the competing format, Toshiba's HD DVD, after a two-year-long high-definition optical disc format war.

Sony's laser communication devices for small satellites rely on the technologies developed for the company's optical disc products.[79]

### Disk storage

In 1983, Sony introduced 90 mm micro diskettes, better known as 3.5-inch (89 mm) floppy disks, which it had developed at a time when there were 4" floppy disks, and many variations from different companies, to replace the then on-going 5.25" floppy disks. Sony had great success and the format became dominant. 3.5" floppy disks gradually became obsolete as they were replaced by current media formats. Sony held more than a 70 percent share of the market when it decided to pull the plug on the format in 2010.[80][81]

Sony still develops magnetic tape storage technologies along with IBM,[82] and are one of only two manufacturers of Linear Tape-Open (LTO) cartridges.

### Flash memory

In 1998, Sony launched the Memory Stick format, the flash memory cards for use in Sony lines of digital cameras and portable music players. It has seen little support outside of Sony's own products, with Secure Digital cards (SD) commanding considerably greater popularity. Sony has made updates to the Memory Stick format with Memory Stick Duo and Memory Stick Micro. The company has also released USB flash drive products, branded under the Micro Vault line.[83]

### Communication

Sony introduced FeliCa, a contactless IC card technology primarily used in contactless payment, as a result of the company's joint development and commercialization of Near-Field Communication (NFC) with Philips. The standard is largely offered in two forms, either chips embedded in smartphones or plastic cards with chips embedded in them. Sony plans to implement this technology in train systems across Asia.[84]

In 2019, Sony launched the ELTRES, the company's proprietary low-power wide-area wireless communication (LPWAN) standard.[85]

### Video gaming

Until 1991, Sony had little direct involvement with the video game industry. The company supplied components for other consoles, such as the sound chip for the Super Famicom from Nintendo, and operated a video game studio, Sony Imagesoft.[86] As part of a joint project between Nintendo and Sony that began as early as 1988, the two companies worked to create a CD-ROM version of the Super Famicom,[87] though Nintendo denied the existence of the Sony deal as late as March 1991.[88] At the Consumer Electronics Show in June 1991, Sony revealed a Super Famicom with a built-in CD-ROM drive, named the "Play Station" (also known as SNES-CD). However, a day after the announcement at CES, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony, opting to go with Philips instead but using the same technology.[89] The deal was broken by Nintendo after they were unable to come to an agreement on how revenue would be split between the two companies.[89] The breaking of the partnership infuriated Sony President Norio Ohga, who responded by appointing Kutaragi with the responsibility of developing the PlayStation project to rival Nintendo.[89]

At that time, negotiations were still on-going between Nintendo and Sony, with Nintendo offering Sony a "non-gaming role" regarding their new partnership with Philips. This proposal was swiftly rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony. Negotiations officially ended in May 1992 and in order to decide the fate of the PlayStation project, a meeting was held in June 1992, consisting of Sony President Ohga, PlayStation Head Kutaragi and several senior members of Sony's board. At the meeting, Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD-ROM-based system he had been working on which involved playing video games with 3D graphics to the board. Eventually, Sony President Ohga decided to retain the project after being reminded by Kutaragi of the humiliation he suffered from Nintendo. Nevertheless, due to strong opposition from a majority present at the meeting as well as widespread internal opposition to the project by the older generation of Sony executives, Kutaragi and his team had to be shifted from Sony's headquarters to Sony Music, a completely separate financial entity owned by Sony, so as to retain the project and maintain relationships with Philips for the MMCD development project (which helped lead to the creation of the DVD)

### Continued research and development

In 2021, the WIPO's annual review of the World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Sony's as ninth in the world for the number of patent applications published under the PCT System. 1,793 patent applications were published by Sony during 2020.[90] This position is up from their previous ranking as 13th in 2019 with 1,566 applications.[91]

## Business units

Sony at Westfield Riccarton shopping centre in Christchurch, New Zealand

Sony offers a wide variety of product lines in many areas. At its peak, it was dubbed as a "corporate octopus", for its sprawling ventures from private insurance to chemicals to cosmetics to home shopping to a Tokyo-based French food joint, in addition its core businesses such as electronics and entertainment.[92] Even after it has unwound many business units including Sony Chemicals and Vaio PC, Sony still runs diverse businesses.

As of 2020, Sony is organized into the following business segments: Game & Network Services (G&NS), Music, Pictures, Electronics Products & Solutions (EP&S), Imaging & Sensing Solutions (I&SS), Financial Services, and Others.[93] Usually, each business segment has a handful of corresponding intermediate holding companies under which all the related businesses are folded into, such as Columbia Records being part of Sony Music Group, a subsidiary and, at the same time, a holding company for Sony's music businesses, along with SMEJ.

### Electronics products & solutions

Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics Corporation until 1 April 2021[94]) is the electronics business unit of the Sony Group. It primarily conducts research and development (R&D), planning, designing, manufacturing and marketing for electronics products. Sony Global Manufacturing & Operations Corporation (SGMO) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation and responsible for managing manufacturing operations both in Japan and overseas, through its own factories as well as third party contract manufacturers.

#### Audio

First Sony Walkman TPS-L2 from 1979 (expo in Sony Building at Ginza, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo)[95]

In 1979, Sony released the world's first portable music player, the Walkman, bundled with the MDL-3L2 headphones. This line fostered a fundamental change in music listening habits by allowing people to carry music with them and listen to music through lightweight headphones.[71][96] Originally used to refer to portable audio cassette players, the Walkman brand has been widely adopted by the company to encompass its portable digital audio and video players as well as a line of former Sony Ericsson mobile phones. In the case of optical disc players, the Discman brand was used until the late 1990s. In 2025, a model TPS-L2 cassette Walkman from 1979 was included in Engineering:Pirouette: Turning Points in Design, an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art featuring "widely recognized design icons [...] highlighting pivotal moments in design history."[95][97][98]

The Sony NW-A3000, the company's flagship digital player in 2005 that attempted to reincarnate Walkman

In 1999 Sony's first portable digital audio players were introduced; one was a player using Memory Stick flash storage created by the Walkman division, and the other was a smaller pen-sized player with embedded flash storage created by the Vaio division; both accompanied with Sony's OpenMG copyright protection technology and PC software for music transfer.[99][100] Sony continue to develop Walkman digital audio players, although it was unable to capture the large share and influence in the digital world as it did in the cassette era.

Sony is a major audio products manufacturer and one of the active noise control technology leaders.[101][102]

Sony's high-end microphones and headphones for professional use are produced at Sony/Taiyo Corporation, a designated special subsidiary at which 67% of employees have a disability, in Ōita Prefecture, Japan.[103]

#### Car audio

Sony partnered with Chery to provide OEM car audio for vehicles such as the Tiggo 8 and Tiggo 9, Ford to provide OEM audio for their vehicles such as the F-150, Fiesta, Focus, Mondeo and Taurus, Jaecoo with the Jaecoo 7, Omoda with their Omoda 5 and Omoda 9, Toyota with their Avensis and the Celica, Volkswagen with their Golf, Passat and also the Polo.[104][105] A specialist Sony Xplod audio system was fitted to the Ford GTX1 supercar.[106] Sony currently produces aftermarket car audio with their Mobile ES series.[107]

#### Video

Sony KV-1320UB Trinitron from 1969

Sony produced the TV8-301, the world's first all-transistor television, in 1959.[108] In 1968, the company introduced the Trinitron brand name for its lines of aperture grille cathode-ray tube televisions and afterwards computer monitors. Sony stopped production of Trinitron for most markets, but continued producing sets for markets such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and China. Sony discontinued its series of Trinitron computer monitors in 2005. The company discontinued the last Trinitron-based television set in the U.S. in early 2007. The end of Trinitron marked the end of Sony's analog television sets and monitors.

Sony used the LCD WEGA name for its LCD TVs until summer 2005. The company then introduced the BRAVIA name. BRAVIA is an in-house brand owned by Sony which produces high-definition LCD televisions, projection TVs and front projectors, home cinemas and the BRAVIA home theatre range. All Sony high-definition flat-panel LCD televisions in North America have carried the logo for BRAVIA since 2005. In 2006, Sony lost its decades-long No.1 market share in the global television market. In November 2007, the Sony XEL-1, the first OLED television, was released and manufactured for two years. Later in 2013, Sony demonstrated the first 4K OLED television.[109][110] As of 2012, Sony was the third-largest maker of televisions in the world and the business unit had been unprofitable for eight consecutive years.[111]

The logo of Bravia television. Its backronym is "Best Resolution Audio Visual Integrated Architecture".

From 2011, Sony started restructuring of its loss-making television business, mainly by downsizing business units and outsourcing the manufacturing of display panels to the companies like Sharp Corporation, LG Display, and Samsung Electronics.[112] In December 2011, Sony agreed to sell all stake in an LCD joint venture with Samsung Electronics (S-LCD) for about $940 million.[113] On 28 March 2012, Sony and Sharp announced that they have agreed to further amend the joint venture agreement originally executed by the parties in July 2009, as amended in April 2011, for the establishment and operation of Sharp Display Products Corporation ("SDP"), a joint venture to produce and sell large-sized LCD panels and modules.[114] The agreement was eventually terminated as Sony parted ways.[115] Sony's small-sized LCD business subsidiary and medium-to-large-sized OLED display business unit were spun off and became part of Japan Display and JOLED, respectively.[116]

In 2017, Sony launched OLED televisions under the BRAVIA brand.[117]

Also, Sony has sold a range of tapes, discs, recorders and players for videocassette, DVD, and Blu-ray formats for decades.

#### Photography and videography

A Sony Cyber-shot digital camera

Digital Sony SLT camera α99 II

Sony offers a wide range of digital cameras. Its point-and-shoot models are branded Cyber-shot, while DSLRs and mirrorless models are branded Alpha, though Sony no longer makes DSLRs. It also produces action cameras and camcorders, with the company's cinema-grade products being sold under the CineAlta name.

Sony demonstrated a prototype of the Sony Mavica in 1981 and released it for the consumer market in 1988. The first Cyber-shot was introduced in 1996. Sony's market share of the digital camera market fell from a high of 20% to 9% by 2005.[118][119]

Sony entered the market for digital single-lens reflex cameras in 2006 when it acquired the camera business of Konica Minolta. Sony rebranded the company's line of cameras as its Alpha line. Sony is the world's third largest manufacturer of the cameras, behind Canon and Nikon respectively.

In 2010, Sony introduced their first mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras, which were the NEX-3 and the NEX-5. They also started a new lens mount system, which was the E-mount. There were quite a few NEX models out there, when Sony decided to melt the NEX series into the Alpha series. The first Alpha MILC was the α3000, which was introduced in August 2013. It was followed by the Full-Frame α7 and α7R in October, then the successors of the NEX-5, the NEX-6 and NEX-7, the α5000 and the α6000 in 2014. The α6000 became the most popular MILC ever and Sony became the largest MILC manufacturer.

#### Computing

File:Sony SOBAX ICC-400W.jpgFour-function electronic desktop calculator (early 1970s) Notebook Sony Vaio. Sony axed its loss-making PC business in 2014.

Sony produced computers (SMC-777 (jp) personal computer, MSX home computers and NEWS workstations) during the 1980s. The company withdrew from the computer business around 1990. Sony entered again into the global computer market under the new VAIO brand, began in 1996. Short for "Video Audio Integrated Operation", the line was the first computer brand to highlight visual-audio features.[119]

Sony faced considerable controversy when some of its laptop batteries exploded and caught fire in 2006, resulting in the largest computer-related recall to that point in history.[120][121][122]

In a bid to join the tablet computer market, the company launched its Sony Tablet line of Android tablets in 2011. Since 2012, Sony's Android products have been marketed under the Xperia brand used for its smartphones.[123]

On 4 February 2014, Sony announced that it would sell its VAIO PC business due to poor sales[124] and Japanese company Japan Industrial Partners (JIP) will purchase the VAIO brand, with the deal finalized by the end of March 2014.[125] As of 2018, Sony maintained a 5% stake in the new, independent company.

In the 1990s, Sony was contracted to manufacture laptop computers for Apple and Dell.[126][127] The Raspberry Pi Foundation delegates the manufacture of its single-board computers to Sony. Most Raspberry Pi computers are made at Sony UK Technology Centre in Pencoed, Wales, UK.[128][129][130]

#### Healthcare and biotechnology

Sony has targeted medical, healthcare and biotechnology business as a growth sector in the future. The company acquired iCyt Mission Technology, Inc. (renamed Sony Biotechnology Inc. in 2012), a manufacturer of flow cytometers, in 2010 and Micronics, Inc., a developer of microfluidics-based diagnostic tools, in 2011.

In 2012, Sony announced that it would acquire all shares of So-net Entertainment Corporation, the largest shareholder of M3, Inc., an operator of portal sites (m3.com, MR-kun, MDLinx and MEDI:GATE) for healthcare professionals.

On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture to develop new surgical endoscopes with 4K resolution (or higher) and 3D capability.[131] Sony Olympus Medical Solutions Inc. (Sony 51%, Olympus 49%) was established on 16 April 2013.[132]

On 28 February 2014, Sony, M3 and Illumina established a joint venture called P5, Inc. to provide a genome analysis service for research institutions and enterprises in Japan.[133]

#### Mobility

Xperia, the product device name for a range of smartphones from Sony

A historical Sony CMD-CD5 mobile phone

Sony Xperia Z, introduced and released in 2013. The first smartphone with a Full HD display.

In 2000, Sony was a marginal player in the mobile phone market with a share of less than 1 percent. In 2001, Sony entered into a joint venture with Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson, forming Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications.[134] Initial sales were rocky, and the company posted losses in 2001 and 2002. However, Sony Ericsson reached a profit in 2003. The company distinguished itself with multimedia-capable mobile phones, which included features such as cameras. These were unusual at the time. Despite their innovations, Sony Ericsson faced intense competition from Apple's iPhone, which was released in 2007. From 2008 to 2010, amid a global recession, Sony Ericsson slashed its workforce by several thousand. In 2009, Sony Ericsson was the fourth-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world (after Nokia, Samsung and LG).[135] By 2010, its market share had fallen to sixth place.[136] Sony acquired Ericsson's share of the venture in 2012 for over US$1 billion.[134] Sony Mobile focuses exclusively on the smartphone market under the Xperia brand.

In 2013, Sony contributed to around two percent of the mobile phone market with 37 million mobile phones sold.[137] Sony Mobile's sales reached a peak in 2014 with 40 million handsets, the volume has since decreased. Sony shipped 13.5 million phones in 2017, 6.5 million in 2018, and 2.9 million handsets in FY 2020.[138]

#### Robotics

File:Sony Qrio Robot 2.pngSony QRIO, a humanoid robot

Since the late 1990s, Sony has released numerous consumer robots, including dog-shaped robots called AIBO, a music playing robot called Rolly, and a humanoid robot called QRIO. Despite being a pioneer in the field, Sony had ceased robotics-related operations for 10 years due to financial difficulties, until it decided to revive them in 2016.[139]

In 2015, Sony partnered with an autonomous driving startup ZMP INC. to establish an aerial surveillance and reconnaissance drone manufacturer named Aerosense.[140] At the CES 2021, Sony unveiled a drone with the brand Airpeak, the smallest of its kind that can incorporate a Sony Alpha camera according to the company, entering the drone business on its own for the first time.[141]

In 2019, as part of the London Design Festival, Sony Design showcased Affinity in Autonomy, a conceptual environmental art installation in the Prince Consort Gallery of the Victoria and Albert Museum that represented the company's vision of the future of AI and Robotics.[142][143]

### Imaging & sensing solutions

Sony traces its roots in the semiconductor business back to 1954, when it became the first Japanese company to commercialize the transistor, invented and licensed by Bell Labs, whilst some of the biggest and well-established names in Japan at the time like Toshiba and Mitsubishi Electric initially stuck with vacuum tubes they had been thriving on; despite being an expert on the vacuum tube himself, Ibuka saw potential of the novel technology and had Morita negotiate the terms for licensing, making Sony into one of the earliest and the youngest licensees of the transistor, together with Texas Instruments.[144][145][146] In 1957, Sony employee Leo Esaki and his colleagues invented a tunnel diode (usually referred to as Esaki diode) by which they discovered the quantum tunneling effect in solids, for which Esaki received the Nobel prize in Physics in 1973.[147] Sony has commanded a dominant share in the charge-coupled device market.[148]

As of 2020, Sony is the world's largest manufacturer of CMOS image sensors as its chips are widely used in digital cameras, tablet computers, smartphones, drones and more recently, self-driving systems in automobiles.[149]

As of 2020, the company, through its chip business arm Sony Semiconductor Solutions, designs, manufactures, and sells a wide range of semiconductors and electronic components, including image sensors (HAD CCD, Exmor), image processors (BIONZ), laser diodes, system LSIs, mixed-signal LSIs, emerging memory storage, emerging displays (microLED, microOLED, and holographic display), multi-functional microcomputer (SPRESENSE), etc.[150]

In 2020, Sony has launched the first intelligent vision sensors with AI edge computing capabilies.[151]

### Game & network services

Main article: Company:Sony Interactive Entertainment

Sony Interactive Entertainment headquarters in San Mateo, California

Sony Interactive Entertainment (formerly Sony Computer Entertainment) is most notable for producing PlayStation consoles. The line grew out of a failed partnership with Nintendo. Originally, Nintendo requested Sony to develop an add-on for its Super Nintendo Entertainment System that would play CD-ROMs. In 1991 Sony announced the add-on, as well as a dedicated console known as the "Play Station". However, a disagreement over software licensing for the console caused the partnership to fall through. Sony then continued the project independently.

Launched in 1994, the first PlayStation gained 61% of global console sales and broke Nintendo's long-standing lead in the market.[152] Sony followed up with the PlayStation 2 in 2000, which was even more successful. The console has become the most successful of all time, selling over 150 million units as of 2011[update]. Sony released the PlayStation 3, a high-definition console, in 2006. It was the first console to use the Blu-ray format, and was considerably more expensive than the competitors Xbox 360 and Wii due to the Cell processor.[119]

Early on, poor sales performance resulted in significant losses for the company, pushing it to sell the console at a loss.[153] The PlayStation 3 sold generally more poorly than its competitors in the early years of its release but managed to overtake the Xbox 360 in global sales later on.[154] It later introduced the PlayStation Move, an accessory that allows players to control video games using motion gestures.

The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console of all time.

The PlayStation 5 is the current-generation video game console by Sony.

Sony extended the brand to the portable games market in 2004 with the PlayStation Portable (PSP). The console has sold reasonably, but has taken a second place to a rival handheld, the Nintendo DS. Sony developed the Universal Media Disc (UMD) optical disc medium for use on the PlayStation Portable. Early on, the format was used for movies, but it has since lost major studio support. Sony released a disc-less version of its PlayStation Portable, the PSP Go, in 2009. The company went on to release its second portable video game system, PlayStation Vita, in 2011 and 2012. Sony launched its fourth console, the PlayStation 4, on 15 November 2013, which as of 31 December 2017 has sold 73.6 million units globally.[155]

On 18 March 2014, at GDC, president of SCE Worldwide Studios Shuhei Yoshida announced their new virtual reality technology dubbed Project Morpheus, and later named PlayStation VR, for PlayStation 4. The headset brought VR gaming and non-gaming software to the company's console. According to a report released by Houston-based patent consulting firm LexInnova in May 2015, Sony is leading the virtual reality patent race. According to the firm's analysis of nearly 12,000 patents or patent applications, Sony has 366 virtual reality patents or patent applications.[156] PlayStation VR was released worldwide on 13 October 2016.[157]

On 31 March 2019, the successor to the PlayStation 4 was announced and on 12 November 2020, the PlayStation 5 was released in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. The console was launched in Indonesia on 22 January 2021. Upon completion of the fiscal quarter, Sony sold 4.5 million PlayStation 5 consoles, keeping pace with the best-selling console of all time, the PlayStation 2.[158]

### Pictures and music

Sony Entertainment has two divisions: Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Music Group (Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music Publishing). Sony USA previously owned and operated Sony Trans Com: a technology business that provided in-flight entertainment programming as well as video and audio playback equipment for the airline industry. Sony had purchased the business from Sundstrand Corp. in 1989 and subsequently sold it to Rockwell Collins in 2000.[159][160]

In 2012, Sony rolled most of its consumer content services (including video, music and gaming) into the Sony Entertainment Network, the predecessor of PlayStation Network.

#### Sony Pictures Entertainment

The entrance to the Sony Pictures Entertainment studio lot in Los Angeles, California

Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. (SPE) is the television and film production/distribution unit of Sony. With 12.5% box office market share in 2011, the company was ranked third among movie studios.[161] Its group sales in 2010 were US$7.2 billion.[162][163] The company has produced many notable movie franchises, including Spider-Man, The Karate Kid and Men in Black. It has also produced the popular television game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune.

Sony entered the television and film production market when it acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment in 1989 for $3.4 billion. Columbia lives on in the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, a division of SPE which in turn owns Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures among other film production and distribution companies such as Screen Gems, Sony Pictures Classics, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. SPE's television division is known as Sony Pictures Television.

For the first several years of its existence, Sony Pictures Entertainment performed poorly, leading many to suspect the company would sell off the division.[164] In 2006, Sony started using ARccOS Protection on some of their film DVDs, but later issued a recall.[165]

In late 2014, Sony Pictures became the target of a hack attack from a clandestine group called Guardians of Peace, weeks before releasing the anti-North Korean comedy film The Interview.[166]

In February 2024, Sony entered into an agreement with Disney under which Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Corporation of Japan will handle the release of Disney products on DVD and Blu-ray on a licensing model, as well as production on physical media. Sony will market, sell and distribute new Disney releases and catalog films on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra DVD through Canadian and American retailers and distributors.[167]

#### Sony Music Group and SMEJ

Sony Music Entertainment headquarters in New York City, United States

Sony Music Entertainment (also known as SME or Sony Music) is the largest global recorded music company of the "big three" record companies and is controlled by Sony Corporation of America, the United States subsidiary of Sony.

In one of its largest-ever acquisitions, Sony purchased CBS Record Group in 1988 for US$2 billion.[168] In the process, Sony partnered and gained the rights to the ATV catalogue of Michael Jackson, considered by the Guinness Book of World Records to be the most successful entertainer of all time. The acquisition of CBS Records provided the foundation for the formation of Sony Music Entertainment, which Sony established in 1991.

In 1968, Sony and CBS Records had formed a 50:50 joint-venture CBS/Sony Records, later renamed CBS/Sony Group, in Japan. When CBS Records was acquired, a 50% stake in CBS/Sony Group owned by CBS was also transferred to Sony. In March 1988, four wholly owned subsidiaries were folded into CBS/Sony Group and the company was renamed as Sony Music Entertainment Japan (SMEJ). It operates independently of Sony Music as it is directly owned by Japanese Sony.

In 2004, Sony entered into a joint venture with Bertelsmann AG, merging Sony Music Entertainment with Bertelsmann Music Group to create Sony BMG. In 2005, Sony BMG faced a copy protection scandal, because its music CDs had installed malware on users' computers that was posing a security risk to affected customers.[169] In 2007, the company acquired Famous Music for US$370 million, gaining the rights to the catalogues of Eminem and Akon, among others. Sony bought out Bertelsmann's share in Sony BMG and formed a new Sony Music Entertainment in 2008. Since then, the company has undergone management changes.

Sony purchased digital music recognition company Gracenote for US$260 million in 2008.[170] Tribune Media Company acquired Gracenote from Sony in 2014 for $170 million.[171]

Besides its record label, Sony operates other music businesses. In 1995, Sony merged its publisher with Michael Jackson's ATV Music Publishing, forming Sony/ATV Music Publishing. At the time, the publishing company was the second largest of its kind in the world. The company owns the publishing rights to over 4 million compositions, including The Beatles' Lennon–McCartney catalogue, Bob Dylan, Eminem, Lady Gaga, Sam Smith, Ed Sheeran, and Taylor Swift.

In 2012, Sony/ATV acquired a majority stake in EMI Music Publishing, becoming the world's largest music publishing company. In 2018, Sony bought the rest of the shares in the publisher, making it a wholly owned subsidiary.[172][173] Since 2016, Sony owns all of Sony/ATV.[174]

#### Anime

File:SME Rokubancho Building.jpgAniplex headquarters in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan

Sony's entering into the Japanese animation, or anime, business happened in 1995 when its Sony Music Entertainment Japan (SMEJ) division established Aniplex as its subsidiary managing creative productions, which founded A-1 Pictures, the first anime studio of Sony, ten years later. Since then, through group-wide and international ventures,[175] Sony has solidified its position in the industry, elevating the business to what is called the "fourth pillar of its entertainment portfolio" according to The Nikkei.[176]

The anime business operations of Sony are scattered around the group, mainly in its Pictures and Music units, as follows: SMEJ's notable related businesses include Aniplex and its subsidiaries CloverWorks and A-1 Pictures; Aniplex and U.S.-headquartered Sony Pictures co-own U.S.-based anime distribution company Crunchyroll, which since 2022, has become the successor company to Funimation, which it acquired in 2017 and included subsidiaries such as Wakanim (absorbing into Crunchyroll itself) and Madman Anime (to be rebranded as Crunchyroll Pty. Ltd.)[177]

In December 2020, Funimation announced that it would buy AT&T's animation business Crunchyroll for $1.175 billion, which would help the company to compete more globally with entertainment giants such as Netflix.[178] This acquisition was completed in August 2021.[179]

### Financial services

Headquarters of Sony Financial Group in Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan

Sony Financial Group is a holding company for Sony's financial services business which includes Sony Life (in Japan and the Philippines), Sony Assurance, Sony Bank, etc. The unit proved to be the most profitable of Sony's businesses in FY 2005, earning $1.7 billion in profit.[92] Sony Financial's low fees have aided the unit's popularity while threatening Sony's premium brand name.[92]

### Others

#### Electric vehicles and batteries

A company behind the commercialization of lithium-ion battery,[180] Sony had been exploring the possibility to manufacture the batteries for electric vehicles.[181][182][183] In 2014, Sony participated within NRG Energy eVgo Ready for Electric Vehicle (REV) program, for EV charging parking lots.[184] However, the company then decided to sell its lithium-ion battery business to Murata Manufacturing in 2016.[185]

In 2015, Sony invested $842,000 in ZMP INC., drawing speculations that it is contemplating developing self-driving cars.[186] In January 2020, Sony unveiled a concept electric car at the Consumer Electronics Show, named Vision-S, designed in collaboration with components manufacturer Magna International.[187] At the occasion, Sony also stated its goal of developing technology for the automotive sector, especially concerning autonomous driving, sensors, and in-car entertainment.[188]

In 2022, Sony Group and Honda launched a joint venture for their electric vehicle partnership, Sony Honda Mobility (SHM), which would deliver its first electric vehicles by 2026 and sell them online, starting in the United States and Japan.[189][190] The joint venture announced their new "Afeela" brand and its first prototype model at the CES 2023.[191]

## Corporate information

### Institutional ownership

Sony is a kabushiki kaisha (joint stock company) listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in Japan with American depositary receipts listed on New York Stock Exchange. As of 31 March 2023[update], the largest shareholders of Sony are as follows:[192]

* The Master Trust Bank of Japan–nominated investment trusts (main account; 17.95%)
* Citibank (as depositary bank for American depositary receipt holders; 8.91%)
* Japan Trustee Services Bank–nominated investment trusts
* Main trust account (6.1%)
* Trust account 7 (2.4%)
* Trust account 5 (2.1%)
* JPMorgan Chase Bank (3.2%)

### Business trends

The key trends for Sony are (as of the financial year ending March 31):[193][194]

| Revenue (¥ tr)  | Net profit (¥ bn)  | Total assets (¥ tr)  | Employees (k)

|
|
|
|

2012  | 6.4  | −456 | 13.2  | 162
2013  | 6.8  | 43.0  | 14.2  | 146
2014  | 7.7  | −128 | 15.3  | 140
2015  | 8.2  | −125 | 15.8  | 131
2016  | 8.1  | 147  | 16.6  | 125
2017  | 7.6  | 73.2  | 17.6  | 128
2018  | 8.5  | 490  | 19.0  | 117
2019  | 8.6  | 916  | 20.9  | 114
2020  | 8.2  | 582  | 23.0  | 111
2021  | 8.9  | 1,171  | 26.3  | 109
2022  | 9.9  | 882  | 30.4  | 108
2023  | 11.5  | 937  | 32.0  | 113

As of January 2024, Sony, one of the largest Japanese companies by market capitalization and operating profit, was valued at over $112 billion. At the same period, it was also recognized as the most cash-rich Japanese company, with its net cash reserves of ¥1.8 trillion.[195][196]

Sony's revenue by different market segments[197] Segment  | Revenue FY 2022
(in billions of ¥)  | Revenue FY 2023
(in billions of ¥)  | Change

|
|
|

Game & network services  | 2,739  | 3,644  | 905
Music  | 1,116  | 1,380  | 264
Pictures  | 1,238  | 1,369  | 131
Entertainment, technology, & services  | 2,339  | 2,476  | 137
Imaging & sensing solutions  | 1,076  | 1,402  | 326
Financial services  | 1,533  | 1,454  | −79
All other  | 98.7  | 87.6  | −11.1
Total  | 9,921  | 11,539  | 1,618

The company was immensely profitable throughout the 1990s and early 2000s in part because of the success of its new PlayStation line. The company encountered financial difficulty in the mid- to late-2000s due to several factors: the Great Recession, increased competition for PlayStation, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The company faced three consecutive years of losses leading up to 2011.[198] While noting the negative effects of intervening circumstances such as natural disasters and fluctuating currency exchange rates, the Financial Times criticized the company for its "lack of resilience" and "inability to gauge the economy," voicing skepticism about Sony's revitalization efforts, given a lack of tangible results.[198]

In September 2000 Sony had a market capitalization of $100 billion; but by December 2011 it had plunged to $18 billion, reflecting falling prospects for Sony but also reflecting grossly inflated share prices of the 'dot-com bubble' years.[199] Net worth, as measured by stockholder equity, has steadily grown from $17.9 billion in March 2002 to $35.6 billion through December 2011.[200] Earnings yield (inverse of the price to earnings ratio) has never been more than 5% and usually much less; thus Sony has always traded in over-priced ranges with the exception of the 2009 market bottom.

On 9 December 2008, Sony announced that it would be cutting 8,000 jobs, dropping 8,000 contractors and reducing its global manufacturing sites by 10% to save $1.1 billion per year.[201]

In April 2012, Sony announced that it would reduce its workforce by 10,000 (6% of its employee base) as part of CEO Kaz Hirai's effort to get the company back into the black. This came after a loss of 520 billion yen (roughly US$6.36 billion) for fiscal 2012, the worst since the company was founded. Accumulation loss for the past four years was 919.32 billion-yen.[202][203] Sony planned to increase its marketing expenses by 30% in 2012.[204] 1,000 of the jobs cut came from the company's mobile phone unit's workforce, 700 jobs being cut in the 2012–2013 fiscal year and the remaining 300 in the following fiscal year.[205] Sony had revenues of ¥6.493 trillion in 2012 and maintained large reserves of cash, with ¥895 billion on hand as of 2012. In May 2012, Sony's market capitalization was valued at about $15 billion.[206]

In January 2013, Sony announced it was selling its US headquarters building for $1.1 billion to a consortium led by real estate developer The Chetrit Group.[207]

On 28 January 2014, Moody's Investors Services dropped Sony's credit rating to Ba1—"judged to have speculative elements and a significant credit risk"—saying that the company's "profitability is likely to remain weak and volatile."[208]

On 6 February 2014, Sony announced it would trim as many as 5,000 jobs as it attempts to sell its PC business and focus on mobile and tablets.[209]

In 2014,[210] Sony South Africa closed its TV, Hi-Fi and camera divisions[211] with the purpose of reconsidering its local distribution model and, in 2017, it returned[212][213] facilitated by Premium Brand Distributors (Pty) Ltd.

In November 2018, Sony posted its earning report for the second quarter showing it has lost about US$480 million in the mobile phone division,[214] prompting another round of downsizing in the unit, including the closure of a manufacturing plant and halving of its workforce.[215][216]

In November 2025, Israeli business media outlets, including Globes, reported that the Japanese company Sony plans to cease its telecommunications chip development activities in Israel.[217]

### Community engagement

* EYE SEE project
Sony Corporation is actively involved in the EYE SEE project conducted by UNICEF. EYE SEE digital photography workshops have been run for children in Argentina, Tunisia, Mali, South Africa, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda, Liberia and Pakistan.[218][219]
* South Africa Mobile Library Project
Sony assists The South Africa Primary Education Support Initiative (SAPESI) through financial donations and children book donations to the South Africa Mobile Library Project.[220]
* The Sony Canada Charitable Foundation
The Sony Canada Charitable Foundation (SCCF) is a non-profit organization which supports three key charities; the Make-A-Wish Canada, the United Way of Canada and the EarthDay and ECOKIDS program.
* Sony Foundation and You Can
After the 2011 Queensland floods and Victorian bushfires, Sony Music released benefit albums with money raised going to the Sony Foundation.[221] You Can is the youth cancer program of Sony Foundation.[222]
* Open Planet Ideas Crowdsourcing Project
Sony launched its Open Planet Ideas Crowdsourcing Project, in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund and the design group, IDEO.[223]
* Street Football Stadium Project
On the occasion of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, Sony partnered with streetfootballworld and launched the Street Football Stadium Project to support football-based educational programmes in local communities across Latin America and Brazil.[224] More than 25 Street Stadiums were developed since the project's inception.[225]
* The Sony Global Relief Fund for COVID-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sony launched a relief fund in line with other media and tech companies to aid individuals working in the medical, education, and entertainment sectors.[226]

## Criticism & controversies

Over the years, Sony has faced a number of allegations and criticism pertaining to their corporate behavior, often leading to legal proceedings and customer dissatisfaction.

In August 2000, then Sony Pictures Entertainment U.S. senior vice president Steve Heckler was quoted saying "The industry will take whatever steps it needs to protect itself and protect its revenue streams ...".[227] Sony then worked on a DRM system that works like a rootkit in order to enforce its copyright claims upon users of music CDs.

With respect to Sony's gaming consoles, subsequent updates are released to the said consoles, many of which strip the user of some of the originally advertised features in order to save the company some licensing fees or protect itself from the modding community. On April 1, 2010, Sony released a patch for the PS3 that would remove OtherOS from being installed onto the system after hackers were looking for ways to exploit OtherOS in order to run homebrew software. Then on January 12, 2011, Sony filled lawsuits against geohot and fail0verflow for their efforts on exploiting the PS3.[228][229] In December 2023, Sony announced that it will remove the Discovery app and its content, even if previously paid for, from its gaming consoles.[230]

In November 2025, a collaborative decision was made by Sony Semiconductor Israel and the headquarters of Sony Corporation in Japan, stating that Sony Israel will detach from Sony Corporation and will recommence its operations as an independent entity under its original name, Altair Semiconductor.[231]

In December 2025, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton filed a lawsuit against Sony and four other smart TV manufacturers, alleging that the companies were illegally "spying on Texans by secretly recording what consumers watch in their own homes" using automated content recognition (ACR) technology.[232]

### Environmental record

In November 2011, Sony was ranked ninth (jointly with Panasonic) in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics.[233] This chart grades major electronics companies on their environmental work. The company scored 3.6/10, incurring a penalty point for comments it has made in opposition to energy efficiency standards in California. It also risks a further penalty point in future editions for being a member of trade associations that have commented against energy efficiency standards.[234] Together with Philips, Sony receives the highest score for energy policy advocacy after calling on the EU to adopt an unconditional 30% reduction target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Meanwhile, it receives full marks for the efficiency of its products.[234] In June 2007, Sony ranked 14th on the Greenpeace guide.[235] Sony fell from its earlier 11th-place ranking due to Greenpeace's claims that Sony had double standards in their waste policies.[236]

As of May 2018[update] Greenpeace's 2017 Guide to Greener Electronics rated Sony approximately in the middle among electronics manufacturers with a grade of D+.[237]

Since 1976, Sony has had an Environmental Conference.[238] Sony's policies address their effects on global warming, the environment, and resources. They are taking steps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that they put out as well as regulating the products they get from their suppliers in a process that they call "green procurement".[239] Sony has said that they have signed on to have about 75 percent of their Sony Building running on geothermal power. The "Sony Take Back Recycling Program" allow consumers to recycle the electronics products that they buy from Sony by taking them to eCycle (Recycling) drop-off points around the U.S. The company has also developed a biobattery that runs on sugars and carbohydrates that works similarly to the way living creatures work. This is the most powerful small biobattery to date.[240]

In 2000, Sony faced criticism for a document entitled "NGO Strategy" that was leaked to the press. The document involved the company's surveillance of environmental activists in an attempt to plan how to counter their movements. It specifically mentioned environmental groups that were trying to pass laws that held electronics-producing companies responsible for the cleanup of the toxic chemicals contained in their merchandise.[241]

### Cartel

In 2007 an investigation launched in 2002 by the European Commission culminated in Sony, Fuji and Maxell receiving a total of 110 million US dollar fine for fixing professional videotape prices between 1999 and 2002 through regular meetings and other illegal contracts; at the time the three corporations shared a combined 85% control of the market. Sony's part of the fine was raised by a third for trying to obstruct the investigation by refusing to answer inquiries made by the EU officials and shredding of evidence during the multiple law-enforcement raids.[242][243] During the year 2001 prior to the investigation Sony sold professional videotapes for a total of €115 million inside the EU.

## See also

* List of acquisitions by Sony
* List of assets owned by Sony
* List of companies of Japan
* List of libraries owned by Sony

## Notes

1. ↑ Since April 2021, the "Sony Corporation" legal name is used for Sony Group's electronics business that was previously known as "Sony Electronics Corporation".

## References

1. ↑ "Change of the Sony entity for License Agreements, etc.". Sony Group Corporation. 1 April 2021. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/ServiceArea/210401E/.
2. ↑ "Sony Corporate History" (in en). https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/company/.
3. ↑ "Corporate Info". https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/data/.
4. ↑ "Financial Statements and Consolidated Financial Results". SONY Corporation. https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/presen/er/pdf/20q4_sony.pdf.
5. ↑ "Corporate Data". Sony Corporation. 31 March 2019. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/library/presen/er/pdf/18q4_sony.pdf.
6. ↑ "Access & Map ." Sony Global. Retrieved 2 April 2021. "1–7–1 Konan Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan" – Map – Address in Japanese : "〒108-0075 東京都港区港南1–7–1"
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sterngold, James (1997-12-20). "Masaru Ibuka, 89, Engineer And Sony Co-Founder, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/20/business/masaru-ibuka-89-engineer-and-sony-co-founder-dies.html.
8. ↑ "Saving Sony before it falls". 2005-03-17. https://www.marketingweek.com/saving-sony-before-it-falls/.
9. ↑ "Sony: A Legacy of Innovation, Creativity, and Global Leadership". February 9, 2025. https://inspirepreneurmagazine.com/case-studies/sony-a-legacy-of-innovation-creativity-and-global-leadership/.
10. ↑ Gardiner, Bryan. "As Sony's TV Business Crumbles, a Look Back at Its Most Iconic Sets" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/2014/05/the-greatest-sony-televisions/. Retrieved 2025-02-06.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Neate, Rupert (1 December 2014). "A history of Sony's successes and failures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/13/sony-successes-failures-inventions-walkman-music.
12. ↑ "Sony's key image sensor business hit by smartphone market decline". https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Sony-s-key-image-sensor-business-hit-by-smartphone-market-decline.
13. ↑ "2019 Market Share Data Shows Canon and Sony Growing, Nikon Shrinking". 14 August 2020. https://petapixel.com/2020/08/14/2019-market-share-data-shows-canon-and-sony-growing-nikon-shrinking/.
14. ↑ "Top 20 semiconductor sales leaders for Q1 2016". https://www.electronicspecifier.com/news/analysis/top-20-semiconductor-sales-leaders-for-q1-2016.
15. ↑ "Global LCD TV manufacturer market share from 2008 to 2017.". Statista. http://www.statista.com/statistics/267095/global-market-share-of-lcd-tv-manufacturers/.
16. ↑ "Samsung tops global TV market for 15th consecutive year". 2 February 2021. https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1614155663.
17. ↑ Alekseenko, Artem (4 March 2021). "LG and Sony Led OLED TV Gains in Advanced TV Market in Q4" (in en-gb). https://www.displaydaily.com/article/press-releases/lg-and-sony-led-oled-tv-gains-in-advanced-tv-market-in-q4.
18. ↑ "How Samsung fell behind Sony and LG in the premium TV market" (in en). Reuters. 2 May 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-tv-idUSKBN1I24K2.
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149. ↑ "CMOS IMAGE SENSOR (CIS) INDUSTRY – OVERVIEW". http://www.yole.fr/CMOS_Image_Sensors_Industry_Overview.aspx.
150. ↑ "Products(Products List)｜Sony Semiconductor Solutions Group" (in en). https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/e/products/.
151. ↑ Lorbeer/pi, Klaus (14 May 2020). "Sony launcht weltweit erste Intelligent-Vision-Sensoren mit KI-Verarbeitung" (in de-DE). computerwelt.at. https://computerwelt.at/news/sony-launcht-weltweit-ersten-intelligent-vision-sensoren-mit-ki-verarbeitung/.
152. ↑ "The PlayStation Quest." Macleans 6 November 2000: 81-. ABI/INFORM Global; ProQuest Research Library. Web. 27 May 2012.
153. ↑ Pilling, David. "Camera Sales Raise Sonys Game." Financial Times: 23. ABI/INFORM Global. 27 July 2007. Web. 27 May 2012.
154. ↑ Makuch, Eddie. "PS3 overtakes Xbox 360 in worldwide shipments – Report". http://uk.gamespot.com/news/ps3-overtakes-xbox-360-in-worldwide-shipments-report-6402214.
155. ↑ "PLAYSTATION 4 SELLS 5.9 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE DURING THE 2017 HOLIDAY SEASON" (Press release). San Mateo: Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10. Retrieved 16 April 2018 - via sie.com.
156. ↑ "Sony leads virtual reality patent race". 13 May 2015. http://www.hypergridbusiness.com/2015/05/sony-leads-virtual-reality-patent-race/.
157. ↑ Layden, Shawn (13 October 2016). "PlayStation VR Launches Today Across the United States and Canada". http://blog.us.playstation.com/2016/10/13/playstation-vr-launches-today-across-the-united-states-and-canada/.
158. ↑ Murphy, Darragh (3 February 2021). "PS5 sales figures revealed — and they are staggering". Laptop Magazine. https://www.laptopmag.com/news/ps5-sales-figures-revealed-and-they-are-staggering.
159. ↑ "Sundstrand Selling Trans Com Systems To Sony". 10 July 1991. https://www.apnews.com/0b3960e064a66f9a5c0057fd4525a89a.
160. ↑ "Rockwell Collins Acquires Sony Trans Com". 1 June 2000. http://aviationweek.com/awin/rockwell-collins-acquires-sony-trans-com-0.
161. ↑ "2011 Market Share and Box Office Results by Movie Studio". 31 December 2011. https://boxofficemojo.com/studio/?view=company&view2=yearly&yr=2011&p=.htm.
162. ↑ Business Overview, Annual Report 2010. (PDF). . Retrieved 7 July 2011.
163. ↑ Sony Pictures – Corporate Factsheet, sonypictures.com
164. ↑ Bates, James; Claudia Eller (20 November 1996). "Sony President Puts Best Face on Studio Woes". Los Angeles Times: p. D1.
165. ↑ "Sony admits, fixes problem with DVD DRM" . Ars Technica.
166. ↑ "Hack at Sony Pictures shuts computer system". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-fi-sony-hack-20141125-story.html.
167. ↑ "Disney, Sony reach deal for physical media production" (in en). https://www.tipranks.com/news/the-fly/disney-sony-reach-deal-for-physical-media-production-deadline-reports.
168. ↑ Sony completes $2 billion purchase of CBS Records upi.com 5 January 1988, Retrieved on 3 December 2017
169. ↑ Brown, Bob (1 November 2010). "Sony BMG rootkit scandal: 5 years later". Network World. http://www.networkworld.com/article/2194292/network-security-sony-bmg-rootkit-scandal--5-years-later.html.
170. ↑ "Sony to Buy Gracenote Music Data Company". 23 April 2008. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=4706733.
171. ↑ "Tribune To Acquire Sony Audio Recognition Unit Gracenote For $170 Million". 23 December 2013. https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/23/sony-spins-out-gracenote/.
172. ↑ Halperin, Shirley (30 June 2012). "Sold! EMI Music Publishing to Consortium Led by Sony/ATV, Michael Jackson Estate for $2.2 Billion". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/emi-music-publishing-sold-sony-atv-estate-michael-jackson-343848.
173. ↑ "Sony in $2.3 billion deal for EMI, becomes world's biggest music publisher". Reuters. 2 May 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sony-outlook-emi-idUSKCN1IN01F.
174. ↑ Christman, Ed (30 September 2012). "Sony Finalizes Acquisition of Michael Jackson Estate's Stake in Sony/ATV Publishing". https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7526542/sony-atv-michael-jackson-publishing-acquisition-completed.
175. ↑ Moore, D. M. (9 December 2020). "Sony's Funimation acquires anime streaming service Crunchyroll for $1.175 billion" (in en). https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/9/21547657/sonys-funimation-acquires-crunchyroll-deal-price-watching-anime.
176. ↑ "Sony sets out to conquer entertainment world with anime" (in en-GB). https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/Sony-sets-out-to-conquer-entertainment-world-with-anime.
177. ↑ Spangler, Todd (24 September 2019). "Sony Merges Anime Streaming Businesses Under Funimation-Led Joint Venture (EXCLUSIVE)" (in en-US). https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/sony-anime-funimation-aniplex-joint-venture-1203346579/.
178. ↑ Yamazaki, Makiko; Hu, Krystal (10 December 2020). "Sony to buy AT&T's anime business for $1.18 billion to expand global footprint" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-at-t-divestiture-idUSKBN28J3B7.
179. ↑ Mateo, Alex (9 August 2021). "Sony's Funimation Global Group Completes Acquisition of Crunchyroll from AT&T" (in en). https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-09/sony-funimation-global-group-completes-acquisition-of-crunchyroll-from-at-t/.176073.
180. ↑ Rathi, Akshat (9 October 2019). "Winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize in chemistry developed lithium-ion batteries" (in en). https://qz.com/1724449/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-winners-developed-lithium-ion-batteries/.
181. ↑ Joseph Volpe (19 July 2019). "Sony eyes electric car future, wants to soon sell you Li-ion batteries". AOL. https://www.engadget.com/2011/07/13/sony-eyes-electric-car-future-wants-to-soon-sell-you-li-ion-bat/.
182. ↑ "Sony CEO says will explore tie-ups in EV batteries – Electric Vehicle News". http://www.electric-vehiclenews.com/2012/04/sony-ceo-says-will-explore-tie-ups-in.html.
183. ↑ Sony to make batteries for electric cars . Silicon Republic.
184. ↑ "NRG eVgo Completes Largest Corporate Installation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Southern California – EV News Report". http://evnewsreport.com/nrg-evgo-completes-largest-corporate-installation-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-southern-california/17948/.
185. ↑ "Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for the Transfer of Battery Business" (Press release). Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. & Sony Corporation. 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-01-19. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
186. ↑ "Sony tests the waters for self-driving cars with a small investment" (in en). 19 July 2019. https://www.engadget.com/2015-02-16-sony-invests-in-self-driving-cars.html.
187. ↑ O'Kane, Sean (7 January 2020). "Sony surprises with an electric concept car called the Vision-S". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/6/21054270/sony-vision-s-electric-concept-car-ev-announcement-ces-2020.
188. ↑ "Sony Highlights its Evolution as a "Creative Entertainment Company with a Solid Foundation of Technology" at CES 2020". 7 January 2020. https://presscentre.sony.eu/pressreleases/sony-highlights-its-evolution-as-a-creative-entertainment-company-with-a-solid-foundation-of-technology-at-ces-2020-2957905.
189. ↑ "Honda & Sony establish SHM joint venture" (in en-US). 2022-10-15. https://www.electrive.com/2022/10/15/honda-sony-establish-shm-joint-venture/.
190. ↑ Sugiyama, Satoshi; Shiraki, Maki (2022-10-13). "Sony, Honda aim to deliver premium EV with subscription fees in 2026" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/sony-honda-mobility-venture-deliver-new-ev-us-spring-2026-2022-10-13/.
191. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (2023-01-05). "Sony and Honda just announced their new electric car brand, Afeela" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/4/23539863/sony-honda-electric-vehicle-afeela-ces-reveal-photos.
192. ↑ "ソニーグループ【6758】の大株主情報" (in ja). 2024-06-05. https://s.kabutan.jp/stocks/6758/stockholders/.
193. ↑ "Sony Fundamentalanalyse | KGV | Kennzahlen" (in de). https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/Sony-Aktie/JP3435000009.
194. ↑ "Sony Fundamentals (2012-2020)". 2021-11-28. https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/Sony-Aktie/JP3435000009.
195. ↑ "コロナに負けない｢金持ち企業｣トップ500社 | 企業ランキング" (in ja). 2 June 2020. https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/359062.
196. ↑ "Sony Market capitalization". 7 January 2024. https://companiesmarketcap.com/sony/marketcap/.
197. ↑ "Sony Global – FY2022 Financial Statements". https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/presen/er/pdf/22q4_sony.pdf.
198. ↑ 198.0 198.1 "Sony: Too Much make-Believe." FT.com (2011): n/a. ABI/INFORM Global; ProQuest Research Library. Web. 26 May 2012.
199. ↑ Fujimura, Naoko (12 December 2011). "Sony's Shopping Spree Is 'Wrong Direction' in Apple Battle: Tech". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-13/stringer-s-shopping-spree-wrong-direction-for-sony-in-apple-battle-tech.html.
200. ↑ 10 Year Financials of sne – Sony Corp Adr . Gurufocus.com. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.
201. ↑ McCurry, Justin (9 December 2008). "Sony to cut 8,000 jobs worldwide". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/09/sony-job-cuts.
202. ↑ "Sony expected to slash 10,000 jobs". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57411107-93/sony-expected-to-slash-10000-jobs/?tag=cnetRiver.
203. ↑ Yasu, Mariko; Ozasa, Shunichi (11 April 2012). "Sony, Sharp Losing $11 Billion Leaves Investors Let Down". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-10/sony-widens-net-loss-estimate-to-520-billion-yen.html.
204. ↑ "Sony ups ad spend to Rs.450 cr". The Hindu. 7 June 2012. http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article3497657.ece.
205. ↑ Ewing, Adam; Yasu, Mariko (23 August 2012). "Sony to Cut 1,000 Jobs to Reduce Costs at Mobile Unit". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-22/sony-may-cut-1-000-jobs-at-swedish-mobile-unit-sydsvenskan-says.html.
206. ↑ "Sony sees return to profit, aims to halve TV losses". Reuters. 10 May 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sony-results-idUSBRE8490A120120510.
207. ↑ "Sony to sell its U.S. headquarters building for $1.1 billion". Reuters. 18 January 2013. http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sony-building-idUKBRE90H03Q20130118.
208. ↑ Chilson, Morgan. "Labels Sony Credit Rating 'Junk' Amid Lower Demand". http://www.moneynews.com/TheWire/sony-moodys-junk-credit/2014/01/28/id/549536.
209. ↑ "Sony to cut as many as 5,000 jobs, unload Vaio". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/02/06/sony-selling-vaio-pc-business/5248885/.
210. ↑ Greenway, David (2 October 2014). "Sony to close South African TV, HiFi and camera division" (in en-GB). https://www.htxt.co.za/2014/10/29/sony-to-close-south-african-tv-hifi-and-camera-division/.
211. ↑ "Sony rethinks SA strategy amid huge loss" (in en-US). https://businesstech.co.za/news/hardware/72138/sony-rethinks-sa-strategy-amid-huge-loss/.
212. ↑ "Sony launches first SA store". 6 April 2017. https://www.fin24.com/Tech/Gadgets/sony-launches-first-sa-store-20170406.
213. ↑ "Sony photo gear back in South Africa – With Black Friday 2017 vouchers" (in en-US). https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gadgets/239278-sony-photo-gear-back-in-south-africa-with-black-friday-2017-vouchers.html.
214. ↑ "Sony mobile is losing more than gaming division is gaining (which is a lot of money)" (in en-US). 1 November 2018. https://www.androidauthority.com/sony-mobile-earnings-q2-2018-921061/.
215. ↑ McCaskill, Steve (29 March 2019). "Sony shuts China smartphone plant" (in en). https://www.techradar.com/news/sony-shuts-china-smartphone-plant.
216. ↑ Vasile, Cosmin (29 March 2019). "Report: Sony to lay off half of its mobile division staff by 2020 (2,000 people)" (in en-US). https://www.phonearena.com/news/Sony-cuts-half-smartphone-division-2020-report_id114940.
217. ↑ "Sony to spin off Israel chipmaking activity". 3 November 2025. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-sony-to-spin-off-israel-chipmaking-activity-1001525374.
218. ↑ "UNICEF and Sony photo workshop promotes rights with Darwin's indigenous youth". http://www.unicef.org.au/Media/Media-Releases/April-2013/UNICEF-and-Sony-photo-workshop-promotes-rights-wit.aspx.
219. ↑ "Seeing Mali: a digital project for children – in pictures". 16 June 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2011/jun/16/mali-digital-camera-project-in-pictures.
220. ↑ "Sony helps S African mobile library project". 29 May 2008. http://www.japantoday.com/category/business/view/sony-helps-s-african-mobile-library-project.
221. ↑ Cashmere, Paul (5 October 2012). "Sony Foundation Funds Salvos Sound Point Centre In Goodna". noise11.com. http://www.noise11.com/news/sony-foundation-funds-salvos-sound-point-centre-in-goodna-20121005.
222. ↑ "Sony Foundation raises over $880k with Wharf4Ward". 24 October 2014. http://www.mcvpacific.com/news/read/the-sony-foundation-raises-over-880k-with-wharf4ward/0140322.
223. ↑ Beavis, Simon (26 May 2011). "Sony – engaging untapped audience through crowdsourcing". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sony-untapped-audience-crowdsourcing-project.
224. ↑ "Stadiums to go: streetfootballworld partners with Sony to support Brazilian and Latin American communities –". 7 March 2014. http://www.streetfootballworld.org/latest/blog/stadiums-go-streetfootballworld-partners-sony-support-local-communities#sthash.y2p34iqv.dpuf.
225. ↑ "Sony Street Stadiums –". 7 March 2014. http://www.streetfootballworld.org/project/sony-street-stadiums.
226. ↑ Tartaglione, Nancy (2 April 2020). "Sony Establishes $100M COVID-19 Global Relief Fund" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2020/04/sony-launches-100-million-global-relief-fund-coronavirus-covid-19-1202898470/.
227. ↑ Anastasi, Michael A. "Sony Exec: We Will Beat Napster" , New Yorkers For Fair Use, August 17, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2006.
228. ↑ "Sony to Geohot: See you in court". Eurogamer. January 12, 2011. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-sony-vs-jailbreak-hackers.
229. ↑ "Motion for TRO". Scribd.com. 2011-01-12. https://www.scribd.com/doc/46739945/Motion-for-TRO.
230. ↑ "PlayStation to remove hundreds of TV shows from players' libraries due to "licensing issues"". NME.com. 2023-12-04. https://www.nme.com/en_au/news/playstation-to-take-back-paid-digital-content-from-players-libraries-due-to-licensing-issues-3553377.
231. ↑ "Sony spins off Israeli chip unit, restoring Altair brand". https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/b1r4ak81bg.
232. ↑ Novak, Matt (2025-12-17). "Texas Sues TV Makers, Claiming They Can Collect Images of What Viewers Are Watching" (in en-US). https://gizmodo.com/texas-sues-tv-makers-claiming-they-can-collect-images-of-what-viewers-are-watching-2000700858.
233. ↑ "Guide to Greener Electronics 17th Edition". November 2011. https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/campaigns/detox/electronics/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/Previous-editions/How-the-companies-line-up-17/.
234. ↑ 234.0 234.1 "Guide to Greener Electronics". http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/.
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236. ↑ Samson, Ted (9 July 2007). "Sony hits bottom of Greenpeace eco rankings". InfoWorld. http://www.infoworld.com/d/green-it/sony-hits-bottom-greenpeace-eco-rankings-649.
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241. ↑ Knight, Danielle (22 September 2000). "Sony's PR War on Activists". Mother Jones. http://motherjones.com/environment/2000/09/sonys-pr-war-activists.
242. ↑ "EU fines Sony, others for videotape price fixes". 20 November 2007. https://www.reuters.com/article/tech-eu-video-fines-dc-idUKBFA00056020071120.
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## Further reading

* Morita, Akio; Reingold, Edwin M.; Shimomura, Mitsuko (1986). Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony. New York: Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-24465-3.
* Nathan, John (1999). Sony: The Private Life. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-12694-1.
* Sanders, Terry (director); Notehelfer, Fred (host). The Japan Project: Made in Japan (documentary film). Santa Monica, California: American Film Foundation.
* Schiffer, Michael B. (1991). The Portable Radio in American Life. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-4768-5.

## External links

* No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.

* v
* t
* e

Sony

Founders|

* Masaru Ibuka
* Akio Morita

Key personnel|

* Shuzo Sumi (Chairman of the Board)
* Kazuo Matsunaga (Vice Chairman of the Board)
* Kenichiro Yoshida (President and CEO)

Primary businesses|

* Sony Entertainment
* Sony Music Group
* Sony Pictures
* Sony Pictures Japan
* Sony Pictures India
* Sony Financial Holdings
* Sony Life
* Sony Bank
* Sony Interactive Entertainment
* PlayStation
* Sony Mobile
* Sony Music Japan

Technologies
and brands|

* α (Alpha)
* Betacam
* Bionz
* Blu-ray
* BRAVIA
* CD
* Cell
* Cyber-shot
* Dash
* Dream Machine
* DVD
* Exmor
* FeliCa
* Handycam
* HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
* LocationFree
* Memory Stick
* MiniDisc
* MiniDV
* mylo
* PlayStation
* Reader
* S/PDIF
* SDDS
* 8 channel films
* SXRD
* Sony Tablet
* Tunnel diode
* TransferJet
* UMD
* Vaio
* Video8/Hi8/Digital8
* Walkman
* Walkman Phones
* XDCAM
* Xperia
* HMZ-T1

Historical products|

* AIBO
* CV-2000
* DAT
* Betamax
* Sony CLIÉ
* Discman
* Jumbotron
* Lissa
* Mavica
* NEWS
* Sony Optiarc
* Qualia
* Rolly
* TR-55
* Trinitron
* 1 inch Type C (BVH series)
* U-matic
* Watchman
* WEGA

Electronics|

* Sony Electronics (US subsidiary)
* Sony Energy Devices
* Sony Creative Software
* FeliCa Networks (57%)

* v
* t
* e

Sony Interactive Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Kaz Hirai
* Andrew House
* Ken Kutaragi
* Shawn Layden
* Shuhei Yoshida

Short description: Group of video game developers owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment

SIE Worldwide Studios| Formerly| SCE Worldwide Studios (2005–2016)

|

Type| Division
Industry| Video games
Founded| September 14, 2005; 20 years ago (2005-09-14)

Key people

| Hermen Hulst (president)

Number of employees

| 2,700+[1] (2011)
Parent| Sony Interactive Entertainment
Subsidiaries| See § Studios
Website| playstation.com/en-us/corporate/playstation-studios/

Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios (SIE Worldwide Studios) is a group of video game developers founded in September 2005 by Sony Interactive Entertainment.[2]

It is a single internal entity overseeing all wholly owned development studios within SIE. It is responsible for the creative and strategic direction of development and production of all computer entertainment software by all SIE–owned studios, all of which is typically produced exclusively for the PlayStation family of consoles.

With the launch of the PlayStation 5 in 2020, Worldwide Studios brands all releases be it internal or externally developed under the "PlayStation Studios" label.[3]

## History

SCE Worldwide Studios (SCE Worldwide Studios) was established on September 14, 2005, with Phil Harrison being appointed as president.[4] On May 16, 2008, Shuhei Yoshida became president.[5] In April 2016, Sony's Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) and Sony Network Entertainment International (SNEI) divisions merged, creating SIE Worldwide Studios.[5] Hermen Hulst succeeded Shuhei Yoshida as president of SIE Worldwide Studios on November 7, 2019, with Yoshida being delegated to lead Sony's indie development.[6]

## Studios

Name  | Location  | Founded  | Acquired

|
|
|

Bend Studio | Bend, Oregon  | 1993[7] | 2000[7]
Guerrilla Games | Amsterdam | 2000[7] | 2005[7]
Housemarque | Helsinki | 2021[8]
Insomniac Games | Burbank, California  | 1994[7] | 2019[9]
London Studio | London | 2002[7] | —
Malaysia Studio  | Kuala Lumpur | 2020[10] | —
Media Molecule | Guildford  | 2006[7] | 2010[7]
Naughty Dog | Santa Monica, California  | 1984[7] | 2001[7]
Nixxes Software | Utrecht  | 1999[11] | 2021[12]
Pixelopus | San Mateo, California  | 2014[7] | —
Polyphony Digital | Tokyo | 1998[7] | —
San Diego Studio | San Diego  | 2001[7] | —
San Mateo Studio  | San Mateo, California  | 1998[13] | —
Santa Monica Studio | Los Angeles | 1999[7] | —
Sucker Punch Productions | Bellevue, Washington  | 1997[7] | 2011[7]
Team Asobi | Tokyo | 2021[14][lower-alpha 1] | —
XDev  | Liverpool  | 2000[7] | —

1. ↑ Team Asobi was first established in 2012 as an internal team of Japan Studio, and was spun off as its own independent studio in 2021.

### Former

Name  | Location  | Founded  | Acquired  | Divested  | Fate

|
|
|
|
|

Bigbig Studios | Leamington Spa  | 2001[15] | 2007[16] | 2012[15] | Closed[15]
Evolution Studios | Runcorn  | 1999[16] | 2007[16] | 2016[17] | Closed[17]
Guerrilla Cambridge | Cambridge  | 1997[18] | —  | 2017[18] | Closed[18]
Incognito Entertainment | Salt Lake City  | 1999[19] | 2002[19] | 2009[20] | Closed[20]
Japan Studio | Tokyo | 1993[7] | —  | 2021[21] | Reorganized within SIE, primarily to Team Asobi[14]
Manchester Studio  | Manchester  | 2015[7] | —  | 2020[22] | Closed[22]
Studio Liverpool | Liverpool  | 1984[16] | 1993[16] | 2012[23] | Closed[23]
Zipper Interactive | Redmond, Washington  | 1995[24] | 2006[16] | 2012[24] | Closed[24]

## Other divisions

### ICE Team

Naughty Dog is home to the ICE Team, one of Sony's Worldwide Studios central technology groups. The term ICE originally stands for Initiative for a Common Engine which describes the original purpose of the group.[25] The ICE Team focuses on creating core graphics technologies for Sony's worldwide first party published titles, including low-level game engine components, graphics processing pipelines, supporting tools, and graphics profiling and debugging tools. The ICE Team also supports third party developers with a suite of engine components, and a graphics analysis, profiling, and debugging tool for the RSX. Both enable developers to get better performance out of PlayStation hardware.[26][27]

### XDev

XDev Europe, established in 2000 and based in Liverpool, England,[7] collaborates with independent development studios across Europe and other PAL territories to publish content to PlayStation platforms all over the world. XDev has helped to create and publish, titles such as the LittleBigPlanet, Buzz!, MotorStorm and Invizimals series, Super Stardust HD, Heavenly Sword, Heavy Rain, Beyond, Tearaway and Resogun. Partners include independent developers such as Quantic Dream, Magenta Software, Climax Studios, Novarama, Supermassive Games and Sumo Digital, as well as SCE subsidiaries such as Media Molecule and Guerrilla Games. In addition to funding projects, XDev offer full production, project management and game design support. Titles are also supported with community management, online production and dedicated outsourcing management facilities. XDev work directly with Marketing and PR teams in all Sony territories to promote and publish games worldwide.[28][29]

## References

1. ↑ "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Sucker Punch Productions, Developer of Top Selling Infamous Franchise". August 2, 2011. https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/release/2011/110802.html.
2. ↑ "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2005.
3. ↑ Dring, Christopher (May 12, 2020). "PlayStation Studios brand will launch alongside PS5". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-05-12-sony-unveils-playstation-studios-brand-to-launch-alongside-ps5.
4. ↑ "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Retrieved 2005-09-14.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Bitsummit". http://bitsummit.org/2015/?page_id=3388.
6. ↑ "Sony appoints Guerrilla Games' Hermen Hulst new head of PlayStation worldwide studios". https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2019/11/07/sony-appoints-guerrilla-games-hermen-hulst-new-head-playstation-worldwide-studios/.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 Barker, Sammy (August 28, 2019). "Guide: All Sony First-Party Studios and What They're Working On". http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/08/guide_all_sony_first-party_studios_and_what_theyre_working_on.
8. ↑ Leedham, Robert (June 29, 2021). "Why PlayStation bought Returnal developer Housemarque: the inside story". https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/housemarque-sony-playstation-acquisition.
9. ↑ "Quarterly Securities Report For the three months ended December 31, 2019". p. 39. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/library/Sony_Quarterly_Securities_Report_2019Q3.pdf.
10. ↑ "PlayStation to open development studio in Malaysia". November 8, 2019. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-11-08-playstation-to-open-malaysian-development-studio.
11. ↑ "About us". July 1, 2021. https://www.nixxes.com/about-us/. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
12. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (July 1, 2021). "Sony Buys Another Game Studio, Avengers And Rise Of The Tomb Raider's Nixxes Software". GameSpot. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sony-buys-another-game-studio-avengers-and-rise-of-the-tomb-raiders-nixxes-software/1100-6493477/. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
13. ↑ Varela, Ramón (January 16, 2020). "PlayStation: Todos sus estudios y los juegos en desarrollo" (in es). https://vandal.elespanol.com/reportaje/playstation-todos-sus-estudios-y-los-juegos-en-desarrollo.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 LeBlanc, Wesley (June 2, 2021). "Team Asobi Officially Announced as a PlayStation Studio, Reveals New Logo". https://www.ign.com/articles/team-asobi-official-playstation-studios-dev-new-logo.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Yoon, Andrew (January 10, 2012). "Sony shuts down Little Deviants, Pursuit Force dev". https://www.shacknews.com/article/71918/sony-shuts-down-little-deviants-pursuit-force-dev.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 MCV Staff (August 2, 2011). "IN DETAIL: Sony's sixteen first-party studios". https://www.mcvuk.com/in-detail-sonys-sixteen-first-party-studios/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Brightman, James (March 22, 2016). "Sony confirms closure of Evolution Studios". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-03-22-sony-confirms-closure-of-evolution-studio.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Frank, Allegra (January 12, 2017). "Sony shuts down 20-year-old studio in European restructuring". https://www.polygon.com/2017/1/12/14251842/guerrilla-cambridge-closed.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cifaldi, Frank (May 13, 2011). "How Moving To Austin Energized Starhawk". https://gamasutra.com/view/feature/134746/how_moving_to_austin_energized_.php.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Plunkett, Luke (January 16, 2012). "Every Game Studio That's Closed Down Since 2006". https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693.
21. ↑ Robinson, Andy; Calvin, Alex (February 25, 2021). "Sources: PlayStation is winding down Sony Japan Studio". Video Games Chronicle. https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/sources-playstation-is-winding-down-sony-japan-studio/. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Dring, Christopher (February 4, 2020). "PlayStation to close Manchester VR studio". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-02-04-playstation-to-close-manchester-vr-studio.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Yin-Poole, Wesley (July 21, 2015). "WipEout: The rise and fall of Sony Studio Liverpool". https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-03-22-wipeout-the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-studio-liverpool.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Moriarty, Colin (March 31, 2012). "Confirmed: Sony Closes Zipper Interactive". https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/03/30/confirmed-sony-closes-zipper-interactive.
25. ↑ Mark Cerny's "Road to the PS4" @ Gamelab 2013 . YouTube (June 27, 2013). Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
26. ↑ Naughty Dog Careers . Naughtydog.com. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
27. ↑ Sony’s Secret Super Development Team . PS3 Attitude (June 5, 2009). Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
28. ↑ Sony XDev Europe . Official Site
29. ↑ Worldwide Studios/XDev . XDev on Worldwidestudios.net

## External links

* v
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SIE Worldwide Studios

Franchises|

* Ape Escape
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Divisions|

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Subsidiaries|

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Former|

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Related|

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PlayStation

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Media|

| Magazines|

* Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine
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|

Advertisements|

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Characters|

* Toro
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Arcade boards|

* Namco System 11
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Related|

* Super NES CD-ROM
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* Category

Other|

* Gaikai
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* Category

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Sony Music Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Rob Stringer
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Flagship|

* Columbia Records
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Nashville|

* Columbia Nashville
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* RCA Records Nashville
* Provident Label Group

Sony Masterworks|

* Sony Classical Records
* Portrait Records
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* RCA Red Seal Records
* Okeh Records

UK|

* Black Butter Records
* Syco Music (50%)
* Relentless Records
* Ministry of Sound

Japan|

* Epic Records Japan
* Ki/oon Music
* Ariola Japan
* BMG Japan
* mora
* Sacra Music
* Aniplex
* Aniplex of America
* A-1 Pictures
* CloverWorks
* Funimation (95%, co-owned with Sony Pictures Television)
* Manga Entertainment (UK branch only)
* Madman Anime Group
* AnimeLab
* Music On! TV
* Peanuts Worldwide (39%)

Distribution|

* The Orchard
* IODA
* RED Distribution
* Red Essential
* TVT Records

Other labels|

* RCA Inspiration
* Phonogenic Records
* Ultra Music
* Century Media Records
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* Sony Music Latin
* Vevo
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* v
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* e

Sony Pictures Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Tony Vinciquerra
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Motion
Picture Group|

* Columbia Pictures
* TriStar Pictures
* TriStar Productions
* Screen Gems
* Classics
* Imageworks
* Animation
* Worldwide Acquisitions
* Destination Films
* Stage 6 Films
* Affirm Films
* Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
* Sony Wonder

Television|

| U.S. production|

* Adelaide Productions
* Sony Crackle
* The Minisode Network
* Culver Entertainment
* Embassy Row
* TriStar Television

|

International production|

* 2waytraffic
* Left Bank Pictures
* Playmaker Media
* Silvergate Media
* Stellify Media
* Teleset

Distribution|

* Funimation (95%, co-owned with Aniplex)
* Manga Entertainment (UK)
* Madman Anime Group
* AnimeLab

* v
* t
* e

Sony Pictures Television TV channels and VOD platforms

O = online VOD platform

Americas|

| U.S. networks|

Sony Movie Channel
Game Show Network
getTV
Cine Sony
Sony CrackleO
Defunct
3net (joint venture with Discovery and IMAX)
Fearnet (joint venture with Comcast and Lionsgate)

|

Canada|

Former
Sony Movie Channel and AXN Movies (rebranded)

Latin America|

AXN
Lifetime [50%; joint venture with A&E Networks]
Sony Channel
Defunct
Animax
Locomotion
Sony Spin

Asia|

| Indian
sub-continent|

* v
* t
* e

Sony Pictures Networks India

Hindi entertainment|

* SET
* Sony Sab
* Sony Max
* Sony Max 2
* Sony Pal
* Sony Wah

English entertainment|

* AXN
* Sony Pix

Bengali entertainment|

* Sony Aath

Sports|

* Sony Six
* Sony ESPN (50%; Joint venture with ESPN Inc.)
* Sony Ten
* Sony Ten 1
* Sony Ten 2
* Sony Ten 3
* Sony Ten Golf

Acquisition pending
TEN Sports Pakistan
TEN Cricket International

Music|

* Sony Mix

Other channels|

* Sony BBC Earth (50%; Joint venture with BBC Studios)
* Sony Yay

Other businesses|

* Sony LIV (Online VOD platform)

Former|

* Animax
* Sony Le Plex
* Sony Rox

Japan|

Animax

Animax PlusO
AXN

AXN Mystery
AXN PlusO
Star Channel [25%; joint venture with Tohokushinsha Film and Itochu]

Taiwan|

AXN
Animax

Animax HD

Southeast
Asia|

Gem [50%, joint venture with NTV]
Defunct
AXN Beyond
BeTV
Sony Channel

Europe,
Middle
East,
Africa
(EMEA)|

| Germany|

AnimaxO
Sony AXN
Sony Channel
Defunct
Animax (linear television)

|

Italy|

Defunct
AXN
AXN Sci Fi
Cine Sony
Pop

The
Netherlands|

Former
Film1

Film1 Action
Film1 Drama
Film1 Family
Film1 Premiere

Defunct
Film1 Festival
Film1 Sundance

Portugal|

AXN

AXN Black
AXN White

Defunct
Animax

Russia|

Sony Channel
Sony Turbo
Sony Sci-Fi

Spain|

AXN

AXN SyncO
AXN White

Defunct
Animax

Turkey|

* Sony Channel
* Sony Çocuk
* Planet Mutfak
* Planet Türk

UK & Ireland|

* v
* t
* e

Television channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland operated by Sony Pictures Television

Current|

Pop
Pop Max
Sony Channel
Sony Crime Channel
Sony Movies
Sony Movies Action
Sony Movies Classic
Tiny Pop

Former|

Bliss
Flava
More Than Movies
Movies4Men
Movies4Men 2
Pop Girl
Scuzz
True Crime
True Drama
True Entertainment
True Movies
True Movies 2
TruTV

Miscellaneous|

* Sony Pictures Television
* CSC Media Group
* animaxtv.co.uk (VOD)

Baltics|

Sony Channel
Sony Turbo

Central and
Eastern
Europe
(CEE)|

AXN

Adria
Hungary

AXN NowO
AXN Black
AXN Spin
AXN White
Sony Max
Sony Movie Channel
Viasat Hungary

Viasat 3
Viasat 6

Defunct
Animax
AXN Crime

Middle East|

AXN Middle East

Arabic
English

Defunct
AXN Israel

Africa|

Defunct
Animax
Sony Channel
Sony MAX

Other|

* Digital
* Mobile
* Entertainment Japan
* Family Entertainment Group
* Studios
* Madison Gate Records
* Ghost Corps

Defunct|

* Columbia Pictures Television
* Columbia TriStar Television
* Merv Griffin Enterprises
* ELP Communications

Online distribution
platforms|

* PlayStation Network
* PlayStation Now
* PlayStation Store
* PlayStation Video
* PlayStation Plus
* PlayStation Vue
* Sony Crackle
* Minisodes
* Sony Liv

Other businesses|

* Sony DADC
* Sony Network Communications
* Sony Professional Solutions
* M3 (39.4%)
* Sony/ATV Music Publishing
* APM Music
* EMI Music Publishing
* Extreme Music
* Hickory Records
* EMI Production Music
* Vaio (4.9%)

Other assets|

* Sony Corporation of America (umbrella company in the US)
* Other subsidiaries
* List of acquisitions

Nonprofit organizations|

* Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College

Other|

* History of Sony
* Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
* Sony timer

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Electronics industry in Japan

Companies|

| Current|

* Aiwa
* Alaxala Networks
* Alinco
* Alps
* Alpine
* Anritsu
* AOR
* Audio-Technica
* Brother
* Canon
* Casio
* Chino Corporation
* Citizen Watch
* Cosina
* D&M Holdings
* Denon
* Marantz
* Daikin
* Dainippon Screen
* Denso
* DNP
* Eiki
* Eizo
* Elecom
* Elpida
* ESP Guitars
* FANUC
* Fostex
* Fuji Electric
* Fujifilm
* Fuji Xerox
* Fujitsu
* Fujitsu Ten
* Funai
* Furuno
* Futaba
* Hamamatsu Photonics
* Hirose Electric
* Hitachi
* Clarion
* Hitachi Maxell
* Hoya
* Ibanez
* Ibiden
* Icom
* Ikegami Tsushinki
* Iwatsu
* Japan Display
* JEOL
* JRC
* JR Propo
* JVCKenwood
* JVC
* Kenwood
* Kawai
* Keyence
* Kioxia
* Kiramek
* Konica Minolta
* KO PROPO
* Korg
* Kyocera
* Luxman
* Mabuchi Motor
* Mamiya
* Maspro
* Melco
* Minebea
* Mitsubishi Electric
* Mitsumi Electric
* Murata Manufacturing
* Mutoh
* Nakamichi
* NEC
* NEC Casio Mobile Communications
* Nichia
* Nichicon
* Nidec
* Nidec Copal Corporation
* Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK)
* Nikon
* Nintendo
* Nippon Chemi-Con
* Nitto Denko
* NKK Switches
* OKI
* Olympus
* Omron
* Onkyo
* Integra Home Theater
* Orion Electric
* Panasonic
* Sanyo
* Pioneer
* Pixela
* Plextor
* Renesas Electronics
* Ricoh
* Pentax
* Riso Kagaku
* Rohm
* Roland
* Rubycon
* Sansui
* Sanwa Electronic
* Sega Sammy
* Sega
* Seiko Group
* Pulsar
* Seiko
* Seiko Epson
* Seiko Instruments
* Sharp
* Shimadzu
* Shindengen Electric Manufacturing
* Sigma
* Sony
* SNK
* Stanley Electric
* Star Micronics
* Stax
* Sumitomo Electric
* Taiyo Yuden
* Tamron
* TDK
* TEAC
* Tiger
* TOA Corporation
* Tokyo Electron
* Topcon
* Toshiba
* Uniden
* Ushio
* Wacom
* Yaesu
* Yamaha
* Yaskawa
* Zojirushi
* Zoom
* Zuken

|

Defunct|

* Akai
* Bronica
* Chinon
* Contax
* Konica
* Minolta
* National
* Norita
* Okaya Optical

Other|

* Electronic Industries Association of Japan
* INCJ
* Japan Electronic Industries Development Association
* Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
* Yagi–Uda antenna

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Nikkei 225 companies of Japan

* 7&i
* Advantest
* ÆON
* AGC
* Ajinomoto
* Alps
* ANA
* Amada
* Aozora Bank
* Asahi Breweries
* Asahi Kasei
* Astellas
* Bridgestone
* Canon
* Casio
* Chiba Bank
* Chiyoda
* Chuden
* Chugai
* Citizen
* Comsys
* Concordia Financial
* Credit Saison
* Dai-ichi Life
* Daiichi Sankyo
* Daikin
* Dainippon Screen
* Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma
* Daiwa House
* Daiwa Securities
* Denka
* Denso
* Dentsu
* DNP
* Dowa
* Ebara
* Eisai
* Fanuc
* Fast Retailing
* Fuji Electric
* Fujifilm
* Fujikura
* Fujitsu
* Fukuoka Financial
* Furukawa Co., Ltd.
* Furukawa Electric
* GS Yuasa
* Heiwa Real Estate
* Hino
* Hitachi
* Hitachi Construction Machinery
* Hitz
* Hokuetsu Paper
* Honda
* IHI
* INPEX
* Isetan-Mitsukoshi
* Isuzu
* Itochu
* JFE
* J. Front Retailing
* JGC
* JR Central
* JR East
* JR West
* JSW
* JT
* JTEKT
* JXTG
* Kajima
* KEPCO
* Kao
* Kawasaki
* KDDI
* Keio
* Keisei
* Kikkoman
* Kirin
* K Line
* Kobelco
* Komatsu
* Konami
* Konica Minolta
* Kubota
* Kuraray
* Kyocera
* Kyowa Hakko Kirin
* Marubeni
* Maruha Nichiro
* Marui
* Matsui Securities
* Mazda
* Meidensha
* Meiji Holdings
* MES
* Minebea
* Mitsubishi Chemical
* Mitsubishi Corporation
* Mitsubishi Electric
* Mitsubishi Estate
* Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
* Mitsubishi Logistics
* Mitsubishi Materials
* Mitsubishi Motors
* Mitsui & Co.
* Mitsui Chemicals
* Mitsui Fudosan
* Mitsui Kinzoku
* Mitsumi Electric
* Mizuho
* MOL
* MS&AD
* MUFG
* NEC
* NEG
* NGK
* Nichirei
* Nikon
* Nippon Express
* Nippon Kayaku
* Nippon Light Metal
* Nippon Ham
* Nippon Paper Industries
* Nippon Soda
* Nippon Suisan
* Nissan Motor Company
* Nissan Chemical
* Nisshin Seifun
* Nisshin Steel
* Nisshinbo
* Nittobo
* Nitto Denko
* Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings
* Nomura
* NSG
* NSK
* NSSMC
* NTN
* NTT
* NTT Data
* NTT DoCoMo
* NYK
* Obayashi
* Odakyu
* Oji Holdings Corporation
* OKI
* Okuma
* Olympus
* Osaka Gas
* Pacific Metals
* Panasonic
* Pioneer
* Resona
* Ricoh
* Sapporo Holdings
* Secom
* Sekisui House
* Sharp
* Shimz
* Shin-Etsu
* Shinsei Bank
* Shionogi
* Shiseido
* Shizuoka Bank
* Showa Denko
* Showa Shell
* SKY Perfect JSAT
* SoftBank
* Sojitz
* Sony Corporation
* Sony Financial
* Subaru Corporation
* SUMCO
* Sumitomo Chemical
* Sumitomo Corporation
* Sumitomo Electric
* Sumitomo Heavy Industries
* Sumitomo Metal Mining
* Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
* Sumitomo Mitsui Trust
* Sumitomo Osaka Cement
* Sumitomo Realty
* Suzuki
* T&D
* Taiheiyo Cement
* Taisei
* Taiyo Yuden
* Takara
* Takashimaya
* Takeda
* TDK
* Teijin
* TEPCO
* Terumo
* Tobu
* Toho
* Toho Zinc
* Tokai Carbon
* Tokuyama Corporation
* Toyo Seikan
* Tokio Marine
* Tokyo Dome
* Tokyo Electron
* Tokyo Gas
* Tokyo Tatemono
* Tokyu
* Tokyu Land
* Toppan
* Toray
* Toshiba
* Tosoh
* Toto
* Toyobo
* Toyota
* Toyota Tsusho
* Trend Micro
* Ube
* Unitika
* Uny
* Yahoo! Japan
* Yamaha
* Yamato Transport
* Yasakawa
* Yokogawa Electric
* Yokohama Rubber

* v
* t
* e

TOPIX 100 companies of Japan

Core 30|

* 7&i
* Astellas
* Canon
* Denso
* FANUC
* Hitachi
* Honda
* JR Central
* JR East
* JT
* KDDI
* Mitsubishi Corporation
* Mitsubishi Estate
* Mitsui & Co.
* Mitsui Fudosan
* Mizuho
* MUFG
* Murata
* Nissan
* Nomura
* NTT
* NTT DoCoMo
* Panasonic
* Shin-Etsu
* SoftBank
* Sony
* Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
* Takeda
* Tokio Marine
* Toyota

Large 70|

* ÆON
* Ajinomoto
* ANA
* Asahi Breweries
* Asahi Kasei
* Bridgestone
* Chubu Electric Power
* Concordia Financial
* Dai-ichi Life
* Daiichi Sankyo
* Daikin
* Daito Trust Construction
* Daiwa House
* Daiwa Securities
* Eisai
* Fast Retailing
* Fujifilm
* Fujitsu
* Hoya
* INPEX
* Isuzu
* Itochu
* Japan Airlines
* JR West
* JFE
* JXTG
* Kao
* KEPCO
* Keyence
* Kirin
* Komatsu
* Kubota
* Kyocera
* Marubeni
* Mazda
* Mitsubishi Chemical
* Mitsubishi Electric
* Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
* MS&AD
* Nidec
* Nintendo
* Nitto Denko
* Nippon Steel
* Ono Pharmaceutical
* Oriental Land
* Orix
* Osaka Gas
* Otsuka Pharmaceutical
* Rakuten
* Resona
* Secom
* Sekisui House
* Shionogi
* Shiseido
* SMC
* Sompo Holdings
* Subaru
* Sumitomo Corporation
* Sumitomo Electric
* Sumitomo Metal Mining
* Sumitomo Chemical
* Sumitomo Mitsui Trust
* Sumitomo Realty
* Suzuki
* T&D Holdings
* Tokyo Electron
* Tokyo Gas
* Toray
* Toshiba
* Unicharm
* Yamato Transport

* v
* t
* e

Major imaging companies

Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion

* Apple
* Canon
* HP
* Fujifilm
* Hikvision
* Kodak
* Konica Minolta
* Kyocera
* Lexmark
* Nikon
* Olympus
* Oki Electric Industry
* Panasonic
* Ricoh
* Pentax
* Samsung
* Seiko Epson
* Sharp
* Sony
* Toshiba
* Xerox

See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Optics manufacturing companies
Category:Photography companies

* v
* t
* e

Major information storage companies

Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion

* ADATA
* Amazon
* Apple
* Dell
* Dell EMC
* Fujitsu
* Google
* Hitachi Data Systems
* Hewlett Packard Enterprise
* IBM
* Kingston Technology
* Kioxia
* LenovoEMC
* Microsoft
* NetApp
* Oracle
* Plextor
* Samsung
* Seagate
* Silicon Power
* Sony
* Transcend Information
* Western Digital

See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Computer storage companies

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony. Read more

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