Convex geometry

Geometry

Projecting a sphere to a plane.

* Outline
* History

Branches

* Euclidean
* Non-Euclidean
* Elliptic
* Spherical
* Hyperbolic
* Non-Archimedean geometry
* Projective
* Affine
* Synthetic
* Analytic
* Algebraic
* Arithmetic
* Diophantine
* Differential
* Riemannian
* Symplectic
* Discrete differential
* Complex
* Finite
* Discrete/Combinatorial
* Digital
* Convex
* Computational
* Fractal
* Incidence

* Concepts
* Features

Dimension

* Straightedge and compass constructions

* Angle
* Curve
* Diagonal
* Orthogonality (Perpendicular)
* Parallel
* Vertex

* Congruence
* Similarity
* Symmetry

Zero-dimensional

* Point

One-dimensional

* Line
* segment
* ray
* Length

Two-dimensional

* Plane
* Area
* Polygon

Triangle

* Altitude
* Hypotenuse
* Pythagorean theorem

Parallelogram

* Square
* Rectangle
* Rhombus
* Rhomboid

Quadrilateral

* Trapezoid
* Kite

Circle

* Diameter
* Circumference
* Area

Three-dimensional

* Volume

* Cube
* cuboid
* Cylinder
* Pyramid
* Sphere

Four- / other-dimensional

* Tesseract
* Hypersphere

Geometers

by name

* Aida
* Aryabhata
* Ahmes
* Alhazen
* Apollonius
* Archimedes
* Atiyah
* Baudhayana
* Bolyai
* Brahmagupta
* Cartan
* Coxeter
* Descartes
* Euclid
* Euler
* Gauss
* Gromov
* Hilbert
* Jyeṣṭhadeva
* Kātyāyana
* Khayyám
* Klein
* Lobachevsky
* Manava
* Minkowski
* Minggatu
* Pascal
* Pythagoras
* Parameshvara
* Poincaré
* Riemann
* Sakabe
* Sijzi
* al-Tusi
* Veblen
* Virasena
* Yang Hui
* al-Yasamin
* Zhang
* List of geometers

by period

|  BCE

* Ahmes
* Baudhayana
* Manava
* Pythagoras
* Euclid
* Archimedes
* Apollonius

1–1400s

* Zhang
* Kātyāyana
* Aryabhata
* Brahmagupta
* Virasena
* Alhazen
* Sijzi
* Khayyám
* al-Yasamin
* al-Tusi
* Yang Hui
* Parameshvara

1400s–1700s

* Jyeṣṭhadeva
* Descartes
* Pascal
* Minggatu
* Euler
* Sakabe
* Aida

1700s–1900s

* Gauss
* Lobachevsky
* Bolyai
* Riemann
* Klein
* Poincaré
* Hilbert
* Minkowski
* Cartan
* Veblen
* Coxeter

Present day

* Atiyah
* Gromov

* v
* t
* e

Short description: Branch of geometry

In mathematics, convex geometry is the branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space. Convex sets occur naturally in many areas: computational geometry, convex analysis, discrete geometry, functional analysis, geometry of numbers, integral geometry, linear programming, probability theory, game theory, etc.

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 Historical note
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 5.1 Expository articles on convex geometry
* 5.2 Books on convex geometry
* 5.3 Articles on history of convex geometry
* 6 External links

## Classification

According to the Mathematics Subject Classification MSC2010,[1] the mathematical discipline Convex and Discrete Geometry includes three major branches:[2]

* general convexity
* polytopes and polyhedra
* discrete geometry

(though only portions of the latter two are included in convex geometry).

General convexity is further subdivided as follows:[3]

* axiomatic and generalized convexity
* convex sets without dimension restrictions
* convex sets in topological vector spaces
* convex sets in 2 dimensions (including convex curves)
* convex sets in 3 dimensions (including convex surfaces)
* convex sets in n dimensions (including convex hypersurfaces)
* finite-dimensional Banach spaces
* random convex sets and integral geometry
* asymptotic theory of convex bodies
* approximation by convex sets
* variants of convex sets (star-shaped, (m, n)-convex, etc.)
* Helly-type theorems and geometric transversal theory
* other problems of combinatorial convexity
* length, area, volume
* mixed volumes and related topics
* valuations on convex bodies
* inequalities and extremum problems
* convex functions and convex programs
* spherical and hyperbolic convexity

## Historical note

Convex geometry is a relatively young mathematical discipline. Although the first known contributions to convex geometry date back to antiquity and can be traced in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, it became an independent branch of mathematics at the turn of the 20th century, mainly due to the works of Hermann Brunn and Hermann Minkowski in dimensions two and three. A big part of their results was soon generalized to spaces of higher dimensions, and in 1934 T. Bonnesen and W. Fenchel gave a comprehensive survey of convex geometry in Euclidean space Rn. Further development of convex geometry in the 20th century and its relations to numerous mathematical disciplines are summarized in the Handbook of convex geometry edited by P. M. Gruber and J. M. Wills.

## See also

* List of convexity topics

## Notes

1. ↑ Website of Mathematics Subject Classification MSC2010
2. ↑ Mathematics Subject Classification MSC2010, entry 52 "Convex and discrete geometry"
3. ↑ Mathematics Subject Classification MSC2010, entry 52A "General convexity"

## References

### Expository articles on convex geometry

* Ball, K. (1997). "An elementary introduction to modern convex geometry". Flavors of Geometry. Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ.. 31. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 1–58. https://www.math.uchicago.edu/~shmuel/AAT-readings/Combinatorial Geometry, Concentration, Real Algebraic Geometry/ball.pdf.
* Berger, M. (1990). "Convexity". Amer. Math. Monthly 97: 650–678. doi:10.2307/2324573.
* Gruber, P. M. (1984). "Aspects of convexity and its applications". Exposition. Math. 2: 47–83.
* Klee, V. (1971). "What is a convex set?". Amer. Math. Monthly 78: 616–631. doi:10.2307/2316569.

### Books on convex geometry

* Bonnesen, T.; Fenchel, W. (1987). Theorie der konvexen Körper. Moscow, ID: BCS Associates.
* Gardner, R. J. (2006). Geometric tomography (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Gruber, P. M. (2007). Convex and discrete geometry. New York: Springer-Verlag.
* Handbook of convex geometry. Vol. A. B. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 1993.
* Pisier, G. (1989). The volume of convex bodies and Banach space geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Schneider, R. (2014). Convex bodies: the Brunn-Minkowski theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Thompson, A. C. (1996). Minkowski geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Balestro, Vitor; Martini, Horst; Teixeira, Ralph (2024) (in en). Convexity from the Geometric Point of View. Cornerstones. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50507-2. ISBN 978-3-031-50506-5. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-50507-2.

### Articles on history of convex geometry

* Fenchel, W. (1983). "Convexity through the ages". Convexity and its Applications. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. pp. 120–130. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-5858-8_6. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-5858-8_6.
* Gruber, Peter Manfred (1990), Fischer, Gerd; Hirzebruch, Friedrich; Scharlau, Winfried et al., eds., "Zur Geschichte der Konvexgeometrie und der Geometrie der Zahlen" (in de), Ein Jahrhundert Mathematik 1890–1990: Festschrift zum Jubiläum der DMV (Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag): pp. 421–455, doi:10.1007/978-3-322-80265-1_9, ISBN 978-3-322-80265-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80265-1_9
* Gruber, P. M. (1993). "History of convexity". Handbook of convex geometry. Vol. A. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 1–15.

## External links

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