DSPACE

In computational complexity theory, DSPACE or SPACE is the computational resource describing the resource of memory space for a deterministic Turing machine. It represents the total amount of memory space that a "normal" physical computer would need to solve a given computational problem with a given algorithm.

## Contents

* 1 Complexity classes
* 2 Machine models
* 3 Hierarchy theorem
* 4 Relation with other complexity classes
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Complexity classes

The measure DSPACE is used to define complexity classes, sets of all of the decision problems that can be solved using a certain amount of memory space. For each function f(n), there is a complexity class SPACE(f(n)), the set of decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using space O(f(n)). There is no restriction on the amount of computation time that can be used, though there may be restrictions on some other complexity measures (like alternation).

Several important complexity classes are defined in terms of DSPACE. These include:

* REG = DSPACE(O(1)), where REG is the class of regular languages. In fact, REG = DSPACE(o(log log n)) (that is, Ω(log log n) space is required to recognize any non-regular language).[1][2]

Proof: Suppose that there exists a non-regular language L ∈ DSPACE(s(n)), for s(n) = o(log log n). Let M be a Turing machine deciding L in space s(n). By our assumption L ∉ DSPACE(O(1)); thus, for any arbitrary k∈ℕ, there exists an input of M requiring more space than k.

Let x be an input of smallest size, denoted by n, that requires more space than k, and 𝒞 be the set of all configurations of M on input x. Because M ∈ DSPACE(s(n)), then |𝒞|≤2c.s(n)=o(log⁡n), where c is a constant depending on M.

Let S denote the set of all possible crossing sequences of M on x. Note that the length of a crossing sequence of M on x is at most |𝒞|: if it is longer than that, then some configuration will repeat, and M will go into an infinite loop. There are also at most |𝒞| possibilities for every element of a crossing sequence, so the number of different crossing sequences of M on x is

|S|≤|𝒞||𝒞|≤(2c.s(n))2c.s(n)=2c.s(n).2c.s(n)<222c.s(n)=22o(log⁡log⁡n)=o(n)

According to pigeonhole principle, there exist indexes i < j such that 𝒞i(x)=𝒞j(x), where 𝒞i(x) and 𝒞j(x) are the crossing sequences at boundary i and j, respectively.

Let x' be the string obtained from x by removing all cells from i \+ 1 to j. The machine M still behaves exactly the same way on input x' as on input x, so it needs the same space to compute x' as to compute x. However, |x' | < |x|, contradicting the definition of x. Hence, there does not exist such a language L as assumed. □

The above theorem implies the necessity of the space-constructible function assumption in the space hierarchy theorem.

* L = DSPACE(O(log n))
* PSPACE = ⋃k∈ℕDSPACE(nk)
* EXPSPACE = ⋃k∈ℕDSPACE(2nk)

## Machine models

DSPACE is traditionally measured on a deterministic Turing machine. Several important space complexity classes are sublinear, that is, smaller than the size of the input. Thus, "charging" the algorithm for the size of the input, or for the size of the output, would not truly capture the memory space used. This is solved by defining the multi-tape Turing machine with input and output, which is a standard multi-tape Turing machine, except that the input tape may never be written-to, and the output tape may never be read from. This allows smaller space classes, such as L (logarithmic space), to be defined in terms of the amount of space used by all of the work tapes (excluding the special input and output tapes).

Since many symbols might be packed into one by taking a suitable power of the alphabet, for all c ≥ 1 and f such that f(n) ≥ 1, the class of languages recognizable in c f(n) space is the same as the class of languages recognizable in f(n) space. This justifies usage of big O notation in the definition.

## Hierarchy theorem

The space hierarchy theorem shows that, for every space-constructible function f:ℕ->ℕ, there exists some language L which is decidable in space O(f(n)) but not in space o(f(n)).

Further information: space hierarchy theorem

## Relation with other complexity classes

DSPACE is the deterministic counterpart of NSPACE, the class of memory space on a non-deterministic Turing machine. By Savitch's theorem,[3] we have that

DSPACE(s(n))⊆NSPACE(s(n))⊆DSPACE((s(n))2).

NTIME is related to DSPACE in the following way. For any time constructible function t(n), we have

NTIME(t(n))⊆DSPACE(t(n)).

A much better simulation is known for deterministic time: if t(n)≥n,

DTIME(t(n))⊆DSPACE(t(n)log⁡t(n))

by a result of Williams,[4] improving an older bound of O(t/log⁡t) by Hopcroft, Paul, and Valiant.[5]

On the other hand, for any function s(n)≥log⁡n,

DSPACE(s(n))⊆DTIME(2O(s(n))).

## References

1. ↑ Szepietowski (1994) p. 28
2. ↑ Alberts, Maris (1985), Space complexity of alternating Turing machines
3. ↑ Arora & Barak (2009) p. 86
4. ↑ Ryan Williams, R. (2025-06-15). "Simulating Time with Square-Root Space" (in en). Proceedings of the 57th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. ACM. pp. 13–23. doi:10.1145/3717823.3718225. ISBN 979-8-4007-1510-5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3717823.3718225.
5. ↑ Hopcroft, John; Paul, Wolfgang; Valiant, Leslie (April 1977). "On Time Versus Space" (in en). Journal of the ACM 24 (2): 332–337. doi:10.1145/322003.322015. ISSN 0004-5411. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/322003.322015.

* Szepietowski, Andrzej (1994). Turing Machines with Sublogarithmic Space. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-58355-4.
* Arora, Sanjeev; Barak, Boaz (2009). Computational complexity. A modern approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42426-4.

## External links

* Complexity Zoo: DSPACE(f(n)).

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Important complexity classes (more)

Considered feasible|

* DLOGTIME
* AC0
* ACC0
* TC0
* L
* SL
* RL
* NL
* NC
* SC
* CC
* P
* P-complete
* ZPP
* RP
* BPP
* BQP
* APX

Suspected infeasible|

* UP
* NP
* NP-complete
* NP-hard
* co-NP
* co-NP-complete
* AM
* QMA
* PH
* ⊕P
* PP
* #P
* #P-complete
* IP
* PSPACE
* PSPACE-complete

Considered infeasible|

* EXPTIME
* NEXPTIME
* EXPSPACE
* 2-EXPTIME
* ELEMENTARY
* PR
* R
* RE
* ALL

Class hierarchies|

* Polynomial hierarchy
* Exponential hierarchy
* Grzegorczyk hierarchy
* Arithmetical hierarchy
* Boolean hierarchy

Families of classes|

* DTIME
* NTIME
* DSPACE
* NSPACE
* Probabilistically checkable proof
* Interactive proof system

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