Differentiable programming

Short description: Programming paradigm

Programming paradigms

* Action
* Agent-oriented
* Array-oriented
* Automata-based
* Concurrent computing
* Relativistic programming
* Data-driven
* Declarative (contrast: Imperative)
* Functional
* Functional logic
* Purely functional
* Logic
* Abductive logic
* Answer set
* Concurrent logic
* Functional logic
* Inductive logic
* Constraint
* Constraint logic
* Concurrent constraint logic
* Dataflow
* Flow-based
* Reactive
* Ontology
* Differentiable
* Dynamic/scripting
* Event-driven
* Function-level (contrast: Value-level)
* Point-free style
* Concatenative
* Generic
* Imperative (contrast: Declarative)
* Procedural
* Object-oriented
* Polymorphic
* Intentional
* Language-oriented
* Domain-specific
* Literate
* Natural-language programming
* Metaprogramming
* Automatic
* Inductive programming
* Reflective
* Attribute-oriented
* Macro
* Template
* Non-structured (contrast: Structured)
* Array
* Nondeterministic
* Parallel computing
* Process-oriented
* Probabilistic
* Quantum
* Set-theoretic
* Stack-based
* Structured (contrast: Non-structured)
* Block-structured
* Structured concurrency
* Object-oriented
* Actor-based
* Class-based
* Concurrent
* Prototype-based
* By separation of concerns:
* Aspect-oriented
* Role-oriented
* Subject-oriented
* Recursive
* Symbolic
* Value-level (contrast: Function-level)

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Differentiable programming is a programming paradigm in which a numeric computer program can be differentiated throughout via automatic differentiation.[1][2][3][4][5] This allows for gradient-based optimization of parameters in the program, often via gradient descent, as well as other learning approaches that are based on higher order derivative information. Differentiable programming has found use in a wide variety of areas, particularly scientific computing and artificial intelligence.[5] One of the early proposals to adopt such a framework in a systematic fashion to improve upon learning algorithms was made by the Advanced Concepts Team at the European Space Agency in early 2016.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Approaches
* 2 Applications
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References

## Approaches

Most differentiable programming frameworks work by constructing a graph containing the control flow and data structures in the program.[7] Attempts generally fall into two groups:

* Static, compiled graph-based approaches such as TensorFlow,[note 1] Theano, and MXNet. They tend to allow for good compiler optimization and easier scaling to large systems, but their static nature limits interactivity and the types of programs that can be created easily (e.g. those involving loops or recursion), as well as making it harder for users to reason effectively about their programs.[7] A proof of concept compiler toolchain called Myia uses a subset of Python as a front end and supports higher-order functions, recursion, and higher-order derivatives.[8][9][10]

* Operator overloading, dynamic graph based approaches such as PyTorch and NumPy's autograd package. Their dynamic and interactive nature lets most programs be written and reasoned about more easily. However, they lead to interpreter overhead (particularly when composing many small operations), poorer scalability, and reduced benefit from compiler optimization.[9][10] A package for the Julia programming language - Zygote - works directly on Julia's intermediate representation, allowing it to still be optimized by Julia's just-in-time compiler.[7][11][5]

A limitation of earlier approaches is that they are only able to differentiate code written in a suitable manner for the framework, limiting their interoperability with other programs. Newer approaches resolve this issue by constructing the graph from the language's syntax or IR, allowing arbitrary code to be differentiated.[7][9]

## Applications

Differentiable programming has been applied in areas such as combining deep learning with physics engines in robotics,[12] solving electronic structure problems with differentiable density functional theory,[13] differentiable ray tracing,[14] image processing,[15] and probabilistic programming.[5]

## See also

* Differentiable function
* Machine learning

## Notes

1. ↑ TensorFlow 1 uses the static graph approach, whereas TensorFlow 2 uses the dynamic graph approach by default.

## References

1. ↑ Izzo, Dario; Biscani, Francesco; Mereta, Alessio (2017). "Differentiable Genetic Programming". Genetic Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 18. pp. 35–51. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55696-3_3. ISBN 978-3-319-55695-6. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-55696-3_3.
2. ↑ Baydin, Atilim Gunes; Pearlmutter, Barak; Radul, Alexey Andreyevich; Siskind, Jeffrey (2018). "Automatic differentiation in machine learning: a survey". Journal of Machine Learning Research 18: 1–43. http://jmlr.org/papers/v18/17-468.html.
3. ↑ Wang, Fei; Decker, James; Wu, Xilun; Essertel, Gregory; Rompf, Tiark (2018). "Backpropagation with Callbacks: Foundations for Efficient and Expressive Differentiable Programming". in Bengio, S.; Wallach, H.; Larochelle, H. et al.. NIPS'18: Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates. pp. 10201–12. http://papers.nips.cc/paper/8221-backpropagation-with-callbacks-foundations-for-efficient-and-expressive-differentiable-programming.pdf. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
4. ↑ Innes, Mike (2018). "On Machine Learning and Programming Languages". SysML Conference 2018. http://www.sysml.cc/doc/2018/37.pdf. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Innes, Mike; Edelman, Alan; Fischer, Keno; Rackauckas, Chris; Saba, Elliot; Viral B Shah; Tebbutt, Will (2019), ∂P: A Differentiable Programming System to Bridge Machine Learning and Scientific Computing
6. ↑ "Differential Intelligence". October 2016. https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/projects/differential_intelligence/.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Innes, Michael; Saba, Elliot; Fischer, Keno; Gandhi, Dhairya; Rudilosso, Marco Concetto; Joy, Neethu Mariya; Karmali, Tejan; Pal, Avik; Shah, Viral (2018-10-31). "Fashionable Modelling with Flux". arXiv:1811.01457 [cs.PL].
8. ↑ Merriënboer, Bart van; Breuleux, Olivier; Bergeron, Arnaud; Lamblin, Pascal (3 December 2018). "Automatic differentiation in ML: where we are and where we should be going". NIPS'18. 31. pp. 8771–81. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2018/hash/770f8e448d07586afbf77bb59f698587-Abstract.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Breuleux, O.; van Merriënboer, B. (2017). "Automatic Differentiation in Myia". https://www.sysml.cc/doc/2018/39.pdf.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "TensorFlow: Static Graphs". Tutorials: Learning PyTorch. PyTorch.org. https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/examples_autograd/tf_two_layer_net.html.
11. ↑ Innes, Michael (2018-10-18). "Don't Unroll Adjoint: Differentiating SSA-Form Programs". arXiv:1810.07951 [cs.PL].
12. ↑ Degrave, Jonas; Hermans, Michiel; Dambre, Joni; wyffels, Francis (2016-11-05). "A Differentiable Physics Engine for Deep Learning in Robotics". arXiv:1611.01652 [cs.NE].
13. ↑ Li, Li; Hoyer, Stephan; Pederson, Ryan; Sun, Ruoxi; Cubuk, Ekin D.; Riley, Patrick; Burke, Kieron (2021). "Kohn-Sham Equations as Regularizer: Building Prior Knowledge into Machine-Learned Physics". Physical Review Letters 126 (3): 036401. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.036401. PMID 33543980. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.126c6401L.
14. ↑ Li, Tzu-Mao; Aittala, Miika; Durand, Frédo; Lehtinen, Jaakko (2018). "Differentiable Monte Carlo Ray Tracing through Edge Sampling". ACM Transactions on Graphics 37 (6): 222:1–11. doi:10.1145/3272127.3275109. https://people.csail.mit.edu/tzumao/diffrt/.
15. ↑ Li, Tzu-Mao; Gharbi, Michaël; Adams, Andrew; Durand, Frédo; Ragan-Kelley, Jonathan (August 2018). "Differentiable Programming for Image Processing and Deep Learning in Halide". ACM Transactions on Graphics 37 (4): 139:1–13. doi:10.1145/3197517.3201383. https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~tzli/gradient_halide.

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Differentiable computing

General|

* Differentiable programming
* Neural Turing machine
* Differentiable neural computer
* Automatic differentiation
* Neuromorphic engineering

Concepts|

* Gradient descent
* Cable theory
* Cluster analysis
* Regression analysis
* Pattern recognition
* Adversarial machine learning
* Computational learning theory

Programming languages|

* Python
* Julia

Application|

* Machine learning
* Artificial neural network
* Scientific computing
* Artificial Intelligence

Hardware|

* TPU
* VPU
* Memristor
* SpiNNaker

Software library|

* TensorFlow
* PyTorch

Implementation|

| Audio-visual|

* AlexNet
* WaveNet
* Human image synthesis
* HWR
* OCR
* Speech synthesis
* Speech recognition
* Facial recognition system

|

Verbal|

* Word2vec
* Transformer
* BERT
* NMT
* Project Debater
* Watson
* GPT-3

Decisional|

* AlphaGo
* Q-learning
* SARSA
* OpenAI Five

People|

* Alex Graves
* Ian Goodfellow
* Yoshua Bengio
* Geoffrey Hinton
* Yann LeCun
* Andrew Ng
* Demis Hassabis

* Portals
* Computer programming
* Technology
* Category
* Artificial neural networks
* Machine learning

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