E-textiles

Electronic textiles or e-textiles are fabrics that enable electronic components such as batteries, lights, sensors, and microcontrollers to be embedded in them.[1][2] Many smart clothing items, wearable technology products, and wearable computing projects involve the use of e-textiles.[3]

Electronic textiles are distinct from wearable computing because the emphasis is placed on the seamless integration of textiles with electronic elements like microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators. Furthermore, e-textiles need not be wearable, as they are also found in interior design.

A new report from Cientifica Research examines the markets for textile-based wearable technologies, the companies producing them, and the enabling technologies. The report identifies three distinct generations of textile wearable technologies:

1. "First-generation" wearables attach a sensor to apparel. This approach is currently taken by sportswear brands such as Adidas, Nike, and Under Armour.
2. "Second-generation" products embed the sensor in the garment, as demonstrated by current products from Samsung, Alphabet, Ralph Lauren, and Flex.

Future applications for e-textiles may include sports and wellness products, as well as medical devices for patient monitoring. Technical textiles, fashion, and entertainment will also be significant application areas.[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Overview
* 3 Sensors
* 4 Fibretronics
* 5 Healthcare
* 5.1 Vital sign monitoring
* 5.2 Chronic disease management
* 5.3 Assistive technologies
* 6 Sports
* 7 Military
* 8 Sustainability
* 9 See also
* 10 References

## History

The basic materials needed to construct e-textiles, conductive threads, and fabrics have been around for over 1000 years.[clarification needed] In particular, artisans have been wrapping fine metal foils, most often gold and silver, around fabric threads for centuries.[5] Many of Queen Elizabeth I's gowns, for example, were embroidered with gold-wrapped threads.

At the end of the 19th century, as people developed and grew accustomed to electric appliances, designers and engineers began to combine electricity with clothing and jewelry—developing a series of illuminated and motorized necklaces, hats, brooches and costumes.[6][7] For example, in the late 1800s, a person could hire young women adorned in light-studded evening gowns from the Electric Girl Lighting Company to provide cocktail party entertainment.[8]

In 1968, the Museum of Contemporary Craft in New York City held a ground-breaking exhibition called Body Covering that focused on the relationship between technology and apparel. The show featured astronauts' space suits along with clothing that could inflate and deflate, light up, and heat and cool itself.[9] Particularly noteworthy in this collection was the work of Diana Dew,[10] a designer who created a line of electronic fashion, including electroluminescent party dresses and belts that could sound alarm sirens.[11]

In 1985, inventor Harry Wainwright created the first fully animated sweatshirt. The shirt consisted of fiber optics, leads, and a microprocessor to control individual frames of animation. The result was a full-color cartoon displayed on the surface of the shirt. in 1995, Wainwright went on to invent the first machine enabling fiber optics to be machined into fabrics, the process needed for manufacturing enough for mass markets and, in 1997, hired a German machine designer, Herbert Selbach, from Selbach Machinery to produce the world's first computer numerical control (CNC) machine able to automatically implant fiber optics into any flexible material. Receiving the first of a dozen patents based on LED/Optic displays and machinery in 1989, the first CNC machines went into production in 1998 beginning with the production of animated coats for Disney Parks in 1998. The first ECG bio-physical display jackets employing LED/optic displays were created by Wainwright and David Bychkov, the CEO of Exmovere at the time in 2005 using GSR sensors in a watch connected via Bluetooth to the embedded machine washable display in a denim jacket and were demonstrated at the Smart Fabrics Conference held in Washington, D.C. May 7, 2007. Additional smart fabric technologies were unveiled by Wainwright at two Flextech Flexible Display conferences held in Phoenix, Arizona, showing infrared digital displays machine-embedded into fabrics for IFF (Identification of Friend or Foe) which were submitted to BAE Systems for evaluation in 2006 and won an "Honorable Mention" award from NASA in 2010 on their Tech Briefs, "Design the Future" contest. MIT personnel purchased several fully animated coats for their researchers to wear at their demonstrations in 1999 to bring attention to their "Wearable Computer" research. Wainwright was commissioned to speak at the Textile and Colorists Conference in Melbourne, Australia on June 5, 2012. He was requested to demonstrate his fabric creations that change color using any smartphone, indicate callers on mobile phones without a digital display, and contain Wi-Fi security features that protect purses and personal items from theft.

Embroidered conductive thread

In the mid-1990s a team of MIT researchers led by Steve Mann, Thad Starner, and Sandy Pentland began to develop what they termed wearable computers. These devices consisted of traditional computer hardware attached to and carried on the body. In response to technical, social, and design challenges faced by these researchers, another group at MIT, which included Maggie Orth and Rehmi Post, began to explore how such devices might be more gracefully integrated into clothing and other soft substrates. In 1999, Rehmi Post came up with "E-broidery," a method for embedding electronic circuits into textiles by using conductive threads and digital embroidery. This led to the development of Plastic Threaded Chip Carriers, which then led to the integration of standard microchips into fabrics. A first application was the creation of a wearable MIDI jacket which featured embroidered touch sensors and audio components. Post's work created a foundation for more advanced e-textiles and advocated for the importance of washability and durability in e-textiles. Among other developments, this team explored integrating digital electronics with conductive fabrics and developed a method for embroidering electronic circuits.[12][13] One of the first commercially available wearable Arduino based microcontrollers, called the Lilypad Arduino, was also created at the MIT Media Lab by Leah Buechley.

## Overview

The field of e-textiles can be divided into two main categories:

* E-textiles with classical electronic devices such as conductors, integrated circuits, LEDs, OLEDs, and conventional batteries embedded into garments.[14]
* E-textiles with electronics integrated directly into the textile substrates.[15] This can include either passive electronics such as conductors and resistors or active components like transistors, diodes, and solar cells.

E-textiles are often constructed using various types of conductive yarns, including metal wire filaments, metal-coated polymer yarns, spun yarns blended with conductive materials, wet-spun conductive polymers, and graphene-coated yarns.[16]

Most research and commercial e-textile projects are hybrids where electronic components embedded in the textile are connected to classical electronic devices or components. Some examples are touch buttons that are constructed completely in textile forms by using conducting textile weaves, which are then connected to devices such as music players or LEDs that are mounted on woven conducting fiber networks to form displays.[17]

Printed sensors for both physiological and environmental monitoring have been integrated into textiles[18] including cotton,[19] Gore-Tex,[20] and neoprene.[21] These sensors are capable of detecting parameters such as glucose levels and other biomarkers relevant to physical health.[22]

## Sensors

Smart textile fabric can be made from materials ranging from traditional cotton, polyester, and nylon, to advanced Kevlar with integrated functionalities. At present, however, fabrics with electrical conductivity are of interest.[23] Electrically conductive fabrics have been produced by deposition of metal nanoparticles around the woven fibers and fabrics. The resulting metallic fabrics are conductive, hydrophilic, and have high electroactive surface areas. These properties render them ideal substrates for electrochemical biosensing, which has been demonstrated with the detection of DNA and proteins.[24]

There are two kinds of smart textile (fabric) products that have been developed and studied for health monitoring: Fabric with textile-based sensor electronics and fabric that envelopes traditional sensor electronics. It has shown that weaving can be used to incorporate electrically conductive yarn into a fabric to obtain a textile that can be used as a "Wearable Motherboard". It can connect multiple sensors on the body, such as wet gel ECG electrodes, to the signal acquisition electronics. Later research has shown that conductive yarns can be instrumental in the fabrication of textile-based sensors made of fabric or metallic meshes coated with silver or conductive metal cores woven into the fabric.[25]

There are two broad approaches to the fabrication of garments with ECG sensor electrodes in research:

* Integration into finished garments: This method involves attaching sensor elements to garments that have already been manufactured. Electrodes can be stitched into appropriate locations or applied using deposition techniques that transfer functional materials onto the fabric's surface.
* Fabrication with smart materials: This method introduces functional materials during the manufacturing process rather than afterward. Textile fabrication techniques, such as weaving or nonwoven formation, embed components directly into the textile.[25]

## Fibretronics

Just as in classical electronics, the construction of electronic capabilities on textile fibers requires the use of conducting and semi-conducting materials such as a conductive textile. There are a number of commercial fibers today that include metallic fibers mixed with textile fibers to form conducting fibers that can be woven or sewn.[26] However, because both metals and classical semiconductors are stiff material, they are not very suitable for textile fiber applications, since fibers are subjected to much stretch and bending during use.

Smart wearables are consumer-grade connected electronic devices that may be embedded into clothing.

One of the most important issues of e-textiles is that the fibers should be washable. Electrical components would thus need to be insulated during washing to prevent damage.[27]

The use of printed e-textiles, created using methods such as screen printing, offers much higher flexibility and comfort compared to textile fibers.[28] A new class of electronic materials that can be printed is the class of organic electronics materials, which can be conducting, as well as semiconducting, and designed as inks and plastics. Graphene, in particular, has attracted considerable attention due to its excellent conductivity, among other attributes. However, since many of these materials are water-based, the use of protective coatings is essential to maintain conductivity and long-term stability. In addition, the mechanical stress of washing can degrade the ink and cause a loss of electrical performance if not protected.[29]

Researchers developed washable and durable magnetic field-sensing electronic textiles. These textiles integrate flexible magnetoresistive sensors within braided yarns, enabling touchless interaction through gestures. Potential applications include interactive clothing, virtual reality navigation, and safety monitoring in specialized garments.[30]

Some of the most advanced functions that have been demonstrated in the lab include:

* Organic fiber transistors: These are textile-based transistors that are fully compatible with standard textile manufacturing processes. They are carbon-based and contain no metal components, which results in a lightweight and environmentally friendly design.[31][32]
* Organic solar cells on fibers: These are photovoltaic devices made from carbon-based semiconducting materials, designed to be flexible and lightweight. When applied to textile fibers, they allow fabrics to harvest solar energy, potentially powering wearable electronics.[33]

## Healthcare

### Vital sign monitoring

E-textiles can be used to monitor vital signs through integrated electronics. Sensors embedded in fabrics can track parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature.[34] The integration of sensors allows patients to wear non-invasive garments that provide real-time data to healthcare providers, enabling earlier detection of health issues and remote patient monitoring. Sensor technologies such as conductive yarns and printed electronics have been adapted for flexible and washable fabrics suitable for daily use.[35]

### Chronic disease management

E-textiles are used in the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes. These e-textiles assist in monitoring biomarkers like glucose, lactate, and cortisol by analyzing the wearer's sweat through integrated sensors. Monitoring biomarkers through e-textiles has been reported as a less invasive alternative to blood tests. Sweat contains biochemical information that reflects metabolic and stress-related changes in the body, which can serve as a medium for continuous health assessment.[36]

### Assistive technologies

E-textiles are used in assistive technology for individuals with disabilities. These textiles can incorporate sensors, actuators, and communication modules to help address challenges related to mobility, perception, and communication. For example, e-textiles equipped with motion and muscle sensors can assist in physical rehabilitation by tracking limb movement and providing feedback during stroke recovery.[37] Similarly, tactile and auditory e-textile systems can be used to support people with visual impairments by translating Braille into speech.[38] Integrating these functions into clothing can reduce bulk and weight compared to external equipment and allows continuous support during daily activities.

## Sports

In sports, e-textiles can be used to monitor player performance and physical metrics. By embedding sensors within uniforms and equipment, these textiles can measure physiological data such as heart rate, muscle activity, energy expenditure, and distance covered. The collected information can be used to analyze performance, track workload, and detect fatigue or potential injury.[39] Unlike traditional wearable devices, e-textiles integrate sensors directly into garments and equipment. This integration allows continuous, real-time monitoring during activity without restricting movement.

## Military

E-textiles are used in military applications to track the health, vital signs, and location of soldiers, providing real-time information that can be used for operational safety and decision-making in the field. The data collected by these textiles can be used to monitor the physical and mental states of soldiers. Some e-textiles also integrate environmental sensors, allowing soldiers to receive alerts about exposure to hazardous conditions such as extreme heat or toxic chemicals.[40]

## Sustainability

The recent growth in the use of e-textiles raises sustainability challenges by combining textile and electronic waste in a single product. Despite about 95% of discarded textiles being recyclable, about 85 percent ends up landfilled [41] creating an emerging need for sustainable approaches to textile fabrication. E-textiles made of complex materials present additional challenges to repair and recycling, so some researchers have proposed e-textile design choices specifically with repair, material cost reduction, and substitution of unsustainable or otherwise harmful materials with safer or bio-based ones[42]. Other efforts were focused on exploring alternatives to unsustainable fibers and fabrication methods such as hemp, cellulose-based, or biopolymer materials to lower the environmental impact of water-intensive industries such as cotton farming while retaining critical benefits in cost-of-production, durability, and comfort.[43]

## See also

* Activity tracker
* Clothing technology
* Computer-mediated reality
* Cyborg
* eHealth
* Hexoskin
* Futuristic clothing
* Heart rate monitor
* Identity tag
* Wearable technology
* Wearable computer

## References

1. ↑ Komolafe, Abiodun; Zaghari, Bahareh; Torah, Russel; Weddell, Alex S.; Khanbareh, Hamideh; Tsikriteas, Zois Michail; Vousden, Mark; Wagih, Mahmoud et al. (2021). "E-Textile Technology Review–From Materials to Application". IEEE Access 9: 97152–97179. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3094303. Bibcode: 2021IEEEA...997152K.
2. ↑ Du, Kang; Lin, Rongzhou; Yin, Lu; Ho, John S.; Wang, Joseph; Lim, Chwee Teck (2022). "Electronic textiles for energy, sensing, and communication". iScience 25 (5). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104174. PMID 35479405. Bibcode: 2022iSci...25j4174D.
3. ↑ Cherenack, Kunigunde; Pieterson, Liesbeth van (2012-11-01). "Smart textiles: Challenges and opportunities". Journal of Applied Physics 112 (9): 091301–091301–14. 7 November 2012. doi:10.1063/1.4742728. ISSN 0021-8979. Bibcode: 2012JAP...112i1301C. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/62e2/6dad97b54cd43ba8c1a98bdaf99fd73c0c76.pdf.
4. ↑ "﻿Smart Textiles and Wearables - Markets, Applications and Technologies﻿". Innovation in Textiles. September 7, 2016. http://www.innovationintextiles.com/new-report-smart-textiles-and-wearables-markets-applications-and-technologies/.
5. ↑ Harris, J., ed. Textiles, 5,000 years: an international history and illustrated survey. H.N. Abrams, New York, NY, USA, 1993.
6. ↑ Marvin, C. When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press, USA, 1990.
7. ↑ Gere, C. and Rudoe, J. Jewellery in the Age of Queen Victoria: A Mirror to the World. British Museum Press, 2010.
8. ↑ "ELECTRIC GIRLS.". The New York Times. 26 April 1884. https://www.nytimes.com/1884/04/26/archives/electric-girls.html.
9. ↑ Smith, P. Body Covering. Museum of Contemporary Crafts, the American Craft Council, New York, NY, 1968
10. ↑ "The Original Creators: Diana Dew". 11 April 2011. https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-original-creators-diana-dew/.
11. ↑ Flood, Kathleen (11 April 2011). "The Original Creators: Diana Dew". http://www.thecreatorsproject.com/blog/the-original-creators-diana-dew.
12. ↑ Post, E. R.; Orth, M.; Russo, P. R.; Gershenfeld, N. (2000). "E-broidery: Design and fabrication of textile-based computing". IBM Systems Journal 39 (3.4): 840–860. doi:10.1147/sj.393.0840. ISSN 0018-8670.
13. ↑ US patent 6210771 "Electrically active textiles and articles made therefrom."
14. ↑ Weng, W., Chen, P., He, S., Sun, X., & Peng, H. (2016). Smart electronic textiles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(21), 6140-6169.https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201507333
15. ↑ Lund, A., Wu, Y., Fenech-Salerno, B., Torrisi, F., Carmichael, T. B., & Müller, C. (2021). Conducting materials as building blocks for electronic textiles. MRS Bulletin, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-021-00117-0
16. ↑ Beeby, Stephen P.; Torah, Russel N.; Wagih, Mahmoud; Isaia, Beckie; Black, Sandy; Saunders, Jessica; Yang, Kai (2025). "Heterogeneous E-Textiles: Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainability" (in en). Advanced Materials Technologies 10 (3). doi:10.1002/admt.202400844. ISSN 2365-709X.
17. ↑ "LumaLive.com". http://www.lumalive.com/.
18. ↑ Windmiller, J. R.; Wang, J. (2013). "Wearable Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review". Electroanalysis 25 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1002/elan.201200349.
19. ↑ Yang-Li Yang; Min-Chieh Chuang; Shyh-Liang Loub; Joseph Wang (2010). "Thick-film Textile-based Amperometric Sensors and Biosensors". Analyst 135 (6): 1230–1234. doi:10.1039/B926339J. PMID 20498876. Bibcode: 2010Ana...135.1230Y.
20. ↑ Chuang, M.-C.; Windmiller, J. R.; Santhosh, P.; Ramírez, G. V.; Galik, M.; Chou, T.-Y.; Wang, J. (2010). "Textile-based Electrochemical Sensing: Effect of Fabric Substrate and Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives". Electroanalysis 22 (21): 2511–2518. doi:10.1002/elan.201000434.
21. ↑ Kerstin Malzahn; Joshua Ray Windmiller; Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez; Michael J. Schöning; Joseph Wang (2011). "Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for in situ Analysis in Marine Environments". Analyst 136 (14): 2912–2917. doi:10.1039/C1AN15193B. PMID 21637863. Bibcode: 2011Ana...136.2912M.
22. ↑ Sunstrum, Frédérique N.; Khan, Jawairia Umar; Li, Nga-Wun; Welsh, Alec W. (2025-04-01). "Wearable textile sensors for continuous glucose monitoring". Biosensors and Bioelectronics 273. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2025.117133. ISSN 0956-5663. PMID 39808994.
23. ↑ "Healable Cotton-Graphene Nanocomposite Conductor for Wearable Electronics". ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 9 (16): 13825–13830. 2017. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b02326. PMID 28401760. Bibcode: 2017AAMI....913825C.
24. ↑ Grell, Max; Dincer, Can; Le, Thao; Lauri, Alberto; Nunez Bajo, Estefania; Kasimatis, Michael; Barandun, Giandrin; Maier, Stefan A. et al. (2018-11-09). "Autocatalytic Metallization of Fabrics Using Si Ink, for Biosensors, Batteries and Energy Harvesting" (in en). Advanced Functional Materials 29 (1). doi:10.1002/adfm.201804798. ISSN 1616-301X. PMID 32733177.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Shyamkumar, Prashanth; Pratyush Rai; Sechang Oh; Mouli Ramasamy; Robert Harbaugh; Vijay Varadan (2014). "Wearable Wireless Cardiovascular Monitoring Using Textile-Based Nanosensor and Nanomaterial Systems". Electronics 3 (3): 504–520. doi:10.3390/electronics3030504. ISSN 2079-9292. 50x50px The material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
26. ↑ Atalay, Ozgur; Kennon, William; Husain, Muhammad; Atalay, Ozgur; Kennon, William Richard; Husain, Muhammad Dawood (2013-08-21). "Textile-Based Weft Knitted Strain Sensors: Effect of Fabric Parameters on Sensor Properties" (in en). Sensors 13 (8): 11114–11127. doi:10.3390/s130811114. PMID 23966199. Bibcode: 2013Senso..1311114A.
27. ↑ Sala de Medeiros, Marina; Chanci, Daniela; Moreno, Carolina; Goswami, Debkalpa; Martinez, Ramses V. (2019-07-25). "Waterproof, Breathable, and Antibacterial Self-Powered e-Textiles Based on Omniphobic Triboelectric Nanogenerators" (in en). Advanced Functional Materials 29 (42). doi:10.1002/adfm.201904350. ISSN 1616-301X. Bibcode: 2019AdvFM..2904350S.
28. ↑ Islam, Md Rashedul; Afroj, Shaila; Yin, Junyi; Novoselov, Kostya S.; Chen, Jun; Karim, Nazmul (27 November 2023). "Advances in Printed Electronic Textiles". Advanced Science 11 (6). doi:10.1002/advs.202304140. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 38009793.
29. ↑ Improta, Ilaria; Rollo, Gennaro; Buonocore, Giovanna Giuliana; Del Ferraro, Simona; Molinaro, Vincenzo; D'Addio, Gianni; De Rosa, Anna; Lavorgna, Marino (2025-03-27). "On the Enhancement of the Long-Term Washability of e-Textile Realized with Electrically Conductive Graphene-Based Inks". Polymers 17 (7): 904. doi:10.3390/polym17070904. ISSN 2073-4360. PMID 40219294.
30. ↑ Lugoda, Pasindu; Oliveros-Mata, Eduardo Sergio; Marasinghe, Kalana; Bhaumik, Rahul; Pretto, Niccolò; Oliveira, Carlos; Dias, Tilak; Hughes-Riley, Theodore et al. (2025-02-25). "Submersible touchless interactivity in conformable textiles enabled by highly selective overbraided magnetoresistive sensors" (in en). Communications Engineering 4 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/s44172-025-00373-x. ISSN 2731-3395. PMID 40000762.
31. ↑ Hamedi, M.; Herlogsson, L.; Crispin, X.; Marcilla, R.; Berggren, M.; Inganäs, O. (22 January 2009). "Electronic Textiles: Fiber-Embedded Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistors for e-Textiles". Advanced Materials 21 (5): n/a. doi:10.1002/adma.200990013. PMID 21162140.
32. ↑ "Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres". Nature Materials 6 (5): 357–362. 4 April 2007. doi:10.1038/nmat1884. PMID 17406663. Bibcode: 2007NatMa...6..357H.
33. ↑ Michael R. Lee; Robert D. Eckert; Karen Forberich; Gilles Dennler; Christoph J. Brabec; Russell A. Gaudiana (12 March 2009). "Solar Power Wires Based on Organic Photovoltaic Materials". Science 324 (5924): 232–235. doi:10.1126/science.1168539. PMID 19286521. Bibcode: 2009Sci...324..232L.
34. ↑ Sankauskaite, Audrone; Pauliukaite, Rasa; Baltusnikaite-Guzaitiene, Julija; Abraitiene, Ausra (2023-12-01). "Smart textile with integrated wearable electrochemical sensors". Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 42. doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101410. ISSN 2451-9103. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S245191032300203X.
35. ↑ Beeby, Stephen P.; Torah, Russel N.; Wagih, Mahmoud; Isaia, Beckie; Black, Sandy; Saunders, Jessica; Yang, Kai (2025). "Heterogeneous E-Textiles: Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainability" (in en). Advanced Materials Technologies 10 (3). doi:10.1002/admt.202400844. ISSN 2365-709X.
36. ↑ Sunstrum, Frédérique N.; Khan, Jawairia Umar; Li, Nga-Wun; Welsh, Alec W. (2025-04-01). "Wearable textile sensors for continuous glucose monitoring". Biosensors and Bioelectronics 273. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2025.117133. ISSN 0956-5663. PMID 39808994.
37. ↑ Chen, Guorui; Xiao, Xiao; Zhao, Xun; Tat, Trinny; Bick, Michael; Chen, Jun (2022-02-09). "Electronic Textiles for Wearable Point-of-Care Systems". Chemical Reviews 122 (3): 3259–3291. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00502. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 34939791. Bibcode: 2022ChRv..122.3259C.
38. ↑ Li, Zhaoyang; Liu, Zhe; Xu, Sumei; Zhang, Kaijun; Zhao, Dazhe; Pi, Yucong; Guan, Xiao; Peng, Zhengchun et al. (2024). "Electrostatic Smart Textiles for Braille-To-Speech Translation" (in en). Advanced Materials 36 (24). doi:10.1002/adma.202313518. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 38502121. Bibcode: 2024AdM....3613518L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202313518.
39. ↑ Yang, Kai; McErlain-Naylor, Stuart A.; Isaia, Beckie; Callaway, Andrew; Beeby, Steve (2024-02-06). "E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing: Current State, Challenges, and Future Opportunities" (in en). Sensors 24 (4): 1058. doi:10.3390/s24041058. ISSN 1424-8220. PMID 38400216. Bibcode: 2024Senso..24.1058Y.
40. ↑ Friedl, Karl E. (2018-11-01). "Military applications of soldier physiological monitoring". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 4th International Congress on Soldiers' Physical Performance 21 (11): 1147–1153. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.06.004. ISSN 1440-2440. PMID 29960798. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S144024401830255X.
41. ↑ Dulal, Marzia; Modha, Harsh Rajesh Mansukhlal; Liu, Jingqi; Islam, Md Rashedul; Carr, Chris; Hasan, Tawfique; Thorn, Robin Michael Statham; Afroj, Shaila et al. (May 2025). "Sustainable, Wearable, and Eco‐Friendly Electronic Textiles" (in en). ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS 8 (3). doi:10.1002/eem2.12854. ISSN 2575-0356. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eem2.12854.
42. ↑ Shi, HaoTian Harvey; Pan, Yifei; Xu, Lin; Feng, Xueming; Wang, Wenyu; Potluri, Prasad; Hu, Liangbing; Hasan, Tawfique et al. (November 2023). "Sustainable electronic textiles towards scalable commercialization". Nature Materials 22 (11): 1294–1303. doi:10.1038/s41563-023-01615-z. ISSN 1476-4660. PMID 37500958. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37500958.
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Knitted|

* Boiled wool
* Coolmax
* Machine knitting
* Milliskin
* Jersey
* Velour

Netted|

* Bobbinet
* Carbon fibers
* Lace
* Mesh
* Needlerun net
* Ninon
* Tulle

Technical|

* Ballistic nylon
* Ban-Lon
* Conductive
* Darlexx
* E-textiles
* Gannex
* Gore-Tex
* Lenticular
* Silnylon
* Spandex
* Stub-tex
* SympaTex
* Windstopper

Patterns|

* Argyle
* Bizarre silk
* Chiné
* Herringbone
* Houndstooth
* Kelsch
* Paisley
* Pin stripes
* Polka dot
* Shweshwe
* Tartan (plaid)
* Tattersall

Textile fibers|

* Acrylic
* Alpaca
* Angora
* Cashmere
* Coir
* Cotton
* Eisengarn
* Hemp
* Jute
* Kevlar
* Linen
* Mohair
* Nylon
* Microfiber
* Olefin
* Pashmina
* Polyester
* Piña
* Ramie
* Rayon
* Sea silk
* Silk
* Sisal
* Spandex
* Spider silk
* Wool

Finishing and
printing

* Androsia
* Batik
* Beetling
* Bingata
* Bògòlanfini
* Burnout
* Calendering
* Decatising
* Devoré
* Finishing
* Fulling
* Heatsetting
* Mercerization
* Moire
* Nap
* Parchmentising
* Rogan printing
* Rōketsuzome
* Roller printing
* Sanforization
* Tenterhook
* Textile printing
* Warp printing
* Waxed cotton
* Woodblock printing
* Indienne

Fabric mills|

* Carlo Barbera
* Cerruti
* Dormeuil
* Drago
* Ermenegildo Zegna
* E. Thomas
* Holland & Sherry
* Larusmiani
* Loro Piana
* Reda
* Scabal
* Vitale Barberis Canonico

Related|

* Dyeing
* Fiber
* History of textiles
* History of silk
* Knitting
* Pandy
* Shrinkage
* Swatches and strike-offs
* Synthetic fabric
* Terminology
* Manufacturing
* Preservation
* Weaving
* Yarn

* v
* t
* e

Emerging technologies

Fields|

| Agriculture|

* Agricultural robot
* Cellular agriculture
* Closed ecological systems
* Cultured meat
* Genetically modified food
* Precision agriculture
* Vertical farming

|

Architecture|

* Arcology
* Building printing
* Contour crafting
* Domed city

Biomedical|

* Artificial uterus
* Ampakine
* Brain transplant
* Cryonics
* Cryoprotectant
* Cryopreservation
* Vitrification
* Suspended animation
* De-extinction
* Genetic engineering
* Gene therapy
* Head transplant
* Isolated brain
* Life extension
* Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
* Nanomedicine
* Nanosensors
* Organ printing
* Personalized medicine
* Regenerative medicine
* Stem-cell therapy
* Tissue engineering
* Robot-assisted surgery
* Synthetic biology
* Synthetic genomics
* Virotherapy
* Oncolytic virus
* Tricorder
* Whole genome sequencing

Displays|

| Next generation|

* FED
* FLCD
* iMoD
* Laser
* LPD
* OLED
* OLET
* QD-LED
* SED
* TPD
* TDEL
* TMOS
* MicroLED

|

Screenless|

* Bionic contact lens
* Head-mounted display
* Head-up display
* Optical head-mounted display
* Virtual retinal display

Other|

* Autostereoscopy
* Flexible display
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Multi-primary color display
* Ultra HD
* Volumetric display

Electronics|

* Electronic nose
* E-textiles
* Flexible electronics
* Molecular electronics
* Nanoelectromechanical systems
* Memristor
* Spintronics
* Thermal copper pillar bump
* Twistronics

Energy|

| Production|

* Airborne wind turbine
* Artificial photosynthesis
* Biofuels
* Carbon-neutral fuel
* Concentrated solar power
* Fusion power
* Home fuel cell
* Hydrogen economy
* Methanol economy
* Molten salt reactor
* Nantenna
* Photovoltaic pavement
* Space-based solar power
* Vortex engine

|

Storage|

* Beltway battery
* Compressed air energy storage
* Flywheel energy storage
* Grid energy storage
* Lithium–air battery
* Molten-salt battery
* Nanowire battery
* Research in lithium-ion batteries
* Silicon–air battery
* Thermal energy storage
* Ultracapacitor

Other|

* Smart grid
* Wireless power

Information and
communications

* Ambient intelligence
* Internet of things
* Artificial intelligence
* Applications of artificial intelligence
* Progress in artificial intelligence
* Machine translation
* Mobile translation
* Machine vision
* Semantic Web
* Speech recognition
* Atomtronics
* Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
* Cybermethodology
* Fourth-generation optical discs
* 3D optical data storage
* Holographic data storage
* GPGPU
* Memory
* CBRAM
* FRAM
* Millipede
* MRAM
* NRAM
* PRAM
* Racetrack memory
* RRAM
* SONOS
* Optical computing
* RFID
* Chipless RFID
* Software-defined radio
* Three-dimensional integrated circuit

Manufacturing|

* 3D printing
* Claytronics
* Molecular assembler
* Utility fog

Materials science|

* Aerogel
* Amorphous metal
* Artificial muscle
* Conductive polymer
* Femtotechnology
* Fullerene
* Graphene
* High-temperature superconductivity
* High-temperature superfluidity
* Linear acetylenic carbon
* Metamaterials
* Metamaterial cloaking
* Metal foam
* Multi-function structures
* Nanotechnology
* Carbon nanotubes
* Molecular nanotechnology
* Nanomaterials
* Picotechnology
* Programmable matter
* Quantum dots
* Silicene
* Superalloy
* Synthetic diamond

Military|

* Antimatter weapon
* Caseless ammunition
* Directed-energy weapon
* Laser
* Maser
* Particle-beam weapon
* Sonic weapon
* Coilgun
* Railgun
* Plasma weapon
* Pure fusion weapon
* Stealth technology
* Vortex ring gun

Neuroscience|

* Artificial brain
* Brain–computer interface
* Electroencephalography
* Mind uploading
* Brain-reading
* Neuroinformatics
* Neuroprosthetics
* Bionic eye
* Brain implant
* Exocortex
* Retinal implant

Quantum|

* Quantum algorithms
* Quantum amplifier
* Quantum bus
* Quantum channel
* Quantum circuit
* Quantum complexity theory
* Quantum computing
* Quantum cryptography
* Quantum dynamics
* Quantum electronics
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum imaging
* Quantum information
* Quantum key distribution
* Quantum logic
* Quantum logic gates
* Quantum machine
* Quantum machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial
* Quantum metrology
* Quantum network
* Quantum neural network
* Quantum optics
* Quantum programming
* Quantum sensing
* Quantum simulator
* Quantum teleportation

Robotics|

* Domotics
* Nanorobotics
* Powered exoskeleton
* Self-reconfiguring modular robot
* Swarm robotics
* Uncrewed vehicle

Space science|

| Launch|

* Fusion rocket
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Mass driver
* Orbital ring
* Skyhook
* Space elevator
* Space fountain
* Space tether
* Reusable launch system

|

Propulsion|

* Beam-powered propulsion
* Ion thruster
* Laser propulsion
* Plasma propulsion engine
* Helicon thruster
* VASIMR
* Nuclear pulse propulsion
* Solar sail

Other|

* Interstellar travel
* Propellant depot
* Laser communication in space

Transport|

| Aerial|

* Adaptive compliant wing
* Backpack helicopter
* Delivery drone
* Flying car
* High-altitude platform
* Jet pack
* Pulse detonation engine
* Scramjet
* Spaceplane
* Supersonic transport

|

Land|

* Airless tire
* Alternative fuel vehicle
* Hydrogen vehicle
* Driverless car
* Ground effect train
* Hyperloop
* Maglev train
* Personal rapid transit
* Transit Elevated Bus
* Vactrain
* Vehicular communication systems

Pipeline|

* Pneumatic transport
* Automated vacuum collection

Other|

* Anti-gravity
* Cloak of invisibility
* Digital scent technology
* Force field
* Plasma window
* Immersive virtual reality
* Magnetic refrigeration
* Phased-array optics

Topics|

* Collingridge dilemma
* Differential technological development
* Disruptive Innovation
* Ephemeralization
* Exploratory engineering
* Fictional technology
* Proactionary principle
* Technological change
* Technological unemployment
* Technological convergence
* Technological evolution
* Technological paradigm
* Technology forecasting
* Accelerating change
* Moore's law
* Technological singularity
* Technology scouting
* Technology readiness level
* Technology roadmap
* Transhumanism

* Category
* List

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