Akahoya eruption

Short description: Ultra-Plinian eruption in Kyushu, Japan, at around 6,500 BP

Akahoya eruption

Volcano| Kikai Caldera
Date| 6,860 to 7,440 years calibrated before present[1]
Type| Ultra-Plinian
Location| Kyūshū, Japan
[ ⚑ ] 30°47′20″N 130°18′29″E﻿ / ﻿30.789°N 130.308°E﻿ / 30.789; 130.308
VEI| 7.2[1]
Impact| One of only six confirmed eruptions of its size in the Holocene; dramatically changed vegetation in Southern Kyūshū and impacted on the Jōmon culture

Affected areas of the eruption

The Akahoya eruption or Kikai-Akahoya eruption was the strongest known volcanic eruption of the Kikai Caldera in Kyūshū, Japan . It ejected about 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of volcanic material, giving it a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7.[2]

## Retrospective dating

Archaeologically it has been dated around 7,300 cal. BP during the earliest stage of the Jōmon period,[3] but it had also been uncorrected radiocarbon dated to as recent as 6,500 BP.[4] The current accepted dating adjustment from multiple other sources is about 7,200 to 7,300 years ago.[5][6][1]

## Aftermath

This eruption has been linked to the end of the initial Jōmon culture in southern Kyūshū although impact, although marked, was not as great as some commentary had suggested with Nishinozono sub-type pottery tradition, that had started prior maintained throughout and after the eruption sequence in Kyūshū.[7] It took nearly 1000 years to recover.[8] Jōmon who lived further away survived such as on northern Kyūshū, Honshū and Hokkaidō but likely had to revert for a period to maritime food sources mainly.[7]

The fate of the initial Jōmon culture on south Kyūshū does not quite parallel the demise of the Minoan civilization, which may have ended as a consequence of another massive volcanic eruption.

These events give more credence to cultural traditions that maintain stories of established cultures vanishing quickly and completely. However while the demises happened in (Holocene) human history, in two very different parts of the world, the time scales of both were more gradual than some work suggests, allowing alternative suggestions as to all the mechanisms involved.[9] The associated issues have resulted in deeper study into the effects of volcanic activity on both human cultural development and social perception of volcanic risk.[10]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Smith, Victoria C.; Staff, Richard A.; Blockley, Simon P.E.; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Mark, Darren F.; Takemura, Keiji; Danhara, Toru (2013). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews 67: 121–137. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026. ISSN 0277-3791. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379113000413.
2. ↑ "Eruptive history of Kikai". Smithsonian Institution. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-06=&volpage=erupt.
3. ↑ Kuwahata, Mitsuhiro (2002). "Age and cultural influence of the Kikai-Akahoya eruption as seen from archaeological material in south Kyūshū, Japan". Quaternary Research 41 (4): 317–330. doi:10.4116/jaqua.41.317. ISSN 0418-2642.
4. ↑ Maeno, Fukashi; Taniguchi, Hiromitsu (2005). "Eruptive history of Satsuma Iwo-jima Island, Kikai caldera, after a 6.5 ka caldera-forming eruption". Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan 50 (2): 71–85. ISSN 0453-4360.
5. ↑ Okuno, Mitsuru (2019-04-15). "Chronological study on widespread tephra and volcanic stratigraphy of the past 100,000 years". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 125 (1): 41–53. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2018.0069. ISSN 1349-9963. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geosoc/125/1/125_2018.0069/_article/-char/en.
6. ↑ Tsuji, Tomohiro; Ikeda, Michiharu; Furusawa, Akira; Nakamura, Chisato; Ichikawa, Kiyoshi; Yanagida, Makoto; Nishizaka, Naoki; Ohnishi, Kozo et al. (2018). "High resolution record of Quaternary explosive volcanism recorded in fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Uwa basin, southwest Japan". Quaternary International 471: 278–297. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.016. ISSN 1040-6182.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Junzo, Uchiyama (2021). "After a Super Volcanic Eruption: a new project on social-ecological impacts of the Kikai-Akahoya disaster, 7,300 years ago". https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/e-bulletin/april-2021/after-a-super-volcanic-eruption-a-new-project-on-social-ecological-impacts-of-the-kikai-akahoya-disaster-7300-years-ago/.
8. ↑ "巨大カルデラ噴火のメカニズムとリスクを発表" [Announcement of the mechanism and risks of a massive caldera eruptions] (Press release). Kobe University. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
9. ↑ Tsonis, AA; Swanson, KL; Sugihara, G; Tsonis, PA (24 August 2010). "Climate change and the demise of Minoan civilization". Climate of the Past 6 (4): 525-30. doi:10.5194/cp-6-525-2010.
10. ↑ Donovan, A; Eiser, JR; Sparks, RS (2014). "Scientists’ views about lay perceptions of volcanic hazard and risk". Journal of Applied Volcanology 3 (1): 1-14. doi:10.1186/s13617-014-0015-5.

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