Aleutian Trench

Short description: Oceanic trench along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands

Map of the Aleutian Trench

The Aleutian Trench (or Aleutian Trough)[1] is an oceanic trench along a convergent plate boundary which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The trench extends for 3,400 kilometres (2,100 mi) from a triple junction in the west with the Ulakhan Fault and the northern end of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, to a junction with the northern end of the Queen Charlotte Fault system in the east. It is classified as a "marginal trench" in the east as it runs along the margin of the continent. The subduction along the trench gives rise to the Aleutian Arc, a volcanic island arc, where it runs through the open sea west of the Alaska Peninsula. As a convergent plate boundary, the trench forms part of the boundary between two tectonic plates. Here, the Pacific plate is being subducted under the North American plate at a dip angle of nearly 45°. The rate of closure is 7.5 centimetres (3 in) per year.[2]

The Pacific plate subducting under the North American plate, leads to increased faulting. This subduction began in the Early Cretaceous and continues into the present day. Within and near the Aleutian Island arc and depending on the location, there is thrust faulting, strike-slip faulting, and normal faulting. These result in an increased amount of seismic activity. Earthquakes can reach magnitudes between 7–8.5.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Trench morphology
* 2 Associated seismicity
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Trench morphology

The north side of the trench slopes 3°–4° and the south side 1°–4°.[4] The deepest part of the Aleutian trench has been measured at 7,822 metres (25,663 ft) at 51.21°N, 174.83°E.,[5] located about 145 kilometres (90 mi) SSW of Buldir Island.

Center pressure: 10,762 pounds per square inch (732.3 atm; 74.20 MPa).[6] Variations in total magnetic intensity (residual) of more than 600 γ (600 nanoteslas) were found in the center of the trench and more than 1100 γ on the southern flank.[7]

## Associated seismicity

The subduction of the Pacific plate below the North American plate along the Aleutian Trench is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these earthquakes are notable for their size and/or associated tsunamis.

* June 10–11, 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake: A misdated tsunami legend in the Sanriku coast of Japan was dismissed and inferred to be from a vaguely–documented tsunami event in Miyagi Prefecture on June 11, 1585. Evidence of a large tsunami in the 16th century was also discovered in the Hawaiian Islands in the form of deposits. Oral records from the native residents described a tsunami-like event killing many people. Modelling of a tsunami from an earthquake of 9.25 Mw in the Aleutian Islands proved consistent with the descriptions and paleotsunami evidences.
* April 1, 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake: This magnitude 8.6 earthquake occurred offshore Unimak Island,[8] and caused only minor damage on land. However, the shaking generated a tsunami which killed 5 US Coast Guard personnel on the island, destroying the Scotch Cap Light, and causing damage on other Aleutian Islands and North and South America. In Hilo, Hawaii, the tsunami killed 159 and caused extensive damage.
* March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake: This magnitude 8.6[9] earthquake occurred south of the Andreanof Islands. The earthquake itself caused damage on Adak Island and Umnak Island and generated a Pacific-wide tsunami. The tsunami destroyed two villages in the Hawaiian Islands. The tsunami was recorded as far away as Chile.[10]
* March 27, 1964 Alaska earthquake: Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight seconds, the magnitude 9.2 megathrust earthquake remains the most powerful earthquake recorded in North American history, and the second most powerful earthquake recorded in world history. Nine hundred and seventy kilometres (600 mi) of fault ruptured at once and moved up to 18 metres (60 ft), releasing about 500 years of stress buildup. Most damage directly from the earthquake was in Anchorage, Alaska and the surrounding areas; a Pacific-wide tsunami caused destruction as far away as Crescent City, California. The death toll from both earthquake and tsunami was 131.
* February 4 1965 Rat Islands earthquake: This magnitude 8.7 earthquake triggered a tsunami that struck Shemya Island and was observed around the Pacific, but caused little damage.
* May 7, 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake: This magnitude 7.9 earthquake caused damage on Adak Island and Atka Island. The resultant tsunami was recorded throughout the Pacific.[11]
* On June 23, 2014, a 7.9 quake occurred near Little Sitkin Island, Alaska.
* On July 17, 2017, a magnitude 7.7 quake occurred 198 kilometres (123 mi) ESE of Nikolskoye, Russia.[12]
* On January 23, 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake: a magnitude 7.9 quake occurred 278 kilometres (173 mi) Southeast of Kodiak, Alaska.[13]
* On July 28, 2021, a magnitude 8.2 earthquake occurred 104 km SE of Perryville, Alaska

## References

1. ↑ Webster's New Geographical Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc.. 1984. pp. 30. ISBN 0-87779-446-4. https://archive.org/details/webstersnewgeogr00merr.
2. ↑ "Aleutian Trench". http://oceana.org/es/explore/marine-places/aleutian-trench.
3. ↑ Lemenkova, Polina (2021). "Topography of the Aleutian Trench south-east off Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea, in the context of the geological development of North Pacific Ocean". Baltica: 27–46. doi:10.5200/baltica.2021.1.3. ISSN 0067-3064. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2021.1.3.
4. ↑ "Profile of Aleutian Trench". http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/56/7/757.
5. ↑ "North Pacific Ocean Bering Sea (Southern Part)". NOAA Chart 513 7th Edition. June 2004. http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/513.shtml.
6. ↑ "Aleutian Trench Data". http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/undersea_features/aleutian_trench/q0/nf/c7/.
7. ↑ "Magnetic Information". http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1965/JZ070i002p00353.html.
8. ↑ USGS – Historic Earthquakes, Unimak Island
9. ↑ "USGS – Historic Earthquakes, 1957 Andreanof Islands". https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1957_03_09.php.
10. ↑ "USC Tsunami Research Group". http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/alaska/.
11. ↑ USGS – Historic Earthquakes
12. ↑ "M 7.7 – 198 km ESE of Nikol'skoye, Russia". United States Geological Survey. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20009x42#executive.
13. ↑ "M 7.9 – 280 km SE of Kodiak, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000cmy3#executive.

## External links

* A New Perspective on Seismic Hazards in the Shumagin Gap – Alaska Earthquake Center

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Major seismically active faults of North America

North America
(crosses national borders)|

* Aleutian Trench (US-RU)
* Basin and Range Province (US-MX)
* Canadian Arctic Rift System (CA-GL)
* Cascadia subduction zone (US-CA)
* Clarendon-Linden fault system (US-CA)
* Denali Fault (US-CA)
* Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (CA-US)
* Puget Sound faults (US-CA)
* Rio Grande rift (US-MX)
* San Andreas Fault (US-MX)
* Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone (US-CA)
* Tintina Fault (US-CA)

Canada|

* Charlevoix Seismic Zone
* Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone
* Leech River Fault
* Queen Charlotte Fault
* Saguenay Graben
* Saint Lawrence rift system
* Timiskaming Graben
* Western Quebec Seismic Zone

United States|

| Washington and Oregon|

* Brothers Fault Zone
* Olympic-Wallowa Lineament
* Puget Sound (Seattle Fault, Tacoma Fault)
* Walker Lane

|

California|

* Calaveras Fault
* Garlock Fault
* Hayward Fault Zone
* Mendocino Fracture Zone
* Newport–Inglewood Fault
* Puente Hills Fault
* Rose Canyon Fault
* San Jacinto Fault Zone (Elsinore Fault Zone)

Great Basin|

* Independence Valley fault system
* Moab Fault
* Teton Fault
* Wasatch Fault

Great Plains|

* Central Oklahoma Fault Zone
* Humboldt Fault
* Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system
* Meers Fault
* Nemaha Fault Zone
* Wilzetta Fault

Midwest|

* Marianna Fault
* New Madrid Seismic Zone
* Sandwich Fault Zone
* Wabash Valley Seismic Zone

Appalachian Mountains
and Atlantic Coast|

* Aiken-Augusta Fault
* Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone
* Middleton Place-Summerville Seismic Zone (Woodstock Fault)
* Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone
* Ramapo Fault
* Virginia Seismic Zone

Caribbean & Mexico|

* Cayman Trough
* Chixoy-Polochic Fault
* Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone (Cuba)
* Gulf of California Rift Zone
* Lesser Antilles subduction zone
* Middle America Trench (Central America)
* Motagua Fault (Central America)
* Pedro Miguel Fault
* Puerto Rico Trench

[ ⚑ ]  52°N 172°E﻿ / ﻿52°N 172°E﻿ / 52; 172

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