Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America,[1][2][3] are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.[4][5][6] When viewed as a single continent, the Americas are the second largest continent by area after Asia and the third largest continent by population. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and constitute the New World.[1]

Along with their associated islands, the Americas cover 8% of Earth's total surface area and 28.4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River–Great Lakes, Mississippi, and La Plata basins. Since the Americas extend 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from north to south, the climate and ecology vary widely, from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, to the tropical rainforests in Central America and South America.

Humans first settled the Americas from Asia between 20,000 and 16,000 years ago. A second migration of Na-Dene speakers followed later from Asia. The subsequent migration of the Inuit into the neoarctic c. 3500 BCE completed what is generally regarded as the settlement by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Norse colonization of North America saw several settlements established in Greenland, and perhaps on the mainland, however, these were later abandoned. The Spanish voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1504 resulted in permanent contact with European (and subsequently, other Old World) powers, which eventually led to the Columbian exchange and inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization whose effects and consequences persist to the present.

The Spanish presence involved the enslavement of large numbers of the indigenous population of the Americas.[7] Diseases introduced from Europe and West Africa devastated the indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonized the Americas.[8] Mass emigration from Europe, including large numbers of indentured servants, and importation of African slaves largely replaced the indigenous peoples in much of the Americas. Decolonization of the Americas began with the American Revolution in the 1770s and largely ended with the Spanish–American War in the late 1890s. Currently, almost all of the population of the Americas resides in independent countries; however, the legacy of the colonization and settlement by Europeans is that the Americas share many common cultural traits, most notably Christianity and the use of West European languages: primarily Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and, to a lesser extent, Dutch.

The Americas are home to more than a billion inhabitants, two-thirds of whom reside in the United States, Brazil, and Mexico. It is home to eight megacities (metropolitan areas with 10 million inhabitants or more): Greater Mexico City (21.2 million), São Paulo (21.2 million), New York City (19.7 million), Los Angeles (18.8 million), Buenos Aires (15.6 million),[9] Rio de Janeiro (13.0 million), Bogotá (10.4 million), and Lima (10.1 million).

## Contents

* 1 Etymology and naming
* 2 Terminology
* 2.1 History
* 2.2 English
* 2.3 Spanish
* 2.4 Portuguese
* 2.5 French
* 2.6 Dutch
* 3 History
* 3.1 Pre-Columbian era
* 3.1.1 Settlement
* 3.1.2 Norse colonization
* 3.2 Large-scale European colonization
* 4 Geography
* 4.1 Extent
* 4.2 Geology
* 4.3 Topography
* 4.4 Climate
* 4.5 Hydrology
* 4.6 Ecology
* 5 Countries and territories
* 6 Economy
* 7 Demographics
* 7.1 Population
* 7.2 Largest urban centers
* 7.3 Ethnology
* 7.3.1 Black population
* 7.4 Religion
* 7.5 Languages
* 8 Culture
* 8.1 Sports
* 9 Multinational organizations
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links

## Etymology and naming

America is named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.[10] World map of Waldseemüller (Germany, 1507), which first used the name America (in the lower-left section, over South America)[11][12]

The name "America" was first recorded in 1507. A world map created by Martin Waldseemüller was the earliest recorded use of the term.[13] The name was also used (together with the related term Amerigen) in the Cosmographiae Introductio, apparently written by Matthias Ringmann, in reference to South America.[14] It was applied to both North and South America by Gerardus Mercator in 1538. "America" derives from Americus, the Latin version of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci's first name.

The feminine form America was originally used to refer to the newly discovered continent, which is why it was accorded with the feminine names of the other continents: Asia, Africa, and Europa.[15]

Since the 1950s,[16] however, North America and South America have generally been considered by English speakers as separate continents, and taken together are called the Americas, or more rarely America.[17][18][1][lower-alpha 1] When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America.[1]

## Terminology

Template:Subdivisions of the Americas

### History

The region was initially termed America or New India on the Mercator maps.[21]

### English

Speakers of English generally refer to the landmasses of North America and South America as the Americas, the Western Hemisphere, or the New World.[2] The adjective American may be used to indicate something pertaining to the Americas,[22] but this term is primarily used in English to indicate something pertaining to the United States.[22][23][24] Some non-ambiguous alternatives exist, such as the adjective Pan-American,[25] or New Worlder as a demonym for a resident of the closely related New World.[26] Use of America in the hemispherical sense is sometimes retained, or can occur when translated from other languages.[27] For example, the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) in Paris maintains a single continental association for "America", represented by one of the five Olympic rings.[28]

American essayist H. L. Mencken said, "The Latin-Americans use Norteamericano in formal writing, but, save in Panama, prefer nicknames in colloquial speech."[29] To avoid "American" one can use constructed terms in their languages derived from "United States" or even "North America".[24][30][31] In Canada, its southern neighbor is often referred to as "the United States", "the U.S.A.", or (informally) "the States", while U.S. citizens are generally referred to as "Americans".[24] Most Canadians resent being referred to as "Americans".[24]

### Spanish

In Spanish, América is a single continent composed of the subcontinents of América del Sur and América del Norte, the land bridge of América Central, and the islands of the Antillas. Americano or americana in Spanish refers to a person from América in a similar way that in which europeo or europea refers to a person from Europa. The terms sudamericano/a, centroamericano/a, antillano/a and norteamericano/a can be used to more specifically refer to the location where a person may live.

Citizens of the United States of America are normally referred to by the terms estadounidense and estadunidense[32][33](rough literal translation: "United Statesian") instead of americano or americana which is discouraged,[34][35] and the country's name itself is officially translated as Estados Unidos de América (United States of America), commonly abbreviated as Estados Unidos (EE. UU.).[35] Also, the term norteamericano (North American) may refer to a citizen of the United States, though in formal writing it is less common since it is used for the inhabitants of North America.[36]

### Portuguese

In Portuguese, América[37] is a single continent composed of América do Sul (South America), América Central (Central America) and América do Norte (North America).[38] It can be ambiguous, as América can be used to refer to the United States of America, but is avoided in print and formal environments.[39][40] The demonym 'American' (americano) is commonly used in Portuguese to refer to people from the United States, although the terms 'norte-americano', 'estadounidense' or 'estadunidense' also formally exist and are preferred by those who wish to distinguish it from the continental demonym.[41][42]

### French

In French, the word américain may be used for things relating to the Americas; however, similar to English, it is most often used for things relating to the United States, with the term états-unien sometimes used for clarity. Panaméricain may be used as an adjective to refer to the Americas without ambiguity.[43] French speakers may use the noun Amérique to refer to the whole landmass as one continent, or two continents, Amérique du Nord and Amérique du Sud. In French, Amérique is seldom used to refer to the United States, leading to some ambiguity when it is. Similar to English usage, les Amériques or des Amériques is used to refer unambiguously to the Americas.

### Dutch

In Dutch, the word Amerika mostly refers to the United States.[44][45] Although the United States is equally often referred to as de Verenigde Staten ("the United States") or de VS ("the US"), Amerika relatively rarely refers to the Americas, but it is the only commonly used Dutch word for the Americas. This often leads to ambiguity; and to stress that something concerns the Americas as a whole, Dutch uses a combination, namely Noord- en Zuid-Amerika (North and South America).

Latin America and Central America are generally referred to as Latijns Amerika and Midden-Amerika respectively.

The adjective Amerikaans is most often used for things or people relating to the United States. There are no alternative words to distinguish between things relating to the United States or to the Americas. Dutch uses the local alternative for things relating to elsewhere in the Americas, such as Argentijns for Argentine, etc.

## History

Main article: History:History of the Americas

### Pre-Columbian era

Main article: History:Pre-Columbian era

The Plaza Occidental in Copán, Honduras

The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization during the Early Modern period. The term Pre-Columbian is used especially often in the context of the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacano, Zapotec, Mixtec, Aztec, Maya) and the Andean civilizations (Inca, Moche, Chavín, Muisca, Cañari).

Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through archeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya, had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time viewed such texts as pagan, and much was destroyed in Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.[46]

#### Settlement

Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa theory[47]

The first inhabitants migrated into the Americas from Asia. Habitation sites are known in Alaska and Yukon from at least 20,000 years ago, with suggested ages of up to 40,000 years.[48][49][50] Beyond that, the specifics of the Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.[51] Widespread habitation of the Americas occurred after the Late Glacial Maximum, from 16,000 to 13,000 years ago.[50][52]

Statue representing the Americas at Palazzo Ferreria, in Valletta, Malta

The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000–17,000 years ago,[53] when sea levels were significantly lowered during the Quaternary glaciation.[51][54] These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets.[55] Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.[56] Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age.[57] Both routes may have been taken, although the genetic evidences suggests a single founding population.[58] The micro-satellite diversity and distributions specific to South American Indigenous peoples indicates that certain populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.[59]

A second migration occurred after the initial peopling of the Americas;[60] Na Dene speakers, found predominantly in North American groups at varying genetic rates, with the highest frequency found among the Athabaskans at 42%, derive from this second wave.[61] Linguists and biologists have reached a similar conclusion based on analysis of Amerindian language groups and ABO blood group system distributions.[60][62][63][64] Then the people of the Arctic small tool tradition, a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait c. 2500 BCE, moved into North America.[65] The Arctic small tool tradition, a Paleo-Eskimo culture, branched off into two cultural variants, including the Pre-Dorset and the Independence traditions of Greenland.[66] The descendants of the Pre-Dorset cultural group, the Dorset culture, were displaced by the final migrants from the Bering sea coast line, the Thule people (the ancestors of modern Inuit), by 1000 CE.[66]

#### Norse colonization

Around the same time as the Inuit migrated into Greenland, Viking settlers began arriving in Greenland in 982 and Vinland shortly thereafter, establishing a settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, near the northernmost tip of Newfoundland.[67] Contact between the Norse colonies and Europe was maintained, as James Watson Curran states:

> From 985 to 1410, Greenland was in touch with the world. Then silence. In 1492 the Vatican noted that no news of that country "at the end of the world" had been received for 80 years, and the bishopric of the colony was offered to a certain ecclesiastic if he would go and "restore Christianity" there. He didn't go.[68]

### Large-scale European colonization

Main article: History:European colonization of the Americas

Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn, 1847. Christopher Columbus leads expedition to the New World, 1492.

Although there had been previous trans-oceanic contact, large-scale European colonization of the Americas began with the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The first Spanish settlement in the Americas was La Isabela in northern Hispaniola. This town was abandoned shortly after in favor of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, founded in 1496, the oldest American city of European foundation. This was the base from which the Spanish monarchy administered its new colonies and their expansion. Santo Domingo was subject to frequent raids by English and French pirates.

On the continent, Panama City on the Pacific coast of Central America, founded on August 15, 1519, played an important role, being the base for the Spanish conquest of South America. Conquistador Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón established San Miguel de Guadalupe, the first European settlement in what is now the United States, on the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.[69] During the first half of the 16th century, Spanish colonists conducted raids throughout the Caribbean Basin, bringing captives from Central America, northern South America, and Florida back to Hispaniola and other Spanish settlements.[70]

France, led by Jacques Cartier and Giovanni da Verrazzano,[71] focused primarily on North America. English explorations of the Americas were led by Giovanni Caboto[72] and Sir Walter Raleigh. The Dutch in New Netherland confined their operations to Manhattan Island, Long Island, the Hudson River Valley, and what later became New Jersey. The spread of new diseases brought by Europeans and African slaves killed many of the inhabitants of North America and South America,[73][74] with a general population crash of Native Americans occurring in the mid-16th century, often well ahead of European contact.[75] One of the most devastating diseases was smallpox.[76]

European immigrants were often part of state-sponsored attempts to found colonies in the Americas. Migration continued as people moved to the Americas fleeing religious persecution or seeking economic opportunities. Millions of individuals were forcibly transported to the Americas as slaves, prisoners or indentured servants.

Map showing the dates of independence from European powers. Black signifies areas that are dependent territories or parts of countries with a capital outside the Americas.

Decolonization of the Americas began with the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution in the late 1700s. This was followed by numerous Latin American wars of independence in the early 1800s. Between 1811 and 1825, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Gran Colombia, the United Provinces of Central America, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia gained independence from Spain and Portugal in armed revolutions. After the Dominican Republic won independence from Haiti, it was re-annexed by Spain in 1861, but reclaimed its independence in 1865 at the conclusion of the Dominican Restoration War. The last violent episode of decolonization was the Cuban War of Independence which became the Spanish–American War, which resulted in the independence of Cuba in 1898, and the transfer of sovereignty over Puerto Rico from Spain to the United States.

Peaceful decolonization began with the United States's purchase of Louisiana from France in 1803, Florida from Spain in 1819, Alaska from Russia in 1867, and the Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1916. Canada became independent of the United Kingdom, starting with the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 and ending with the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982. The Dominion of Newfoundland similarly achieved independence under the Balfour Declaration and Statute of Westminster, but relinquished self-rule in 1934.[77] It was subsequently confederated with Canada in 1949.

The remaining European colonies in the Caribbean began to achieve peaceful independence well after World War II. Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago became independent in 1962, and Guyana and Barbados both achieved independence in 1966. In the 1970s, the Bahamas, Grenada, Dominica, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines all became independent of the United Kingdom, and Suriname became independent of the Netherlands. Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis achieved independence from the United Kingdom in the 1980s.

## Geography

Satellite photo of the Americas on Earth

### Extent

The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere.[78] The northernmost point of the Americas is Kaffeklubben Island, which is the most northerly point of land on Earth.[79] The southernmost undisputed point is Águila Islet, although the Antarctic islands of Southern Thule are sometimes taken into account.[80][81] The mainland of the Americas is the world's longest north-to-south landmass. The distance between its two polar extremities, Murchison Promontory on the Boothia Peninsula in northern Canada and Cape Froward in Chilean Patagonia, is roughly 14,000 km (8,700 mi).[82] The mainland's most westerly point is the end of the Seward Peninsula in Alaska; Attu Island, further off the Alaskan coast to the west, is considered the westernmost point of the Americas. Ponta do Seixas in northeastern Brazil forms the easternmost extremity of the mainland,[82] while Nordostrundingen, in Greenland, is the most easterly point of the continental shelf.

### Geology

South America broke off from the west of the supercontinent Gondwana around 135 million years ago, forming its own continent.[83] Around 15 million years ago, the collision of the Caribbean Plate and the Pacific Plate resulted in the emergence of a series of volcanoes along the border that created a number of islands. The gaps in the archipelago of Central America filled in with material eroded off North America and South America, plus new land created by continued volcanism. By three million years ago, the continents of North America and South America were linked by the Isthmus of Panama, thereby forming the single landmass of the Americas.[84] The Great American Interchange resulted in many species being spread across the Americas, such as the cougar, procyonids, porcupines, opossums, armadillos, and hummingbirds.[85]

### Topography

Aconcagua, in Argentina, is the highest peak in the Americas.

The geography of the western Americas is dominated by the American Cordillera, with the Andes running along the west coast of South America[86] and the Rocky Mountains and other North American Cordillera ranges running along the western side of North America.[87] The 2,300-kilometer-long (1,400 mi) Appalachian Mountains run along the east coast of North America from Alabama to Newfoundland.[88] North of the Appalachians, the Arctic Cordillera runs along the eastern coast of Canada.[89]

The largest mountain ranges are the Andes and Rocky Mountains. The Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range reach similar altitudes as the Rocky Mountains, but are significantly smaller. In North America, the greatest number of fourteeners are in the United States, and more specifically in the US state of Colorado. The highest peaks of the Americas are located in the Andes, with Aconcagua of Argentina being the highest; in North America Denali (Mount McKinley) in the US state of Alaska is the tallest.

Between its coastal mountain ranges, North America has vast flat areas. The Interior Plains spread over much of the continent, with low relief.[90] The Canadian Shield covers almost 5 million km2 of North America and is generally quite flat.[91] Similarly, the north-east of South America is covered by the flat Amazon basin.[92] The Brazilian Highlands on the east coast are fairly smooth but show some variations in landform, while farther south the Gran Chaco and Pampas are broad lowlands.[93]

### Climate

Climate zones of the Americas in the Köppen climate classification system

The climate of the Americas varies significantly from region to region. Tropical rainforest climate occurs in the latitudes of the Amazon, American cloud forests, southeastern Florida and Darién Gap. In the Rocky Mountains and Andes, dry and continental climates are observed. Often the higher altitudes of these mountains are snow-capped.

Southeastern North America is well known for its occurrence of tornadoes and hurricanes, of which the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the United States' Tornado Alley,[94] as well as in the southerly Dixie Alley in the North American late-winter and early spring seasons. Often parts of the Caribbean are exposed to the violent effects of hurricanes. These weather systems are formed by the collision of dry, cool air from Canada and wet, warm air from the Atlantic.

### Hydrology

With coastal mountains and interior plains, the Americas have several large river basins that drain the continents. The largest river basin in North America is that of the Mississippi, covering the second-largest watershed on the planet.[95] The Mississippi–Missouri river system drains most of 31 states of the United States, most of the Great Plains, and large areas between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains. The Mississippi–Missouri is the fourth-longest river system and has the tenth-greatest discharge in the world.

In North America, to the east of the Appalachian Mountains, there are no major rivers but rather a series of rivers and streams that flow east with their terminus in the Atlantic Ocean, such as the Hudson, Saint John, and Savannah rivers. A similar instance arises with central Canadian rivers that drain into Hudson Bay; the largest being the Churchill River. On the west coast of North America, the main rivers are the Colorado, Columbia, Yukon, Fraser, and Sacramento rivers.

The Colorado River drains much of the Southern Rockies and parts of the Basin and Range Province. The river flows approximately 1,450 miles (2,330 km) into the Gulf of California,[96] during which over time it has carved out natural phenomena such as the Grand Canyon and created phenomena such as the Salton Sea. The Columbia is a large river, 1,243 miles (2,000 km) long, in central western North America and is the most powerful river on the West Coast of the Americas. In the far northwest of North America, the Yukon drains much of the Alaskan peninsula and flows 1,980 miles (3,190 km)[97] from parts of Yukon and the Northwest Territory to the Pacific. Draining to the Arctic Ocean of Canada, the Mackenzie River drains waters from the Arctic Great Lakes of Arctic Canada, as opposed to the St Lawrence River that drains the Great Lakes of southern Canada into the Atlantic Ocean. The Mackenzie River is the largest in Canada and drains 1,805,200 km2 (697,000 sq mi).[98]

The largest river basin in South America is that of the Amazon, which has the highest volume flow of any river on Earth.[99] The second largest watershed of South America is that of the Paraná River, which covers about 2,582,074 km2 (996,944 sq mi).[100]

### Ecology

North America and South America began to develop a shared population of flora and fauna around 2.5 million years ago, when continental drift brought the two continents into contact via the Isthmus of Panama. Initially, the exchange of biota was roughly equal, with North American genera migrating into South America in about the same proportions as South American genera migrated into North America. This exchange is known as the Great American Interchange. The exchange became lopsided after roughly a million years, with the total spread of South American genera into North America far more limited in scope than the spread of North American genera into South America.[101]

## Countries and territories

There are 35 sovereign states in the Americas, as well as an autonomous country of Denmark, three overseas departments of France, three overseas collectivities of France,[102] and one uninhabited territory of France, eight overseas territories of the United Kingdom, three constituent countries of the Netherlands, three public bodies of the Netherlands, two unincorporated territories of the United States, and one uninhabited territory of the United States.[103]

Country or territory  | Total area
(km2)[104] | Population
[note 1] | Pop.
density
(per km2)  | Common languages
(official in bold)  | Capital

|
|
|
|
|

Anguilla  Anguilla (United Kingdom)

| 91 | 13,452 | 164.8 | English | The Valley
Antigua and Barbuda  Antigua and Barbuda

| 442 | 86,295 | 199.1 | Creole,[105] English  | St. John's
Argentina  Argentina

| 2,766,890 | 42,669,500 | 14.3 | Spanish  | Buenos Aires
Aruba  Aruba (Netherlands)

| 180 | 101,484 | 594.4 | Papiamentu, Spanish,[106] Dutch | Oranjestad
Bahamas  The Bahamas

| 13,943 | 351,461 | 24.5 | Creole,[107] English | Nassau
Bajo Nuevo Bank Bajo Nuevo Bank (United States / Colombia / Jamaica)

| 100[108] | 0[109] | 0.0 | Uninhabited  | N/A
Barbados  Barbados

| 430 | 285,000 | 595.3 | Bajan,[110] English | Bridgetown
Belize  Belize

| 22,966 | 349,728 | 13.4 | Spanish, Kriol, English[111] | Belmopan
Bermuda  Bermuda (United Kingdom)

| 54 | 64,237 | 1,203.7 | English | Hamilton
Bolivia  Bolivia

| 1,098,580 | 10,027,254 | 8.4 | Spanish and 36 indigenous languages | La Paz and Sucre[112]
Bonaire  Bonaire (Netherlands)

| 294 | 12,093 | 41.1 | Papiamentu, Spanish, Dutch[113] | Kralendijk
Brazil  Brazil

| 8,514,877 | 203,106,000 | 23.6 | Portuguese[lower-alpha 2] | Brasília
British Virgin Islands  British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)

| 151 | 29,537 | 152.3 | English | Road Town
Canada  Canada

| 9,984,670 | 41,548,787 | 3.8 | English, French | Ottawa
Cayman Islands  Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)

| 264 | 81,546 | 212.1 | English | George Town
Chile  Chile

[116]

| 756,950 | 17,773,000 | 22 | Spanish  | Santiago
Clipperton Island Template:Country data Clipperton Island (France)

| 6[108] | 0[109] | 0.0 | Uninhabited  | N/A
Colombia  Colombia

| 1,138,910 | 47,757,000 | 40 | Spanish | Bogotá
Costa Rica  Costa Rica

| 51,180[117] | 4,667,096 | 89.6 | Spanish | San José
Cuba  Cuba

| 109,886 | 11,167,325 | 102.0 | Spanish | Havana
Curacao  Curaçao (Netherlands)

| 444 | 150,563 | 317.1 | Papiamentu, Dutch[113] | Willemstad
Dominica  Dominica

| 751 | 71,293 | 89.2 | French Patois, English[118] | Roseau
Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic

| 48,671 | 10,378,267 | 207.3 | Spanish | Santo Domingo
Ecuador  Ecuador

| 283,560 | 15,819,400 | 53.8 | Spanish, Quechua[119] | Quito
El Salvador  El Salvador

| 21,041 | 6,401,240 | 293.0 | Spanish | San Salvador
Falkland Islands  Falkland Islands

(United Kingdom)[120]

| 12,173 | 3,000 | 0.26 | English | Stanley
Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Template:Country data Federal Dependencies of Venezuela

(Venezuela)

| 342 | 2,155 | 2.4 | Spanish | N/A
French Guiana

French Guiana (France)

| 91,000 | 237,549 | 2.7 | French | Cayenne
Greenland  Greenland (Denmark)

| 2,166,086 | 56,483 | 0.026 | Greenlandic, Danish  | Nuuk
Grenada  Grenada

| 344 | 103,328 | 302.3 | English | St. George's
Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe (France)

| 1,628 | 405,739 | 246.7 | Guadeloupean Creole, French | Basse-Terre
Guatemala  Guatemala

| 108,889 | 15,806,675 | 128.8 | Spanish, Garifuna and 23 Mayan languages  | Guatemala City
Guyana  Guyana

| 214,999 | 784,894 | 3.5 | English | Georgetown
Haiti  Haiti

| 27,750 | 10,745,665 | 361.5 | Creole, French | Port-au-Prince
Honduras  Honduras

| 112,492 | 8,555,072 | 66.4 | Spanish | Tegucigalpa
Jamaica  Jamaica

| 10,991 | 2,717,991 | 247.4 | Patois, English | Kingston
Martinique

Martinique (France)

| 1,128 | 392,291 | 352.6 | Patois,[121] French | Fort-de-France
Mexico  Mexico

| 1,964,375 | 119,713,203 | 57.1 | Spanish, 68 indigenous languages | Mexico City
Montserrat  Montserrat (United Kingdom)

| 102 | 4,922 | 58.8 | Creole English, English[122] | Plymouth; Brades[123]
Navassa Island Navassa Island (United States / Haiti)

| 5[108] | 0[109] | 0.0 | Uninhabited  | Lulu Town
Nicaragua  Nicaragua

| 130,373 | 6,071,045 | 44.1 | Spanish | Managua
Panama  Panama

| 75,417 | 3,405,813 | 45.8 | Spanish | Panama City
Paraguay  Paraguay

| 406,750 | 6,783,374 | 15.6 | Guaraní, Spanish | Asunción
Peru  Peru

| 1,285,220 | 30,814,175 | 22 | Spanish, Quechua, and other indigenous languages | Lima
Puerto Rico  Puerto Rico (United States)

| 8,870 | 3,615,086 | 448.9 | Spanish, English | San Juan
Saba  Saba (Netherlands)

| 13 | 1,537[124] | 118.2 | English, Dutch | The Bottom
Saint Barthelemy

Saint Barthélemy (France)

| 21[108] | 8,938[109] | 354.7 | French | Gustavia
Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Kitts and Nevis

| 261 | 55,000 | 199.2 | English | Basseterre
Saint Lucia  Saint Lucia

| 539 | 180,000 | 319.1 | English, French Creole  | Castries
Saint Martin

Saint Martin (France)

| 54[108] | 36,979 | 552.2 | French | Marigot
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 20px Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)

| 242 | 6,081 | 24.8 | French | Saint-Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

| 389 | 109,000 | 280.2 | English | Kingstown
Serranilla Bank Serranilla Bank (United States / Colombia / Honduras)

| 100[108] | 0[109] | 0.0 | Uninhabited  | N/A
Sint Eustatius  Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)

| 21 | 2,739[124] | 130.4 | Dutch, English | Oranjestad
Sint Maarten  Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

| 34 | 37,429 | 1,176.7 | English, Spanish, Dutch | Philipsburg
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  South Georgia and
South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)

[125]

| 3,093 | 20 | 0.01 | English | King Edward Point
Suriname  Suriname

| 163,270 | 534,189 | 3 | Dutch and others[126] | Paramaribo
Trinidad and Tobago  Trinidad and Tobago

| 5,130 | 1,328,019 | 261.0 | English | Port of Spain
Turks and Caicos Islands  Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)

| 948 | 31,458 | 34.8 | Creole English, English[127] | Cockburn Town
United States of America  United States of America[note 2]

| 9,629,091 | 320,206,000 | 34.2 | English, Spanish  | Washington, D.C.
U.S. Virgin Islands  U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)

| 347 | 106,405 | 317.0 | English  | Charlotte Amalie
Uruguay  Uruguay

| 176,220 | 3,286,314 | 19.4 | Spanish | Montevideo
Venezuela  Venezuela

| 916,445 | 30,206,307 | 30.2 | Spanish and 40 indigenous languages | Caracas
Total  | 42,320,985 | 973,186,925 | 21.9 |  |

## Economy

Rank  | Country  | GDP (nominal, peak year)
millions of USD[128] | Peak year

|
|
|

1 |  United States | 30,615,743 | 2025
2 |  Brazil[129] | 2,616,156 | 2011
3 |  Canada | 2,283,599 | 2025
4 |  Mexico | 1,862,740 | 2025
5 |  Argentina | 683,371 | 2025
6 |  Cuba[130] | 545,218 | 2021
7 |  Venezuela[131] | 482,359 | 2014
8 |  Colombia | 438,121 | 2025
9 |  Chile | 347,174 | 2025
Rank  | Country  | GDP (PPP, peak year)
millions of USD | Peak year

|
|
|

1 |  United States | 30,615,743 | 2025
2 |  Brazil | 4,973,385 | 2025
3 |  Mexico | 3,436,930 | 2025
4 |  Canada | 2,722,795 | 2025
5 |  Argentina | 1,490,164 | 2025
6 |  Colombia | 1,189,465 | 2025
7 |  Chile | 713,032 | 2025
8 |  Peru | 653,089 | 2025
9 |  Venezuela | 561,498 | 2013

In exports and imports, in 2020, the United States was the world's second largest exporter (US$1.64 trillion) and the largest importer (US$2.56 trillion). Mexico was the tenth largest exporter and importer. Canada was the twelfth largest exporter and importer. Brazil was the 24th largest exporter and the 28th largest importer. Chile was the 45th largest exporter and the 47th largest importer. Argentina was the 46th largest exporter and the 52nd largest importer. Colombia was the 54th largest exporter and the 51st largest importer; among others.[132][133][134]

The agriculture of the continent is very strong and varied. Countries such as United States, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and Argentina are among the largest agricultural producers on the planet. In 2019, the continent dominated the world production of soy (almost 90% of the world total, with Brazil, the United States, Argentina, Paraguay, Canada and Bolivia among the 10 largest on the planet), sugarcane (about 55% of the world total, with Brazil, Mexico, the United States, and Guatemala among the 10 largest on the planet), coffee (about 55% of the world total, with Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, and Guatemala among the 10 largest on the planet) and maize (about 48% of the world total, with the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico among the 10 largest on the planet). The continent also produces almost 40% of world's orange (with Brazil, the United States, and Mexico among the top 10 producers), about 37% of world's pineapple (with Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia among the 10 largest producers), about 35% of world's lemon (with Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and the United States among the 10 largest producers) and about 30% of world's cotton (with the United States, Brazil, Mexico and Argentina among the top 10 producers), among several other products.[135]

In livestock, the Americas are major producers. In 2018, the continent produced around 45% of the world's beef (with the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and Canada among the world's 10 largest producers); about 36% of the world's chicken meat (with the United States, Brazil, and Mexico among the world's 10 largest producers), and about 28% of the world's cow's milk (with the United States and Brazil among the 10 largest producers in the world), among other products.[135]

In industrial terms, the World Bank lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, the United States has the second most valuable industry in the world (US$2.3 trillion), Mexico has the 12th most valuable industry in the world (US$217.8 billion), Brazil has the 13th most valuable industry in the world (US$173.6 billion), Canada has the 15th most valuable industry in the world (US$151.7 billion), Venezuela the 30th largest (US$58.2 billion, but depends on the oil to obtain this amount), Argentina was the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), Peru the 50th largest ($28.7 billion), and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion), among others.[136]

In the production of oil, the continent had 8 of the 30 largest world producers in 2020: United States (1st), Canada (4th), Brazil (8th), Mexico (14th), Colombia (20th), Venezuela (26th), Ecuador (27th), and Argentina (28th).[137]

In the production of natural gas, the continent had 8 of the 32 largest world producers in 2015: United States (1st), Canada (5th), Argentina (18th), Trinidad and Tobago (20th), Mexico (21st), Venezuela (28th), Bolivia (31st), and Brazil (32nd).[138][139]

In the production of coal, the continent had 5 of the 30 largest world producers in 2018: United States (3rd), Colombia (12th), Canada (13th), Mexico (24th), and Brazil (27th).[140]

In the production of vehicles, the continent had 5 of the 30 largest world producers in 2019: United States (2nd), Mexico (7th), Brazil (9th), Canada (12th), and Argentina (28th).[141]

In the production of steel, the continent had 5 of the 31 largest world producers in 2019: United States (4th), Brazil (9th), Mexico (15th), Canada (18th), and Argentina (31st).[142][143]

In mining, the continent has large productions of gold (mainly in the United States, Canada, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina);[144] silver (mainly in Mexico, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, and the United States);[145] copper (mainly in Chile, Peru, the United States, Mexico, and Brazil);[146] platinum (Canada and the United States);[147] iron ore (Brazil, Canada, the United States, Peru, and Chile);[148] zinc (Peru, the United States, Mexico, Bolivia, Canada, and Brazil);[149] molybdenum (Chile, Peru, Mexico, Canada, and the United States);[150] lithium (Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada);[151] lead (Peru, the United States, Mexico, and Bolivia);[152] bauxite (Brazil, Jamaica, Canada, and the United States);[153] tin (Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil);[154] manganese (Brazil and Mexico);[155] antimony (Bolivia, Mexico, Guatemala, Canada, and Ecuador);[156] nickel (Canada, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and the United States);[157] niobium (Brazil and Canada);[158] rhenium (Chile and the United States);[159] and iodine (Chile),[160] among others.

Dominica, Panama, and the Dominican Republic have the fastest-growing economy in the Americas according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF),[161] 16, five to seven countries in the southern part of the Americas had weakening economies in decline, compared to only three countries in the northern part of the Americas.[162][163] Haiti has the lowest GDP per capita in the Americas, although its economy was growing slightly as of 2016[update].[162][163]

## Demographics

### Population

In 2021 the total population of the Americas was about 1.03 billion people, divided as follows:

* North America: 596.6 million (includes Central America and the Caribbean)
* South America: 434.3 million

### Largest urban centers

There are three urban centers that each hold titles for being the largest population area based on the three main demographic concepts:[164]

* City proper

A city proper is the locality with legally fixed boundaries and an administratively recognized urban status that is usually characterized by some form of local government.[165][166][167][168][169]

* Urban area
* Metropolitan area

In accordance with these definitions, the three largest population centers in the Americas are: Mexico City, anchor to the largest metropolitan area in the Americas; New York City, anchor to the largest urban area in the Americas; and São Paulo, the largest city proper in the Americas. All three cities maintain Alpha classification and large scale influence.

* Urban centers within the Americas
* Mexico City – largest metropolitan area in the Americas, with a population of 22,300,000 in 2017

* São Paulo – largest city in the Americas, with a population of 12,038,175 (city) in 2016

* New York City – largest urban area in the Americas, with a population of 18,351,295 in 2010

Country  | City  | City Population  | Metro Area
Population

|
|
|

Mexico | Mexico City | 9,209,944[170] | 21,804,515[170]
Brazil | São Paulo  | 11,451,999[171] | 21,518,955
United States | New York City  | 8,405,837[172] | 19,949,502[173]
Argentina | Buenos Aires | 3,121,707[174] | 16,366,641[174]
United States | Los Angeles  | 3,928,864[175] | 13,131,431[176]

### Ethnology

Ethnic map of the Americas (c. 1880) by Heinrich Berghaus

The population of the Americas is made up of the descendants of four large ethnic groups and their combinations.

* The Indigenous peoples of the Americas, being Amerindians and Inuit-Yupik-Unangan.
* Those of European ancestry, mainly Spanish, English, Irish, Portuguese, German, Italian, French, and Dutch.
* Those of African ancestry, mainly of West African descent.
* Asians, that is, those of East Asian, Southeast Asian, and South Asian ancestry.
* Mestizos (Métis people in Canada), those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.
* Mulattoes, people of mixed African and European ancestry.
* Zambos (Spanish) or Cafuzos (Portuguese), those of mixed African and Indigenous ancestry.

The majority of the population lives in Latin America, named for its predominant cultures, rooted in Latin Europe (including the two dominant languages, Spanish and Portuguese, both Romance languages), more specifically in the Iberian nations of Portugal and Spain (hence the use of the term Ibero-America as a synonym). Latin America is typically contrasted with Anglo-America, where English, a Germanic language, is prevalent, and which comprises Canada (with the exception of Francophone Canada rooted in Latin Europe [France]—see Quebec and Acadia) and the United States. Both countries are located in North America, with cultures deriving predominantly from British and other Germanic roots.

#### Black population

Slavery in Brazil by Jean-Baptiste Debret (1834–1839)

The transatlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to the territories of the Americas under the colonial rule of European powers, especially South America. In South America, Portugal played a significant role in the trafficking of enslaved Africans, with estimates suggesting that around 40% of all Africans forcibly brought to the Americas were taken to Brazil alone, to work primarily in sugar cane plantations, mining, and agricultural endeavors.[177] In North America, the British Empire was heavily involved in the transatlantic slave trade, with the establishment of colonies such as Virginia, where enslaved Africans were primarily used as labor in tobacco plantations and later in other agricultural and domestic sectors. This system perpetuated for centuries, shaping the socio-economic landscape of all nations of the hemisphere.

After the Haitian Revolution led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, which started in 1791 and was the only successful slave revolt in history, the world's first black republic was established. It started with the massacre of the white population, between 3,000 and 5,000 white men and women of all ages were killed. Dessalines declared: Template:Text and translation

### Religion

The most prevalent faiths in the Americas are as follows:

* Christianity (86 percent)[178]
* Roman Catholicism: Practiced by 69 percent[179] of the Latin American population (61 percent[179] in Brazil whose Roman Catholic population of 134 million[180] is the greatest of any nation's), approximately 24 percent of the United States' population[181] and about 39 percent of Canada's.[182]
* Protestantism: Practiced mostly in the United States, where half of the population are Protestant, Canada, with slightly more than a quarter of the population, and Greenland; there is a growing contingent of Evangelical and Pentecostal movements in predominantly Catholic Latin America.[183]
* Eastern Orthodoxy: Found mostly in the United States (1 percent) and Canada; this Christian group is growing faster than many other Christian groups in Canada and now represents roughly 3 percent of the Canadian population.[182]
* Non-denominational Christians and other Christians (some 1,000 different Christian denominations and sects practiced in the Americas).
* Irreligion: About 12 percent, including atheists and agnostics, as well as those who profess some form of spirituality but do not identify themselves as members of any organized religion.
* Islam: Together, Muslims constitute about 1 percent of the North American population and 0.3 percent of all Latin Americans. It is practiced by 3 percent[182] of Canadians and 0.6 percent of the U.S. population.[181] Argentina has the largest Muslim population in Latin America with up to 600,000 persons, or 1.5 percent of the population.[184]
* Judaism: Practiced by 2 percent of North Americans—approximately 2.5 percent of the U.S. population and 1.2 percent of Canadians[185]—as well as 0.23 percent of Latin Americans. Argentina has the largest Jewish population in Latin America with 200,000 members.[186]

Other faiths include Buddhism; Hinduism; Sikhism; Baháʼí Faith; a wide variety of indigenous religions, many of which can be categorized as animistic; new age religions and many African and African-derived religions. Syncretic faiths can also be found throughout the Americas.

Religious Demographics According to 2010 censuses/estimates in each country Country  | Christians | Catholics  | Protestants  | None/Atheists/Agnostics  | Others

|
|
|
|
|

Argentina[187] | 86.2% | 76.5% | 9.7% | 11.3% | 2.5%
Bolivia  | 95.3% | 73.7% | 21.6% | 3.7% | 1.0%
Brazil[188] | 86.8% | 64.6% | 22.2% | 8.4% | 4.8%
Canada[182] | 62.6% | 38.7% | 23.9% | 28.5% | 8.9%
Chile[189] | 76.0% | 60.0% | 16.0% | 21.0% | 3.0%
Colombia[190] | 93.9% | 80.3% | 13.6% | 5.2% | 1.7%
Costa Rica[191] | 84.3% | 70.5% | 13.8% | 11.3% | 4.3%
Dominican Republic[192] | 87.1% | 68.3% | 18.8% | 10.6% | 2.2%
Ecuador[193] | 95.6% | 87.8% | 7.7% | 3.5% | 1.0%
El Salvador[194] | 75.5% | 45.8% | 29.7% | 24.3% | 1.2%
Guatemala[195] | 79.3% | 47.6% | 31.7% | 18.3% | 2.4%
Honduras[196] | 83.0% | 47.9% | 35.1% | 14.3% | 2.7%
Mexico[197] | 92.2% | 82.7% | 8.7% | 4.9% | 2.9%
Nicaragua[198] | 81.1% | 54.3% | 26.8% | 16.8% | 2.1%
Panama  | 90.0% | 75.0% | 15.0% | 7.0% | 3.0%
Paraguay  | 96.8% | 90.4% | 6.4% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Peru[199] | 96.7% | 81.3% | 12.5% | 1.9% | 1.4%
United States[200] | 79.9% | 25.9% | 54.0% | 15.2% | 5.0%
Uruguay[201] | 58.2% | 47.1% | 11.1% | 40.4% | 1.5%
Venezuela[202] | 89.0% | 72.0% | 17.0% | 8.0% | 3.0%

### Languages

Main articles: Social:Indigenous languages of the Americas, Languages of North America, and Languages of South America

Languages spoken in the Americas

Various languages are spoken in the Americas. Some are of European origin, others are spoken by indigenous peoples or are the mixture of various languages like the different creoles.[191]

The most widely spoken first language in the Americas is Spanish, followed by English and Portuguese.[203] The dominant language of Latin America is Spanish, though the most populous nation in Latin America, Brazil, speaks Portuguese. Small enclaves of French-, Dutch\- and English-speaking regions also exist in Latin America, notably in French Guiana, Suriname, and Belize and Guyana respectively. Haitian Creole is dominant in the nation of Haiti, where French is also spoken. Native languages are more prominent in Latin America than in Anglo-America, with Nahuatl, Quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní as the most common. Various other native languages are spoken with less frequency across both Anglo-America and Latin America. Creole languages other than Haitian Creole are also spoken in parts of Latin America.

The dominant language of Anglo-America is English. French is also official in Canada, where it is the predominant language in Quebec and an official language in New Brunswick along with English. It is also an important language in Louisiana, and in parts of New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont. Spanish has kept an ongoing presence in the Southwestern United States, which formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, especially in California and New Mexico, where a distinct variety of Spanish spoken since the 17th century has survived. It has more recently become widely spoken in other parts of the United States because of heavy immigration from Latin America. High levels of immigration in general have brought great linguistic diversity to Anglo-America, with over 300 languages known to be spoken in the United States alone, but most languages are spoken only in small enclaves and by relatively small immigrant groups.

The nations of Guyana, Suriname, and Belize are generally considered[by whom?] not to fall into either Anglo-America or Latin America because of their language differences from Latin America, geographic differences from Anglo-America, and cultural and historical differences from both regions; English is the primary language of Guyana and Belize, and Dutch is the primary language of Suriname.

Most of the non-native languages have, to different degrees, evolved differently from the mother country, but are usually still mutually intelligible. Some have combined, however, which has even resulted in completely new languages, such as Papiamento, which is a combination of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch (representing the respective colonizers), native Arawak, various African languages, and, more recently English. The lingua franca Portuñol, a mixture of Portuguese and Spanish, is spoken in the border regions of Brazil and neighboring Spanish-speaking countries.[204] More specifically, Riverense Portuñol is spoken by around 100,000 people in the border regions of Brazil and Uruguay. Because of immigration, there are many communities where other languages are spoken from all parts of the world, especially in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay—very important destinations for immigrants.[205][206][207]

## Culture

### Sports

Baseball is one of the most popular sports in the Americas, having spread through the hemisphere after the growth of US influence in the late 19th century. It overtook cricket, a fellow bat-and-ball sport spread by earlier British influence, in most places outside of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Other American sports, such as basketball, have grown throughout the region over time.[208]

Football is perhaps the most popular and followed sport in the Americas. The North American region which also includes the Central and Caribbean national associations is overseen by the CONCACAF, while the South American region and its national teams are represented by the CONMEBOL.

## Multinational organizations

The following is a list of multinational organizations in the Americas.

* Alliance for Progress
* American Capital of Culture
* Andean Community of Nations
* Association of Caribbean States
* Bank of the South
* Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas
* Caribbean Community
* CARICOM Single Market and Economy
* Central American Common Market
* Central American Parliament
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* Contadora Group
* Free Trade Area of the Americas
* Latin American Free Trade Agreement
* Latin American Parliament or Parlatino
* Mercosur or Mercosul
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization
* Organization of American States
* Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
* Organization of Ibero-American States
* Pacific Alliance
* Pan American Sports Organization
* Regional Security System
* Rio Group
* School of the Americas
* Summit of the Americas
* Union of South American Nations
* United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
* YOA Orchestra of the Americas

## See also

* Amerrisque Mountains
* Abya Yala – indigenous name for the North and South American continents
* British North America
* Columbia (name)
* Ethnic groups in Central America
* French America
* Indigenous Peoples' Day
* La Merika
* Latin America and the Caribbean
* List of conflicts in the Americas
* List of former sovereign states
* List of oldest buildings in the Americas
* Monarchies in the Americas
* New Sweden
* Pan-Americanism
* Pan-American Highway
* Pan American Games
* Personification of the Americas
* Southern Cone

## Notes

1. ↑ See list of countries by population for references.
2. ↑ Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska, which are both separated from the US mainland, with Hawaii distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania, while Alaska is located between Canada and Asia (Russia).

1. ↑ The singular form "America" is more common in the Spanish language, spoken by the majority in 16 out of the 21 mainland countries of North and South America. This was notably demonstrated to English-language audiences during Puerto Rican musician Bad Bunny's pan-Americanist performance at the Super Bowl LX halftime show.[19][20]
2. ↑ According to Article 13 of the Constitution: A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil ("The Portuguese language is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil"). Brazilian Sign Language is also officially recognized and protected.[114] 95 municipalities and 3 Brazilian states also have co-official languages, with 61 co-officialized languages.[115] The list can be seen at Languages of Brazil.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language (ISBN 0-19-214183-X). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 33: "[16c: from the feminine of Americus, the Latinized first name of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512). The name America first appeared on a map in 1507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, referring to the area now called Brazil]. Since the 16c, a name of the western hemisphere, often in the plural Americas and more or less synonymous with the New World. Since the 18c, a name of the United States of America. The second sense is now primary in English: ... However, the term is open to uncertainties: ..."
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Burchfield, R. W. 2004. Fowler's Modern English Usage. (ISBN 0-19-861021-1) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 48.
3. ↑ "America". https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/america?q=america.
4. ↑ Webster's New World College Dictionary, 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
5. ↑ Merriam Webster dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2013. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/america. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
6. ↑ "continent n. 5. a." (1989) Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press; "continent1 n." (2006) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition revised. (Ed.) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press; "continent1 n." (2005) The New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd edition. (Ed.) Erin McKean. Oxford University Press; "continent [2, n] 4 a" (1996) Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. ProQuest Information and Learning; "continent" (2007) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 14, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
7. ↑ Kamen, Henry. Spain's Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power, 1492–1763.
8. ↑ Taylor, Alan (2001). American Colonies. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780142002100. https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl.
9. ↑ "Censo 2010. Resultados provisionales: cuadros y grá" (in es). http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp.
10. ↑ "Cartographer Put 'America' on the Map 500 years Ago". USA Today. Associated Press (Washington, D.C.). April 24, 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-24-america-turns-500_N.htm.
11. ↑ "The epic story of the map that gave America its name". July 3, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180702-the-epic-story-of-the-map-that-gave-america-its-name.
12. ↑ "The Fourth Part of the World". November 3, 2009. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Fourth-Part-of-the-World/Toby-Lester/9781416535348.
13. ↑ Lawless, Jill (November 7, 2017). "Oldest map to use word 'America' up for sale". News and Record. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/8ea8f3f87201426f946b400b5c78ce7f.
14. ↑ "The Map That Named America (September 2003) – Library of Congress Information Bulletin". https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0309/maps.html.
15. ↑ Toby Lester, "Putting America on the Map", Smithsonian, 40:9 (December 2009)
16. ↑ "The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Chapter 1)". University of California Press. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/l/lewis-myth.html.
17. ↑ See for example: america – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved on January 27, 2008; "dictionary.reference.com america". Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Accessed: January 27, 2008.
18. ↑ Marjorie Fee and Janice MacAlpine, Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage (2008) page 36 says "In Canada, American is used almost exclusively in reference to the United States and its citizens." Others, including The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary, The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, The Australian Oxford Dictionary and The Concise Oxford English Dictionary all specify both the Americas and the United States in their definition of "American".
19. ↑ Sherman, Maria (February 10, 2026). "Bad Bunny’s Super Bowl halftime show celebrated America – all of it – with a message of unity". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/bad-bunny-halftime-show-america-0f3534a06cc01fb7c5aae7487debe4fb.
20. ↑ Luse, Brittany; Thompson, Stephen; Rose, Corey Antonio; Girdwood, Barton (February 9, 2026). "Bad Bunny redefined what "America" means". It's Been a Minute, NPR. https://www.npr.org/2026/02/09/nx-s1-5706505/bad-bunny-redefined-what-america-means.
21. ↑ "Mercator 1587 | Envisioning the World | The First Printed Maps". https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/wendt-world-maps/Mercator_1587.html.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 American (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=American (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
23. ↑ "American". The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=american.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "America." Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage. (ISBN 0-19-541619-8) Fee, Margery and McAlpine, J., ed., 1997. Toronto: Oxford University Press; p. 36.
25. ↑ "Definition of PAN-AMERICAN". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Pan-American.
26. ↑ New Worlder (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=New+Worlder (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
27. ↑ Reader's Digest Oxford Complete Wordfinder. 1993. (ISBN 0-276-42101-9) New York, US: Reader's Digest Association; p. 45.
28. ↑ The Olympic symbols. International Olympic Committee. 2002. Lausanne: Olympic Museum and Studies Centre. The five rings of the Olympic flag represent the five inhabited, participating continents: (Africa, America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania )."Archived copy". http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1303.pdf.
29. ↑ Mencken, H. L. (December 1947). "Names for Americans". American Speech 22 (4): 241–256. doi:10.2307/486658. quote at p 243.
30. ↑ "American." The Oxford Companion to the English Language (ISBN 0-19-214183-X); McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 35.
31. ↑ "Estados Unidos" (in es). Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Real Academia Española. October 2005. http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltGUIBusDPD?lema=Estados Unidos.
32. ↑ ASALE, RAE-; RAE. "estadounidense | Diccionario de la lengua española" (in es). https://dle.rae.es/estadounidense.
33. ↑ ASALE, RAE-; RAE. "estadunidense | Diccionario de la lengua española" (in es). https://dle.rae.es/estadunidense.
34. ↑ Diccionario panhispánico de dudas:Norteamérica. Real Academia Española. 2005. http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltGUIBusDPD?lema=Norteam�rica.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Estados Unidos. Real Academia Española. 2005. http://buscon.rae.es/dpd/srv/search?id=4EWtRO1VZD6v7sHSpo. "debe evitarse el empleo de americano para referirse exclusivamente a los habitantes de los Estados Unidos" ("the use of the term americano referring exclusively to the United States inhabitants must be avoided")
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85. ↑ "Panama: Isthmus that Changed the World". NASA Earth Observatory. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16401.
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88. ↑ "Appalachian Mountains". Ohio History Central. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2067.
89. ↑ "Arctic Cordillera". evergreen.ca. http://www.evergreen.ca/nativeplants/learn-more/arctic-cordillera.php.
90. ↑ "Interior Plains Region". https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/interior_plains_region.html.
91. ↑ "Natural History of Quebec". http://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/Natural History/nat_hist.html.
92. ↑ "Strategy". Amazon Conservation Association. http://www.amazonconservation.org/home/strategy.html.
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97. ↑ "Yukoninfo.com". Yukoninfo.com. http://www.yukoninfo.com/yukonriver/.
98. ↑ "Mackenzie River". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110728. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
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100. ↑ "Great Rivers Partnership – Paraguay-Parana". http://www.nature.org/wherewework/greatrivers/samerica/.
101. ↑ Webb, S. David (1991). "Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange". Paleobiology (Paleontological Society) 17 (3): 266–280. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010605. Bibcode: 1991Pbio...17..266W.
102. ↑ "Les Collectivités". Ministère des Outre-Mer. http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?les-collectivites.html.
103. ↑ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. September 20, 2011. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.
104. ↑ Unless otherwise noted, land area figures are taken from "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density". United Nations Statistics Division. 2008. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2008/Table03.pdf.
105. ↑ Kras, Sara Louise (2008). Antigua and Barbuda. Marshall Cavendish. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7614-2570-0. https://archive.org/details/antiguabarbuda0000kras/page/95.
106. ↑ "Aruba Census 2010 Languages spoken in the household". Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/manageDocument.do?dispatch=view&id=1621.
107. ↑ Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Languages of Bahamas". Dallas: Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BS.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 108.4 108.5 Land area figures taken from "The World Factbook: 2010 edition". Government of the United States, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html.
109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.4 These population estimates are for 2010, and are taken from "The World Factbook: 2010 edition". Government of the United States, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html.
110. ↑ Paul M. Lewis, ed (2009). "Languages of Barbados". Dallas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BB.
111. ↑ "Belize 2000 Housing and Population Census". Belize Central Statistical Office. 2000. http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl.
112. ↑ La Paz is the administrative capital of Bolivia; Sucre is the judicial seat.

113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 "Households by the most spoken language in the household Population and Housing Census 2001". Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.cw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103:households-by-the-most-spoken-language-in-the-household&catid=48:household-characteristics&Itemid=82.
114. ↑ Lei Federal do Brasil 10436 de 2002
115. ↑ Repositório Brasileiro de Legislações Linguísticas (Brazilian Repository of Linguistic Legislation)
116. ↑ Includes Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, a Chilean territory frequently reckoned in Oceania. Santiago is the administrative capital of Chile; Valparaíso is the site of legislative meetings.

117. ↑ Instituto Geográfico Nacional del Registro Nacional (2 July 2021). "Actualización en el Cálculo de las Áreas Continental e Insular de Costa Rica" (in es). https://files.snitcr.go.cr/boletines/ACTUALIZACION_DE_LAS_AREAS_CONTINENTAL_E_INSULAR_DE_COSTA_RICA_02_07_2021.pdf.
118. ↑ Paul M. Lewis; M. Paul, eds (2009). "Languages of Dominica". Dallas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=dm.
119. ↑ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 347. ISBN 1-57356-019-7. https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi/page/347.
120. ↑ Claimed by Argentina.

121. ↑ Paul M. Lewis, ed (2009). "Languages of Martinique". Dallas: Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=mq.
122. ↑ Paul M. Lewis, ed (2009). "Languages of Montserrat". Dallas: Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MS.
123. ↑ Ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 destroyed much of Plymouth; government offices were relocated to Brades. Plymouth remains the de jure capital.
124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles. "Statistical information: Population". Government of the Netherlands Antilles. http://www.cbs.an/population/population_b2.asp.
125. ↑ Claimed by Argentina; the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean are commonly associated with Antarctica (for its proximity) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors.

126. ↑ Lewis, Paul (2009). "Languages of Suriname". Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SR.
127. ↑ Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Languages of Turks and Caicos Islands". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_country.asp?name=TC.
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130. ↑ "World Bank's GDP (Nominal) data for Cuba". https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/GDP.pdf.
131. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". https://data.worldbank.org/.
132. ↑ Trade Map - List of exporters for the selected product in 2018 (All products), Trademap.org
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145. ↑ "Production statistics of USGS Silver". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf.
146. ↑ "Copper production statistics for the USGS". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf.
147. ↑ "USGS platinum production statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf.
148. ↑ "Production statistics of USGS iron ore". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf.
149. ↑ "Zinc production statistics from USGS". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf.
150. ↑ "USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf.
151. ↑ "USGS lithium production statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf.
152. ↑ "USGS Lead Production Statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf.
153. ↑ "USGS Bauxite Production Statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf.
154. ↑ "USGS tin production statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf.
155. ↑ "Manganese production statistics from the USGS". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf.
156. ↑ "USGS antimony production statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf.
157. ↑ "USGS Nickel Production Statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf.
158. ↑ "USGS Niobium Production Statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf.
159. ↑ "USGS rhenium production statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf.
160. ↑ "USGS iodine production statistics". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf.
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166. ↑ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database". United Nations. http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=6.
167. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics". Millenniumindicators.un.org. http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbanNotes.htm.
168. ↑ Demographic Yearbook 2005, Volume 57. United Nations. 2008. p. 756. ISBN 978-92-1-051099-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=OwfGJtkpCbwC&q=locality with legally fixed boundaries and an administratively recognized urban status that is usually characterized by some form of local government&pg=PA241. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
169. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2002). Demographic yearbook, 2000. United Nations Publications, 2002. p. 23. ISBN 92-1-051091-7.
170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 "Censo de Población y Vivienda (CPV) 2020" (in es). https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/.
171. ↑ "CIDADES E ESTADOS DO BRASIL" (in pt). https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/.
172. ↑ Saul, Michael Howard (March 27, 2014). "New York City Population Hits Record High". https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2014/03/27/new-york-city-population-hits-record-high/.
173. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". https://www.census.gov.
174. ↑ 174.0 174.1 "Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2022: Resultados definitivos" (in es). November 2023. https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/poblacion/censo2022_indicadores_demograficos.pdf.
175. ↑ 1 Million Milestone US Census Bureau
176. ↑ "U.S. Census website". census.gov. https://www.census.gov.
177. ↑ Rawley, James A.. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History.
178. ↑ "Global Christianity". Pew. December 19, 2011. http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/.
179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 "2014 Religion in Latin America". November 13, 2014. http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/.
180. ↑ Presse, France (March 13, 2013). "América Latina abriga 40% dos católicos do mundo". http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2013/03/america-latina-abriga-40-dos-catolicos-do-mundo.html.
181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 "United States". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 16, 2010. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/.
182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 182.2 182.3 "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. May 8, 2013. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA.
183. ↑ "The World Today – Catholics faced with rise in Protestantism". Australia: ABC. April 19, 2005. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1348759.htm.
184. ↑ "Argentina". International Religious Freedom Report. U.S. Department of State. 2006. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71446.htm.
185. ↑ "Canadian Jewry Today: Portrait of a Community in the Process of Change – Ira Robinson". Jcpa.org. http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-robinson-06.htm.
186. ↑ Segal, Naomi. "First Planeload of Jews Fleeing Argentina Arrives in Israel". Ujc.org. http://www.ujc.org/page.html?ArticleID=26170.
187. ↑ "Primera Encuesta sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas en Argentina". http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/08/27/um/encuesta1.pdf.
188. ↑ "Cor ou Raça". Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência. 2010. ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_2.pdf. [dead ftp link] (To view documents see Help:FTP)
189. ↑ "Encuesta – 2015" (in es). Plaza Publica Cadem. http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf.
190. ↑ "Colombia". Vanderbilt.edu. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/colombia.php.
191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 "Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco" (in es) (PDF). Latinobarómetro. April 2014. p. 6. http://www.latinobarometro.org/latNewsShow.jsp.
192. ↑ "2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – Dominican Republic". UNHCR. 17 November 2010. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=&coi=DOM&rid=4562d94e2&docid=4cf2d0a087&skip=0.
193. ↑ "El 80% de ecuatorianos es católico". http://lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101377532/-1/El_80%_de_ecuatorianos_es_católico.html.
194. ↑ "CID Gallup | Latinoamérica". https://www.cidgallup.com/.
195. ↑ Public Opinion Polls on Religious Affiliation in Guatemala . Prolades.com
196. ↑ "Religion in Honduras – CID Gallup Poll 2007". https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148763.htm. US. State
197. ↑ inegi.org.mx Religiones 2010.pdf
198. ↑ "CONELA/PRLADES – 2010 – Nicaragua". http://www.prolades.com/conela/nicaragua-stats-2010-CONELA.pdf.
199. ↑ Dirección Técnica de Demografía y Estudios Sociales y Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo del INEI, Web.archive.org
200. ↑ Carolyn Stewart, ACSD. "Religion – Publications – US Census Bureau". https://www.census.gov/prod/www/religion.htm.
201. ↑ "Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Amplidada – 2006" (in es). National Institute of Statistics. INHA. http://www.ine.gub.uy/enha2006/flash/Flash 6_Religion.pdf.
202. ↑ "Informe sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela". http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf.
203. ↑ "Official Languages of the Americas and the Caribbean – Nations Online Project". http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/american_languages.htm.
204. ↑ Lipski, John M. (2006). "Too Close for Comfort? The Genesis of "Portuñol/Portunhol"". Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium: 1–22. ISBN 978-1-57473-408-9. http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/abstract1251.html. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
205. ↑ Juan Bialet Massé en su informe sobre "El estado de las clases obreras en el interior del país"
206. ↑ "SOCIAL IDENTITY Marta Fierro Social Psychologist.". http://www.umng.edu.co/www/resources/idsocial.doc.
207. ↑ "Etnicidad y ciudadanía en América Latina.". https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:xMNl1h24Z5oJ:www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/6/20606/lcg2230e_cap8.pdf+conosur+argentina+chile+y+uruguay+recibieron+inmigrantes+europeos&gl=cl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgPKhHPhWvASrcdlpdyAdXFt6Kh7N5j-HbzcmA8nSVHcnjm1oaGPUs1LqWeMWLJngvABPlFZm0Ho4ZnZzcuFldFPqnh_0NzjP8w6yt5n1Z5M1ff9y4bVv9pITvkAKRfF-VQFl0W.
208. ↑ Dyreson, Mark, ed (2013-09-13) (in en). Mapping an Empire of American Sport (0 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315872971. ISBN 978-1-317-98036-0. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317980360.

## Further reading

* "Americas". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
* "Americas". Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1986. ISBN 0-85229-434-4
* Burchfield, R. W. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-861021-1
* Fee, Margery, and J. McAlpine. Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-541619-8
* Kane, Katie (1999). "Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination". Cultural Critique 42 (42): 81–103. doi:10.2307/1354592.
* Pearsall, Judy, and Bill Trumble, ed. Oxford English Reference Dictionary, 2nd ed. (rev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-860652-4
* Rosenberg, Matt (9 April 2018). "How to Define North, South, Latin, and Anglo America". ThoughtCo.

## External links

* United Nations population data by latest available Census: 2008–2009
* Organization of American States
* Council on Hemispheric Affairs
* Texts on Wikisource:
* Gannett, Henry; Ingersoll, Ernest; Winship, George Parker (1905). "America". New International Encyclopedia.

* v
* t
* e

the Americas

* North America
* Central America
* Northern America
* West Indies
* South America

Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies and
other territories

* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Greenland
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Montserrat
* Puerto Rico
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* US Virgin Islands

Articles related to the Americas

Template:Countries of North America Template:Countries of South America

* v
* t
* e

History of the Americas

History|

* North America
* Mesoamerica
* Central America
* Caribbean
* Latin America
* South America
* Andean South America
* Genetics

Settlement|

* Indigenous peoples
* Indigenous population
* Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
* Discovery
* Exploration
* European colonization
* Spanish colonization
* French colonization
* Portuguese colonization
* British colonization
* Columbian Exchange
* Decolonization

Societies|

* Paleo-Indians
* Pre-Columbian era
* Aztec
* Maya
* Muisca
* Inca

Related|

* Maps
* Culture
* Geography
* Indigenous languages
* Epidemics
* Slavery

Lists|

* Pre-Columbian cultures
* Indigenous peoples
* Oldest churches
* Population
* Conflicts
* North America
* South America

Chronology|

* Archaeology of the Americas
* North America by period
* North American timelines
* Mesoamerica by period
* Mesoamerica timeline

* Era: By period
* By region
* Three-age system
* Ancient history
* Pre-Columbian era
* Classical Antiquity
* Middle Ages
* Modern history
* Future

* v
* t
* e

Earth's primary regions

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Africa

Central Africa|

* Guinea region
* Gulf of Guinea
* Cape Lopez
* Mayombe
* Igboland
* Mbaise
* Pool Malebo
* Congo Basin
* Chad Basin
* Cameroonian Highlands forests
* Congolian rainforests
* Ouaddaï highlands
* Ennedi Plateau

East Africa|

* African Great Lakes
* Albertine Rift
* East African Rift
* Great Rift Valley
* Gregory Rift
* Rift Valley lakes
* Virunga Mountains
* Kavirondo
* Zanj
* East African montane forests
* Eastern Arc Mountains
* Serengeti
* Horn of Africa
* Afar Triangle
* Al-Habash
* Barbara
* Danakil Alps
* Danakil Desert
* Ethiopian Highlands
* Dahlak Archipelago
* Hanish Islands
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Tadjoura
* Red Sea
* Indian Ocean islands
* Comoro Islands
* Lamu Archipelago
* Zanzibar Archipelago
* Swahili coast

North Africa|

* Eastern Desert
* Maghreb
* Ancient Libya
* Atlas Mountains
* Barbary Coast
* Bashmur
* Gibraltar Arc
* Ifriqiya
* Nile Valley
* Nile Delta
* Cataracts of the Nile
* Darfur
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Lower Egypt
* Lower Nubia
* Middle Egypt
* Nile Delta
* Nuba Mountains
* Nubia
* The Sudans
* Upper Egypt
* Tibesti Mountains
* Western Sahara

West Africa|

* Pepper Coast
* Gold Coast
* Slave Coast
* Ivory Coast
* Cape Palmas
* Cape Mesurado
* Guinea region
* Guinean Forests of West Africa
* Upper Guinean forests
* Lower Guinean forests
* Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
* Guinea Highlands
* Gulf of Guinea
* Niger Basin
* Dahomey Gap
* Niger Delta
* Inner Niger Delta
* Yorubaland

Southern Africa|

* Madagascar
* Central Highlands (Madagascar)
* Northern Highlands
* Rhodesia
* North
* South
* Thembuland
* Succulent Karoo
* Nama Karoo
* Bushveld
* Maputaland
* Highveld
* Fynbos
* Cape Floristic Region
* Skeleton Coast
* Kalahari Desert
* Okavango Delta
* Cape Peninsula
* False Bay
* Hydra Bay

Macro-regions|

* Aethiopia
* Afromontane
* Arab world
* Commonwealth realm
* Equatorial Africa
* Françafrique
* Greater Middle East
* Guineo-Congolian region
* Islands of Africa
* List of countries where Arabic is an official language
* Mediterranean Basin
* MENA
* MENASA
* Middle East
* Miombo woodlands
* Mittelafrika
* Negroland
* Northeast Africa
* Portuguese-speaking African countries
* Sahara
* Sahel
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* Sudan (region)
* Sudanian Savanna
* East Sudanian Savanna
* Tropical Africa
* Zambezian region

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Asia

Central|

* Greater Middle East
* Aral Sea
* Aralkum Desert
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Sea of Galilee
* Tartary
* Transoxiana
* Turan
* Greater Khorasan
* Ariana
* Arachosia
* Khwarazm
* Sistan
* Kazakhstania
* Kazakh Steppe
* Betpak-Dala
* Eurasian Steppe
* Asian Steppe
* Kazakh Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
* Wild Fields
* Yedisan
* Muravsky Trail
* Ural
* Ural Mountains
* Volga region
* Idel-Ural
* Pryazovia
* Bjarmaland
* Kuban
* Zalesye
* Ingria
* Novorossiya
* Gornaya Shoriya
* Tulgas
* Iranian Plateau
* Altai Mountains
* Pamir Mountains
* Tian Shan
* Badakhshan
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Mount Imeon
* Mongolian Plateau
* Western Regions
* Taklamakan Desert
* Karakoram
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Siachen Glacier

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Inner Asia
* Northeast
* Ural
* Ural Mountains
* Far East
* Russian Far East
* Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga
* Beringia
* Chukchi Peninsula
* Kamchatka Peninsula
* Extreme North
* Tartary
* Siberia
* Baikalia (Lake Baikal)
* Baraba steppe
* Khatanga Gulf
* Transbaikal
* West
* Amur Basin
* Yenisei Gulf
* Yenisei Basin
* Sikhote-Alin
* Kolyma
* Bering Strait
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific

East|

* Orient
* Japanese archipelago
* Northeastern Japan Arc
* Sakhalin Island Arc
* Korean Peninsula
* Gobi Desert
* Taklamakan Desert
* Greater Khingan
* Mongolian Plateau
* Inner Asia
* Inner Mongolia
* Outer Mongolia
* China proper
* Manchuria
* Outer Manchuria
* Inner Manchuria
* Northeast China Plain
* Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
* North China Plain
* Yan Mountains
* Kunlun Mountains
* Liaodong Peninsula
* High-mountain Asia
* Himalayas
* Tibetan Plateau
* Tibet
* Karakoram
* Tarim Basin
* Sichuan Basin
* Northern Silk Road
* Hexi Corridor
* Nanzhong
* Lingnan
* Liangguang
* Jiangnan
* Jianghuai
* Guanzhong
* Huizhou
* Wu
* Jiaozhou
* Zhongyuan
* Shaannan
* Ordos Loop
* Loess Plateau
* Shaanbei
* Hamgyong Mountains
* Central Mountain Range
* Japanese Alps
* Suzuka Mountains
* Leizhou Peninsula
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Yangtze River
* Yangtze River Delta
* Yellow River
* Pearl River Delta
* Yenisei Basin
* Altai Mountains
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

West|

* Greater Middle East
* MENA
* MENASA
* Middle East
* Red Sea
* Hanish Islands
* Caspian Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Zagros Mountains
* Elam
* Persian Gulf
* Pirate Coast
* Strait of Hormuz
* Greater and Lesser Tunbs
* Al-Faw Peninsula
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Aden
* Balochistan
* Arabian Peninsula
* Najd
* Al-Yamama
* Hejaz
* Tihamah
* Eastern Arabia
* South Arabia
* Hadhramaut
* Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
* Al-Sharat
* Tigris–Euphrates
* Mesopotamia
* Upper Mesopotamia
* Lower Mesopotamia
* Sawad
* Nineveh plains
* Akkad (region)
* Babylonia
* Canaan
* Aram
* Aram-Naharaim
* Eber-Nari
* Suhum
* Eastern Mediterranean
* Mashriq
* Kurdistan
* Levant
* Southern Levant
* Transjordan
* Jordan Rift Valley
* Levantine Sea
* Holy Land
* Palestine
* Land of Israel
* Golan Heights
* Hula Valley
* Galilee
* Gilead
* Judea
* Samaria
* Arabah
* Anti-Lebanon Mountains
* Sinai Peninsula
* Arabian Desert
* Syrian Desert
* Fertile Crescent
* Azerbaijan
* Syria
* Hauran
* Iranian Plateau
* Dasht-e Kavir
* Armenian Highlands
* Caucasus
* Caucasus Mountains
* Greater Caucasus
* Lesser Caucasus
* North Caucasus
* South Caucasus
* Shirvan
* Kur-Araz Lowland
* Lankaran Lowland
* Alborz
* Absheron Peninsula
* Kartli
* Anatolia
* Taurus Mountains
* Aeolis
* Paphlagonia
* Phasiane
* Isauria
* Ionia
* Bithynia
* Cilicia
* Cappadocia
* Caria
* Corduene
* Chaldia
* Doris
* Lycaonia
* Lycia
* Lydia
* Galatia
* Pisidia
* Pontus
* Mysia
* Arzawa
* Speri
* Sophene
* Biga Peninsula
* Troad
* Tuwana
* Alpide belt

South|

* Orient
* Greater India
* Indian subcontinent
* Himalayas
* Hindu Kush
* Bactria
* Carnatic region
* Tamilakam
* Western Ghats
* Eastern Ghats
* Ganges Basin
* Ganges Delta
* Guzgan
* Pashtunistan
* Punjab
* Balochistan
* Gedrosia
* Makran
* Marathwada
* Kashmir
* Kashmir Valley
* Pir Panjal Range
* Thar Desert
* Indus Valley
* Indus River Delta
* Indus Valley Desert
* Indo-Gangetic Plain
* Eastern Coastal Plains
* Kalinga
* Western Coastal Plains
* Meghalaya subtropical forests
* MENASA
* Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
* Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
* Doab
* Bagar tract
* Great Rann of Kutch
* Little Rann of Kutch
* Deccan Plateau
* Coromandel Coast
* Konkan
* False Divi Point
* Hindi Belt
* Ladakh
* Aksai Chin
* Gilgit-Baltistan
* Baltistan
* Shigar Valley
* High-mountain Asia
* Karakoram
* Saltoro Mountains
* Siachen Glacier
* Bengal
* Bay of Bengal
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Halar
* Gulf of Mannar
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Lakshadweep
* Laccadive Islands
* Amindivi Islands
* Paropamisadae
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andaman Islands
* Nicobar Islands
* Maldive Islands
* Alpide belt
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

Southeast|

* Orient
* Sundaland
* Mainland
* Indochina
* Malay Peninsula
* Northern Triangle temperate forests
* Maritime
* Peninsular Malaysia
* Sunda Islands
* Greater Sunda Islands
* Lesser Sunda Islands
* Indonesian Archipelago
* Wallacea
* Timor
* Philippine Archipelago
* Luzon
* Visayas
* Mindanao
* Leyte Gulf
* Gulf of Thailand
* East Indies
* Nanyang
* Alpide belt
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Europe

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Nordic
* Northwestern
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavian Peninsula
* Fennoscandia
* Baltoscandia
* Jutland
* Gotland
* Sápmi
* Ingria
* West Nordic
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* British Isles

East|

* Danubian countries
* Prussia
* Galicia
* Volhynia
* Wallachia
* Transylvania
* Moldavia
* Bukovina
* Bessarabia
* Livonia
* Ruthenia
* Carpathian Ruthenia
* Donbass
* Sloboda Ukraine
* Sambia Peninsula
* Amber Coast
* Curonian Spit
* Izyum Trail
* Lithuania Minor
* Nemunas Delta
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Vyborg Bay
* Karelia
* East Karelia
* Karelian Isthmus
* Lokhaniemi
* Southeastern
* Crimea
* Epirus
* Rumelia
* Balkans
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Attica
* Boeotia
* Opuntian Locris
* Phocis
* Megaris
* Peloponnese
* Chalkidiki
* Aetolia
* Gulf of Chania
* North Caucasus
* Greater Caucasus
* Kabardia
* Istria
* European Russia
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Taman Peninsula
* Southern Russia
* Kola Peninsula

Central|

* North European Plain
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Alpine states
* Alpide belt
* Visegrád Group
* Rhineland
* Eastphalia
* Westphalia
* Prussia
* Lusatia
* Bohemia
* Moravia
* Silesia
* Czech Silesia
* Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Kashubia
* Bukovina
* Istria
* Transdanubia
* Polesia
* Germania
* Germania Slavica

West|

* Benelux
* Low Countries
* Northwest
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Cotentin Peninsula
* Doggerland
* Upper Rhine Plain
* Upper Rhine
* Gaul
* Gascony
* Normandy
* Brittany
* Septimania
* Batavia
* Gulf of Lion
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Pyrenees
* Alpide belt

South|

* Po Valley (Padania)
* Italian Peninsula
* Tuscan Archipelago
* Insular Italy
* Aegadian Islands
* Occitania
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Gibraltar Arc
* Southeastern
* Mediterranean
* Alpide belt

* Germanic
* Romance
* Celtic
* Slavic countries
* European Plain
* Eurasian Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Wild Fields
* Pannonian Basin
* Great Hungarian Plain
* Little Hungarian Plain
* Eastern Slovak Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Regions of North America

North
(Canada)|

| Eastern|

* Central Canada
* Atlantic Canada
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* Great Lakes region

|

Western|

* Pacific Northwest
* Prairie Pothole Region

Northern|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Greenland

* Canadian Prairies
* The Maritimes
* French Canada
* English Canada
* Acadia
* Acadian Peninsula
* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Peace River Country
* Cypress Hills
* Palliser's Triangle
* Canadian Shield
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Kodiak Island
* Newfoundland (island)
* Vancouver Island
* Gulf Islands
* Strait of Georgia
* Labrador Peninsula
* Gaspé Peninsula
* Avalon Peninsula
* Bay de Verde Peninsula
* Brodeur Peninsula
* Melville Peninsula
* Bruce Peninsula
* Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
* Cook Peninsula
* Gulf of Boothia
* Georgian Bay
* Hudson Bay
* James Bay

North
(United States)|

| Arctic|

* Aleutian Arc
* Aleutian Range
* Alaska Peninsula
* Aleutian Islands
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Bering Strait
* Gulf of Alaska

|

Eastern|

* East Coast
* Northeast
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* New England
* Mid-Atlantic
* Commonwealth
* Southeast

Western|

* West Coast
* Mountain states
* Intermountain West
* Great Basin
* Basin and Range Province
* Northwestern United States
* Inland Northwest
* Pacific Northwest
* Southwest
* Old Southwest
* Four Corners

Central|

* Great Lakes
* Tallgrass prairie
* Midwest
* Upper Midwest
* South Central
* Gulf Coast

Southern|

* Deep South
* Old South
* Upland South
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México

* Pacific Coast Ranges
* Oregon Trail
* Mormon Corridor
* Calumet Region
* Llano Estacado
* Third Coast
* Backcountry
* Trans-Mississippi
* Great North Woods
* Great Plains
* Interior Plains
* Great Basin
* Great Basin Desert
* Acadia
* Ozarks
* Ark-La-Tex
* Waxhaws
* Siouxland
* Twin Tiers
* Driftless Area
* Palouse
* Piedmont
* Atlantic coastal plain
* Outer Lands
* Black Dirt Region
* Blackstone Valley
* Piney Woods
* Rocky Mountains
* Mojave Desert
* The Dakotas
* The Carolinas
* Shawnee Hills
* San Fernando Valley
* Tornado Alley
* North Coast
* Lost Coast
* Emerald Triangle
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Bay
* North Bay
* East Bay
* Silicon Valley
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Gulf of Mexico
* Lower Colorado River Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
* Colville Delta
* Arkansas Delta
* Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
* Mississippi Delta
* Mississippi River Delta
* Columbia River Estuary
* Great Basin
* High Desert
* Monterey Peninsula
* Upper Peninsula of Michigan
* Lower Peninsula of Michigan
* Virginia Peninsula
* Keweenaw Peninsula
* Middle Peninsula
* Delmarva Peninsula
* Alaska Peninsula
* Kenai Peninsula
* Niagara Peninsula
* "Belt" regions
* Bible Belt
* Black Belt
* Corn Belt
* Cotton Belt
* Frost Belt
* Rice Belt
* Rust Belt
* Sun Belt
* Snow Belt

Middle|

| Northern|

* Basin and Range Province
* Baja California Peninsula
* Gulf of California
* Colorado River Delta
* Gulf of Mexico

|

Southern|

* Soconusco
* Tierra Caliente
* La Mixteca
* La Huasteca
* Bajío
* Valley of Mexico
* Mezquital Valley
* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
* Yucatán Peninsula
* Gulf of Mexico

Central|

* Northern Triangle of Central America
* Western Caribbean Zone
* Isthmus of Panama
* Gulf of Panama
* Pearl Islands
* Azuero Peninsula
* Mosquito Coast

Caribbean|

* Antilles
* Greater Antilles
* Lesser Antilles
* Leeward
* Leeward Antilles
* Windward
* Lucayan Archipelago
* Southern Caribbean
* West Indies

* Aridoamerica
* Mesoamerica
* Oasisamerica
* Anglo
* Latin
* French
* Hispanic
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Oceania

Australia|

| Australian Capital Territory|

* Australian Capital Territory

|

New South Wales|

* Central Coast
* Central Tablelands
* Central Western Slopes
* Greater Western Sydney
* Hunter
* Mid North Coast
* Northern Rivers
* North West Slopes
* Northern Tablelands
* Riverina
* South Coast
* South West Slopes
* Southern Tablelands
* Western Plains

Northern Territory|

* Arnhem Land
* Barkly Tableland
* Central Australia
* Darwin
* Katherine

Queensland|

* Central West
* Central
* Darling Downs
* Far North
* Gulf Country
* North
* South East
* South West
* Wide Bay–Burnett

South Australia|

* Adelaide Hills
* Barossa Light and Lower North
* Eastern Adelaide
* Eyre Western
* Far North
* Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island
* Limestone Coast
* Murray and Mallee
* Northern Adelaide
* Southern Adelaide
* Western Adelaide
* Yorke and Mid North

Tasmania|

* Central Highlands
* East Coast
* Midlands
* North East
* North West
* Northern
* South West
* Southern
* West Coast

Victoria|

* Barwon South West
* Gippsland
* Grampians
* Greater Melbourne
* Hume
* Loddon Mallee

Western Australia|

* Gascoyne
* Goldfields-Esperance
* Great Southern
* Kimberley
* Mid West
* Peel
* Pilbara
* South West
* Wheatbelt

Melanesia|

* Islands Region
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Solomon Islands
* North Solomon Islands
* Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea
* Bonis Peninsula
* Papuan Peninsula
* Huon Peninsula
* Huon Gulf
* Bird's Head Peninsula
* Gazelle Peninsula
* Vanuatu

Micronesia|

* Caroline Islands
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Palau
* Kiribati
* Mariana Islands
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Wake Island

Polynesia|

* Easter Island
* Hawaiian Islands
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* Austral Islands
* Gambier Islands
* Mangareva Islands
* Marquesas Islands
* Society Islands
* Tuamotus
* Kermadec Islands
* New Zealand
* South Island
* North Island
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoan Islands
* American Samoa
* Independent State of Samoa
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu

* Asia-Pacific
* Ring of Fire

* v
* t
* e

Regions of South America

East|

* Amazon basin
* Atlantic Forest
* Caatinga
* Cerrado

North|

* Caribbean South America
* West Indies
* Los Llanos
* The Guianas
* Amazon basin
* Amazon rainforest
* Gulf of Paria
* Paria Peninsula
* Paraguaná Peninsula
* Orinoco Delta

South|

* Tierra del Fuego
* Patagonia
* Pampas
* Pantanal
* Gran Chaco
* Chiquitano dry forests
* Valdes Peninsula
* Triple Frontier
* Río de la Plata
* Río de la Plata Basin

West|

* Andes
* Tropical Andes
* Wet Andes
* Dry Andes
* Pariacaca mountain range
* Altiplano
* Atacama Desert

* Latin
* Hispanic
* Bolivarian
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Earth's Polar regions of Earth

Antarctic|

* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* West Antarctica
* Eklund Islands
* Ecozone
* Extreme points
* Islands

Arctic|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

* v
* t
* e

Earth's Borders of the oceans

Arctic Ocean|

* Amundsen Gulf
* Barents Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* East Siberian Sea
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Boothia
* Kara Sea
* Laptev Sea
* Lincoln Sea
* Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
* Pechora Sea
* Queen Victoria Sea
* Wandel Sea
* White Sea

Atlantic Ocean|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Archipelago Sea
* Argentine Sea
* Baffin Bay
* Balearic Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Bay of Bothnia
* Bay of Campeche
* Bay of Fundy
* Black Sea
* Bothnian Sea
* Caribbean Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Foxe Basin
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Gulf of Lion
* Gulf of Guinea
* Gulf of Maine
* Gulf of Mexico
* Gulf of Saint Lawrence
* Gulf of Sidra
* Gulf of Venezuela
* Hudson Bay
* Ionian Sea
* Irish Sea
* Irminger Sea
* James Bay
* Labrador Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Marmara Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Myrtoan Sea
* North Sea
* Norwegian Sea
* Sargasso Sea
* Sea of Åland
* Sea of Azov
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bali Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Flores Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Suez
* Java Sea
* Laccadive Sea
* Mozambique Channel
* Persian Gulf
* Red Sea
* Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean|

* Arafura Sea
* Banda Sea
* Bering Sea
* Bismarck Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Bohol Sea
* Camotes Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Chilean Sea
* Coral Sea
* East China Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Gulf of Anadyr
* Gulf of California
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Gulf of Fonseca
* Gulf of Panama
* Gulf of Thailand
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Halmahera Sea
* Koro Sea
* Mar de Grau
* Molucca Sea
* Moro Gulf
* Philippine Sea
* Salish Sea
* Savu Sea
* Sea of Japan
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Seram Sea
* Seto Inland Sea
* Shantar Sea
* Sibuyan Sea
* Solomon Sea
* South China Sea
* Sulu Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Visayan Sea
* Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean|

* Amundsen Sea
* Bellingshausen Sea
* Cooperation Sea
* Cosmonauts Sea
* Davis Sea
* D'Urville Sea
* King Haakon VII Sea
* Lazarev Sea
* Mawson Sea
* Riiser-Larsen Sea
* Ross Sea
* Scotia Sea
* Somov Sea
* Weddell Sea

Endorheic basins|

* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Salton Sea

* Book
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Continents of the world

|  |

Africa

Antarctica

Asia

Australia

Europe

North America

South America

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |

Afro-Eurasia

America

Eurasia

Oceania

|
|
|
|

|  |

* Prehistoric supercontinents
Gondwana
* Laurasia
* Pangaea
* Pannotia
* Rodinia
* Columbia
* Kenorland
* Nena
* Sclavia
* Ur
* Vaalbara

* Other prehistoric continents
Amazonia
* Arctica
* Asiamerica
* Atlantica
* Avalonia
* Baltica
* Cimmeria
* Congo Craton
* Euramerica
* Kalaharia
* Kazakhstania
* Laurentia
* North China
* Siberia
* South China
* East Antarctica
* Pampia
* Cuyania
* Chilenia

|
|

|  |

* Submerged continents
Kerguelen Plateau
* Zealandia
* Sahul
* Sunda

* Possible future supercontinents
Pangaea Ultima
* Amasia
* Novopangaea

* Mythical and hypothesised continents
Atlantis
* Kumari Kandam
* Lemuria
* Meropis
* Mu
* Hyperborea
* Terra Australis

* Subcontinents
Arabian Peninsula
* Indian subcontinent
* Madagascar

|
|
|
|

* See also Regions of the world
* Continental fragment

* Book
* Category

[ ⚑ ]  19°N 96°W﻿ / ﻿19°N 96°W﻿ / 19; -96

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas. Read more

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