Asian land mammal age

Short description: Geologic timescale for prehistoric Asian fauna

The Asian land mammal ages, acronym ALMA, establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric Asian fauna, from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene.[1] These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained. Many of the ALMAs are based on corresponding faunas found in the Erlian Basin in Inner Mongolia, China.[2]

The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

## Contents

* 1 Ages
* 2 Other continental ages
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Ages

Direct radiometric dating of all ALMAs has not proven possible.[3] Few absolute dates have been proposed, and those that have been are approximate and based on correlations to faunas in other parts of the world.

Age  | Lower boundary  | Upper boundary  | Correlation  | Correlation (NALMA)

|
|
|
|

Nihewanian  |  |  | Pleistocene[1] |
Youhean  |  |  | Late Pliocene[1] | Late Blancan[1]
Jinglean  |  |  | Early Pliocene[1] | Late Hemphillian–early Blancan[1]
Baodean  |  |  | Late Miocene[1] | Late Clarendonian–early Hemphillian[1]
Bahean  | ~11.1 Ma[4] |  | Middle–late Miocene[1] | Clarendonian[1]
Tunggurian  |  | ~11.1 Ma[4] | Early–middle Miocene[1] | Barstovian[1]
Shanwangian  | ~19.5 Ma[4] |  | Early Miocene[1] | Late Hemingfordian[1]
Xiejian  | ~23.03 Ma[4] | ~19.5 Ma[4] | Early Miocene[4] |
Tabenbulakian | ~31 Ma[2]/30.6 Ma[5] | ~23.03 Ma[4] | Late Oligocene[1] | late Whitneyan[2]–early Hemingfordian[1]
Hsandagolian | ~33.9 Ma[2]/33.3 Ma[5] | ~31 Ma[2]/30.6 Ma[5] | Early–middle Oligocene[2] (early Rupelian)[2] | Orellan–middle Whitneyan[2]
Kekeamuan |  |  | Early–middle Oligocene[1] | Late Orellan–early Whitneyan[1]
Houldjinian |  |  | Early Oligocene[1] | Early Orellan[1]
Ergilian | ~37.8 Ma[2] | ~33.9 Ma[2] | Late Eocene[1] (Priabonian[2])  | Chadronian[1]
Ulangochuian | ~39.9 Ma[6] | ~37.8 Ma[2] | Late Eocene[2] (late Bartonian[2])  | Duchesnean[2]
Sharamurunian | ~42.7 Ma[2] | ~39.9 Ma[6] | Middle–late Eocene[1][2] (Late Lutetian–early Bartonian[2][7])  | Late Uintan (Ui3)[2]
Irdinmanhan | ~47.8 Ma[2] | ~42.7 Ma[2] | Middle Eocene[1][2] (Early–Middle Lutetian[2])  | Early–middle Uintan (Ui1–Ui2)[2]
Arshantan | ~52.1 Ma[2] | ~47.8 Ma[2] | Early Eocene[2] (late Ypresian[2])  | Bridgerian[2]
Bumbanian | ~56.0 Ma[2] | ~52.1 Ma[2] | Early Eocene[1][2] (early Ypresian[2])  | Wasatchian[2]
Gashatan |  | ~56.0 Ma[2] | Late Paleocene[1][2] | Late Clarkforkian[2]
Nongshanian  |  |  | Late Paleocene[1] | Tiffanian–early Clarkforkian[1]
Shanghuan  |  |  | Early Paleocene[1] | Puercan–Torrejonian[1]

## Other continental ages

* European land mammal age
* North American land mammal age
* South American land mammal age

## See also

* Biochronology

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 Prothero, Donald R. (2017). The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 201. ISBN 978-0-691-15682-8.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 Bai, Bin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Li, Qian; Wang, Hai-Bing; Mao, Fang-Yuan; Gong, Yan-Xin; Meng, Jin (2018). "Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China" (in en). American Museum Novitates 3914 (3914): 1–60. doi:10.1206/3914.1. ISSN 0003-0082. http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3914.1.
3. ↑ Beard, K. Christopher; Qi, Tao; Dawson, Mary R.; Wang, Banyue; Li, Chuankuei (1994). "A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China" (in en). Nature 368 (6472): 604–609. doi:10.1038/368604a0. ISSN 1476-4687. https://www.nature.com/articles/368604a0.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; Qiu, Zhu-Ding; Deng, Tao; Li, Chuan-Kui; Zhang, Zhao-Qun; Wang, Ban-Yue; Wang, Xiaoming (2013), Wang, Xiaoming; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Fortelius, Mikael, eds., "Chapter 1. Neogene Land Mammal Stages/Ages of China Toward the Goal to Establish an Asian Land Mammal Stage/Age Scheme", Fossil Mammals of Asia (New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press), doi:10.7312/wang15012-001, ISBN 978-0-231-52082-9, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/wang15012-001/html, retrieved 2026-05-14
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kraatz, Brian P.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2010). "Eocene–Oligocene transition in Central Asia and its effects on mammalian evolution" (in en). Geology 38 (2): 111–114. doi:10.1130/G30619.1. ISSN 1943-2682. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/38/2/111/130165/Eocene-Oligocene-transition-in-Central-Asia-and.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bai, Bin; Meng, Jin; Janis, Christine M.; Zhang, Zhao-Qun; Wang, Yuan-Qing (2020). "Perissodactyl diversities and responses to climate changes as reflected by dental homogeneity during the Cenozoic in Asia". Ecology and Evolution 10 (13): 6333–6355. doi:10.1002/ece3.6363. ISSN 2045-7758. PMID 32724516. PMC 7381588. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7381588/.
7. ↑ Ravel, Anthony; Marivaux, Laurent; Qi, Tao; Wang, Yuan‐Qing; Beard, K. Christopher (2014). "New chiropterans from the middle Eocene of Shanghuang (Jiangsu Province, Coastal China): new insight into the dawn horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) in Asia" (in en). Zoologica Scripta 43 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/zsc.12027. ISSN 0300-3256. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zsc.12027.

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