Cairn

A cairn is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones raised for a purpose, usually as a marker or as a burial mound. The word cairn comes from the Irish: carn gd (plural cairn gd).[1]

Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes. In prehistory, they were raised as markers, as memorials and as burial monuments, some of which contained chambers.

In the modern era, cairns are often raised as landmarks, especially to mark the summits of mountains, and as trail markers. They vary in size from small piles of stones to entire artificial hills, and in complexity from loose conical rock piles to elaborate megalithic structures. Cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, whether for increased visibility or for religious reasons.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Europe
* 1.1.1 Ireland and Britain
* 1.1.2 Scandinavia and Iceland
* 1.1.3 Greece and the Balkans
* 1.1.4 Portugal
* 1.2 North and northeast Africa
* 1.3 Middle East
* 1.4 Asia and the Pacific
* 1.5 The Americas
* 1.5.1 Religious Practices (North America)
* 2 Today
* 2.1 Sea cairns
* 3 Other types
* 4 Concerns
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

### Europe

One of the cairns at Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery in Ireland, which covers a passage tomb.

The building of cairns for various purposes goes back into prehistory in Eurasia, ranging in size from small rock sculptures to substantial human-made hills of stone, some built on top of larger, natural hills.[2] The human made hills are often relatively massive Bronze Age or earlier structures which, like kistvaens and dolmens, frequently contain burials. They are comparable to tumuli (kurgans), but of stone construction instead of earthworks.[3] Cairn originally could more broadly refer to types of hills and natural stone piles, but today is used exclusively for artificial ones.

A cairn of the Neolithic-era passage tomb on Gavrinis island, Brittany

#### Ireland and Britain

The word cairn derives from Irish (with the same meaning), which is essentially the same as the corresponding words in other native Celtic languages of Ireland, Brittany and Britain, including Welsh carn (and carnedd), Breton karn, Irish carn, and Cornish karn or carn.[2] Cornwall (Kernow) itself may actually be named after the cairns that dot its landscape, such as Cornwall's highest point, Brown Willy Summit Cairn, a 5 m (16 ft) high and 24 m (79 ft) diameter mound atop Brown Willy hill in Bodmin Moor, an area with many ancient cairns.

Burial cairns and other megaliths are the subject of legends and folklore throughout Ireland and Britain. In Ireland, it is traditional to carry a stone up from the bottom of a hill to place on a cairn at its top. In such a fashion, cairns would grow ever larger. An old Scottish Gaelic blessing is Cuiridh mi clach air do chàrn, "I'll put a stone on your cairn".[4] In Highland folklore it is recounted that before Highland clans fought in a battle, each man would place a stone in a pile. Those who survived the battle returned and removed a stone from the pile. The stones that remained were built into a cairn to honour the dead. Cairns in the region were also put to vital practical use. For example, Dún Aonghasa, an all-stone Iron Age Irish hill fort on Inishmore in the Aran Islands, is still surrounded by small cairns and strategically placed jutting rocks, used collectively as an alternative to defensive earthworks because of the karst landscape's lack of soil.

In February 2020, ancient cairns dated back to 4,500 year-old used to bury the leaders or chieftains of Neolithic tribes people were revealed in the Cwmcelyn in Blaenau Gwent by the Aberystruth Archaeological Society.[5]

#### Scandinavia and Iceland

The biggest cairn in Ireland, Maeve's Cairn on Knocknarea.

In Scandinavia, cairns have been used for centuries as trail and sea marks, among other purposes, the most notable being the Three-Country Cairn. In Iceland, cairns were often used as markers along the numerous single-file roads or paths that crisscrossed the island; many of these ancient cairns are still standing, although the paths have disappeared. In Norse Greenland, cairns were used as a hunting implement, a game-driving "lane", used to direct reindeer towards a game jump.[6][full citation needed]

#### Greece and the Balkans

Cairn out of porphyr rocks on the alpine pasture Resciesa in Gherdëina, an Unesco World Heritage.

In the mythology of ancient Greece, cairns were associated with Hermes, the god of overland travel.[7] According to one legend, Hermes was put on trial by Hera for slaying her favorite servant, the monster Argus. All of the other gods acted as a jury, and as a way of declaring their verdict they were given pebbles, and told to throw them at whichever person they deemed to be in the right, Hermes or Hera. Hermes argued so skillfully that he ended up buried under a heap of pebbles, and this was the first cairn.

#### Portugal

In Portugal, a cairn is called a moledro. In a legend the moledros are enchanted soldiers, and if one stone is taken from the pile and put under a pillow, in the morning a soldier will appear for a brief moment, then will change back to a stone and magically return to the pile.[8] The cairns that mark the place where someone died or cover the graves alongside the roads where in the past people were buried are called Fiéis de Deus. The same name given to the stones was given to the dead whose identity was unknown.[9]

### North and northeast Africa

Ancient cairns in Qa'ableh, Somalia

Cairns (taalo) are a common feature at El Ayo, Haylan, Qa'ableh, Qombo'ul, Heis, Salweyn and Gelweita, among other places. Somalia in general is home to a lot of such historical settlements and archaeological sites wherein are found numerous ancient ruins and buildings, many of obscure origins.[10] Many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored, a process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity.[11]

Since Neolithic times, the climate of North Africa has become drier. A reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalithic remains, which occur in a great variety of forms and in vast numbers in presently arid and uninhabitable wastelands: cairns (kerkour), dolmens and circles like Stonehenge, underground cells excavated in rock, barrows topped with huge slabs, and step pyramid-like mounds.[12]

### Middle East

A cairn in the Judean mountains

The Biblical place name Gilead (mentioned in the Old Testament books of Genesis, Numbers, Judges and elsewhere) means literally 'a heap of testimony (or evidence)' as does its Aramaic translation Yegar Sahaduta.[13] In modern Hebrew, gal-'ed (גל-עד) is the actual word for "cairn". In Genesis 31 the cairn of Gilead was set up as a border demarcation between Jacob and his father-in-law Laban at their last meeting.[14]

### Asia and the Pacific

A Mongolian ceremonial cairn (ovoo)

Starting in the Bronze Age, burial cists were sometimes interred into cairns, which would be situated in conspicuous positions, often on the skyline above the village of the deceased. Though most often found in the British Isles, evidence of Bronze Age cists have been found in Mongolia.[15] The stones may have been thought to deter grave robbers and scavengers. Another explanation is that they were to stop the dead from rising.[16]

There remains a Jewish tradition of placing small stones on a person's grave as a token of respect, known as visitation stones, though this is generally to relate the longevity of stone to the eternal nature of the soul and is not usually done in a cairn fashion.[17] Stupas in India and Tibet probably started out in a similar fashion, although they now generally contain the ashes of a Buddhist saint or lama. A traditional and often decorated, heap-formed cairn called an ovoo is made in Mongolia. It primarily serves religious purposes, and finds use in both Tengriist and Buddhist ceremonies. Ovoos were also often used as landmarks and meeting points in traditional nomadic Mongolian culture. Traditional ceremonies still take place at ovoos today, and in a survey conducted, 75 participants out of 144 participants stated that they believe in ovoo ceremonies. However, mining and other industrial operations today threaten the ovoos[18]

In Hawaii, cairns, called by the Hawaiian word ahu, are still being built today. Though in other cultures, the cairns were typically used as trail markers and sometimes funerary sites, the ancient Hawaiians also used them as altars or security towers.[clarification needed][19] The Hawaiian people are still building these cairns today, using them as the focal points for ceremonies honoring their ancestors and spirituality.[20]

In South Korea, cairns are quite prevalent, often found along roadsides and trails, up on mountain peaks, and adjacent to Buddhist temples. Hikers frequently add stones to existing cairns trying to get just one more on top of the pile, to bring good luck. This tradition has its roots in the worship of San-shin, or Mountain Spirit, so often still revered in Korean culture.[21]

### The Americas

Throughout what today are the continental United States and Canada, some Indigenous peoples of the Americas have built structures similar to cairns. In some cases, these are general trail markers, and in other cases they mark game-driving "lanes", such as those leading to buffalo jumps.[22]

#### Religious Practices (North America)

* Stacked rock features have been noted to have religious significance to the Klamath and Modoc Tribes of indigenous people of the Western United States, the respective tribes prohibiting photography of or touching the stone formations. These cairn-like structures are noted to be constructed for ritual and prayer purposes. Indigenous tribes practiced piling rocks (forming a rock cairn) as a step in a series of physically demanding tasks in part of a ritual to receive what they call spirit dreams. This practice is part of the vision quest ritual within the puberty rite the boys of the tribe undergo.[23]
* Cairns were often used to mark the cremation sites for burial practices. When the Klamath tribe traveled within their territory, a person may pass away during this period. If the death occurs away from their village, the passed person would be buried near where they passed and a cairn would be constructed to mark this site. Burial cairns constructed by indigenous people, taking the shape of stone mounds, have been found throughout the Midwest and South of the United States. These mounds are typically made in large piles and mark the burial site, also protecting it from wildlife.[23][24]

Peoples from some of the Indigenous cultures of arctic North America (i.e. northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland) have built carefully constructed stone sculptures called inuksuit and inunnguat, which serve as landmarks and directional markers. The oldest of these structures are very old and pre-date contact with Europeans. They are iconic of the region (an inuksuk even features on the flag of the Canadian far-northeastern territory, Nunavut).[25]

Cairns have been used throughout what is now Latin America, since pre-Columbian times, to mark trails. Even today, in the Andes of South America, the Quechuan peoples build cairns as part of their spiritual and religious traditions.[26]

## Today

A cairn at the boundary of Counties Durham and Northumberland, England

Cairns can be used to mark hiking trails, especially in mountain regions at or above the tree line. Placed at regular intervals, a series of cairns can be used to indicate a path across stony or barren terrain.

### Sea cairns

A sea mark in Finnish coastal waters

Coastal cairns called sea marks are also common in the northern latitudes, especially in the island-strewn waters of Scandinavia and eastern Canada. They are placed along shores and on islands and islets. Usually painted white for improved offshore visibility, they serve as navigation aids. In Swedish, they are called kummel, in Finnish kummeli, in Norwegian varde, and are indicated in navigation charts and maintained as part of the nautical marking system.[27]

## Other types

* Chambered cairn
* Clava cairn
* Clearance cairn
* Court cairn
* Pyramid
* Ring cairn
* Tumulus
* Unchambered long cairn

## Concerns

Concerns have been raised over the construction of needless cairns.[28]

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory asks visitors to say “no” to rock piles after a surge in the creation of cairns by visitors. The construction of these rock formations comes at the cost of important geological features that visitors pry rocks off of. The practice is viewed as an act of graffiti on the landscape of the park.[29]

The US National Park Service has a set of rules regarding public interaction with cairns found within the boundaries of the park. Falling within the rules set by the Leave No Trace rule, the Park Service has three rules:

* Do not tamper with cairns
* Do not build unauthorized cairns
* Do not add to existing cairns

This guideline is made with the intent of preventing needless cairns created by visitors and preventing the destruction of important trail-marking cairns.[30]

## See also

* Boundary marker
* Cairn terrier
* Crossroads (mythology)
* Dry stone
* Engineering:Herm (sculpture) - Type of classical sculpture
* Inuksuk
* Kerb (archaeology)
* Social:Leacht
* Rock balancing
* Unsolved:Seonangdang - Holy cairns and trees in Korea
* Stele
* Tumulus

## References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Cairn". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

1. ↑ Drummond, Peter (2007). Scottish hill names: The origin and meaning of the names of Scotland's hills and mountains (2nd ed.). Glasgow; Leicester: Scottish Mountaineering Trust; Distributed by Cordee. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-907521-95-2.
* See also: Drummond, Peter (1991). Scottish hill and mountain names: The origin and meaning of the names of Scotland's hills and mountains (first ed.). Glasgow; Leicester: Scottish Mountaineering Trust; Distributed by Cordee. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-907521-30-3. https://archive.org/details/scottishhillmoun0000drum/page/26/mode/2up.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kay, Mike; ((The Frederick County Forestry Board)) (17 January 2016). "Building of cairns has long history" (in en). The Frederick News-Post. https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/environment/building-of-cairns-has-long-history/article_f6753a77-b84a-5c69-b851-32d5e76f4dc5.html.
3. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. (21 October 2012). "Clava Cairns" (in en). https://www.worldhistory.org/Clava_Cairns/.
4. ↑ "Cairns of Scotland" (in en-US). https://www.scotland.com/blog/cairns-of-scotland/.
5. ↑ Smith, Lewis (2020-03-29). "The new Neolithic site that's been discovered in Blaenau Gwent". https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/new-neolithic-site-thats-been-17986546.
6. ↑ Arneborg 2004[full citation needed]
7. ↑ Doyle, Jessica (2020). "All of a Heap: Hermes and the stone cairn in Greek antiquity". Cultures of stone: An interdisciplinary approach to the materiality of stone. Leiden: Sidestone Press. pp. 261–274. ISBN 978-90-8890-893-4. https://www.academia.edu/43289833.
8. ↑ (in pt) A Genética e a Teoria da Continuidade Paleolítica aplicada à Lenda da Fundação de Portugal e Escócia Apenas Livros. 2008. ISBN 978-989-618-180-2. http://www.continuitas.org/texts/morais_genetica.pdf.
9. ↑ Silva, António de Morais (1813) (in pt). Diccionario da lingua portugueza: recopilado dos vocabularios impressos até agora, e nesta segunda edição novamente emendado, e muito accrescentado. 2. p. 31. https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUyAQAAMAAJ&q=Diccionario+da+lingua+portugueza:+recopilado+dos+vocabularios+impressos. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
10. ↑ Davies, Matthew I. J. (June 2013). "Stone cairns across eastern Africa: a critical review". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 48 (2: Monumentality in Africa): 218–240. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2013.789207. https://www.academia.edu/3047342.
11. ↑ Hodd, Michael, ed (September 1994). 1995 East African Handbook (with Mauritius, Madagascar and Seychelles). Cartographer: Sebastian Ballard. Bath, England: Trade & Travel Publications. p. 640. ISBN 978-0-900751-59-2. https://archive.org/details/eastafricanhandb0000unse_n3k5/page/640/mode/2up.
12. ↑ Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Betancort, M. A. Perera; Marrero, Rita; Gaspar, Antonio Tejera (2003). "The dolmens and 'Hawanat' of Africa Proconsularis revisited". Journal for the History of Astronomy 34 (116): 305. doi:10.1177/002182860303400304. ISSN 0021-8286. Bibcode: 2003JHA....34..305B. https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2003JHA....34..305B. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
13. ↑ "Bible Map: Gilead". https://bibleatlas.org/gilead.htm.
14. ↑ "Bible Map: Galeed (Ramoth-gilead)". https://bibleatlas.org/galeed.htm.
15. ↑ Houle, Jean-Luc (2016). "Bronze Age Mongolia". The Oxford Handbook of Topics in Archaeology (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.20. ISBN 978-0-19-993541-3. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-20.
16. ↑ Houle, Jean-Luc (2016). "Bronze Age Mongolia". The Oxford Handbook of Topics in Archaeology (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.20. ISBN 978-0-19-993541-3. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-20.
17. ↑ "Why Do Jews Put Pebbles on Tombstones?". https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3002484/jewish/Why-Do-Jews-Put-Pebbles-on-Tombstones.htm.
18. ↑ "Dilemma of the Sacred Lands: Preserving Mongolia's Ovoos" (in en-US). https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/dilemma-of-the-sacred-lands-preserving-mongolias-ovoos/.
19. ↑ "A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island". https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kona/historyg.htm.
20. ↑ "About UH Mānoa Campus' Ahu". https://manoa.hawaii.edu/hshk/the-school/about-us/about-uh-manoa-campus-ahu/.
21. ↑ Mason, David (1999). Spirit of the Mountains - Korea's San-Shin and Traditions of Mountain Worship. Seoul, South Korea; Elizabeth, New Jersey (US): Hollym International Corp.. p. 41. ISBN 1-56591-107-5.
22. ↑ "World Heritage List: Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump" (in en). https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/158/.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Haynal, Patrick M. (2000). "The Influence of Sacred Rock Cairns and Prayer Seats on Modern Klamath and Modoc Religion and World View". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 22 (2): 170–185. ISSN 0191-3557. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27825729.
24. ↑ Muller, Norman (2003). "The Cairns in our Midst: Historic or Prehistoric". NEARA Journal 37 (2): 5–12. https://neara.org/pdf/cairns.pdf.
25. ↑ "British Block Cairn National Historic Site of Canada". December 23, 2009. https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=14944.
26. ↑ "Apachetas of Chivay". 2019. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/apachetas-of-alto-de-chivay.
27. ↑ "Legend (INT Symbology)" (PDF). Merenkulku.fi. Helsinki: Finnish Transport Agency and Finnish Transport Safety Agency (TraFi). http://portal.fma.fi/portal/page/portal/589032C37AAC7314E040B40A0A016368. Three-language key to reading Finnish navigation charts.
28. ↑ Olstad, Tyra A. (2019). "Cairns: An Invitation". Focus on Geography 62 (1). doi:10.21690/foge/2019.62.6f. ProQuest 2618439017. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2618439017.
29. ↑ Martin, Robyn (2015-07-07). "Stop the rock-stacking" (in en-US). https://www.hcn.org/articles/a-call-for-an-end-to-cairns-leave-the-stones-alone/.
30. ↑ "Rock Cairns (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/articles/rockcairns.htm#:~:text=Do not build unauthorized cairns,actually cause them to collapse..

## External links

* Notes on Building a Cairn (PDF), by Dave Goulder for the DSWA, Dry Stone Walling Association of Great Britain. Practical notes to help those embarking on a cairn-building project.

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric technology

* Prehistory
* Timeline
* Outline
* Stone Age
* Subdivisions
* New Stone Age
* Technology
* history
* Glossary

Tools

| Farming|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Founder crops
* New World crops
* Ard / plough
* Celt
* Digging stick
* Domestication
* Goad
* Irrigation
* Secondary products
* Sickle
* Terracing

|

Food processing
(Paleolithic diet)|

* Fire
* Basket
* Cooking
* Earth oven
* Granaries
* Grinding slab
* Ground stone
* Hearth
* Aşıklı Höyük
* Qesem cave
* Manos
* Metate
* Mortar and pestle
* Pottery
* Quern-stone
* Storage pits

Hunting|

* Arrow
* Boomerang
* throwing stick
* Bow and arrow
* history
* Nets
* Spear
* spear-thrower
* baton
* harpoon
* Schöningen
* woomera

Projectile points|

* Arrowhead
* Transverse
* Bare Island
* Cascade
* Clovis
* Cresswell
* Cumberland
* Eden
* Folsom
* Lamoka
* Manis Mastodon
* Plano

Systems|

* Game drive system
* Buffalo jump

Toolmaking|

* Earliest toolmaking
* Oldowan
* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Aurignacian
* Clovis culture
* Cupstone
* Fire hardening
* Gravettian culture
* Hafting
* Hand axe
* Grooves
* Langdale axe industry
* Levallois technique
* Lithic core
* Lithic reduction
* analysis
* debitage
* flake
* Lithic technology
* Magdalenian culture
* Metallurgy
* Microblade technology
* Mining
* Prepared-core technique
* Solutrean industry
* Striking platform
* Tool stone
* Uniface
* Yubetsu technique

Other tools|

* Adze
* Awl
* bone
* Axe
* Bannerstone
* Blade
* prismatic
* Bone tool
* Bow drill
* Burin
* Canoe
* Oar
* Pesse canoe
* Chopper
* tool
* Cleaver
* Denticulate tool
* Fire plough
* Fire-saw
* Hammerstone
* Knife
* Microlith
* Quern-stone
* Racloir
* Rope
* Scraper
* side
* Stone tool
* Tally stick
* Weapons
* Wheel
* illustration

Architecture

| Ceremonial|

* Kiva
* Pyramid
* Standing stones
* megalith
* row
* Stonehenge

|

Dwellings|

* Neolithic architecture
* long house
* British megalith architecture
* Nordic megalith architecture
* Burdei
* Cave
* Cliff dwelling
* Dugout
* Hut
* Quiggly hole
* Jacal
* Longhouse
* Mudbrick
* Mehrgarh
* Pit-house
* Pueblitos
* Pueblo
* Rock shelter
* Blombos Cave
* Abri de la Madeleine
* Sibudu Cave
* Roundhouse
* Stilt house
* Alp pile dwellings
* Stone roof
* Wattle and daub

Water management|

* Check dam
* Cistern
* Flush toilet
* Reservoir
* Well

Other architecture|

* Archaeological features
* Broch
* Burnt mound
* fulacht fiadh
* Causewayed enclosure
* Tor enclosure
* Circular enclosure
* Goseck
* Cursus
* Henge
* Thornborough
* Megalithic architectural elements
* Midden
* Oldest extant buildings
* Timber circle
* Timber trackway
* Sweet Track

Arts and culture

| Material goods|

* Baskets
* Beadwork
* Beds
* Chalcolithic
* Clothing/textiles
* timeline
* Cosmetics
* Glue
* Hides
* shoes
* Ötzi
* Jewelry
* amber use
* Mirrors
* Pottery
* Cardium
* Cord-marked
* Grooved ware
* Jōmon
* Linear
* Unstan ware
* Sewing needle
* Weaving
* Wine
* winery
* wine press

|

Prehistoric art|

* Art of the Upper Paleolithic
* Art of the Middle Paleolithic
* Blombos Cave
* List of Stone Age art
* Bird stone
* Cairn
* Carved stone balls
* Cave paintings
* Cup and ring mark
* Geoglyph
* Hill figure
* Golden hats
* Guardian stones
* Gwion Gwion rock paintings
* painting
* pigment
* Megalithic art
* Petroform
* Petroglyph
* Petrosomatoglyph
* Pictogram
* Rock art
* Rock cupule
* Stone carving
* Sculpture
* Statue menhir
* Stone circle
* list
* British Isles and Brittany
* Venus figurine

Prehistoric music|

* Evolutionary musicology
* music archaeology
* Alligator drum
* Paleolithic flute
* Divje Babe flute
* Gudi

Prehistoric religion|

* Evolutionary origin of religion
* Paleolithic religion
* Spiritual drug use

Burial|

* Burial mounds
* Bowl barrow
* Round barrow
* Mound Builders culture
* U.S. sites
* Chamber tomb
* Cotswold-Severn
* Cist
* Dartmoor kistvaens
* Clava cairn
* Court cairn
* Cremation
* Dolmen
* Great dolmen
* Funeral pyre
* Gallery grave
* transepted
* wedge-shaped
* Grave goods
* Jar burial
* Kuyavian long barrows
* Long barrow
* unchambered
* Grønsalen
* Megalithic tomb
* Mummy
* Passage grave
* Rectangular dolmen
* Ring cairn
* Simple dolmen
* Stone box grave
* Tor cairn
* Unchambered long cairn

Other cultural|

* Archaeoastronomy
* sites
* lunar calendar
* Behavioral modernity
* Origin of language
* Prehistoric counting
* Prehistoric medicine
* trepanning
* Prehistoric warfare
* Symbols
* symbolism

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Earth:Cairn&oldid=4341386"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template