Cession

Short description: Voluntary territorial transfer by treaty

The act of cession is the assignment of property to another entity. In international law it commonly refers to land transferred by treaty. Ballentine's Law Dictionary defines cession as "a surrender; a giving up; a relinquishment of jurisdiction by a board in favor of another agency."[1] In contrast with annexation, where property is forcibly seized, cession is voluntary or at least apparently so.

## Contents

* 1 Examples
* 2 Specific areas of law
* 2.1 Contract law
* 2.2 Civil law
* 2.3 Ecclesiastical law
* 3 Retrocession
* 3.1 Disputed case
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Examples

In 1790, the U.S. states of Maryland and Virginia both ceded land to create the District of Columbia, as specified in the U.S. Constitution of the previous year. The Virginia portion was given back in 1847, a process known as "retrocession".

Following the First Opium War (1839–1842) and Second Opium War (1856–1860), Hong Kong (Treaty of Nanking) and Kowloon (Convention of Peking) were ceded by the Qing dynasty government of China to the United Kingdom ; and following defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895.

Territory can also be ceded for payment, such as in the Louisiana Purchase and Alaska Purchase.

## Specific areas of law

### Contract law

This is a yielding up, or release.[2] France ceded Louisiana to the United States by the treaty of Paris, of April 30, 1803. Spain made a cession of East and West Florida by the treaty of February 22, 1819. Cessions have been severally made of a part of their territory by New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia.

### Civil law

Under the civil law system, cession is the equivalent of assignment, and therefore, is an act by which a personal claim is transferred from the assignor (the cedent) to the assignee (the cessionary). Whereas real rights are transferred by delivery, personal rights are transferred by cession. Once the obligation of the debtor is transferred, the cessionary is entirely substituted. The original creditor (cedent) loses his right to claim and the new creditor (cessionary) gains that right.

### Ecclesiastical law

When an ecclesiastic is created bishop, or when a parson or rector takes another benefice without dispensation, the first benefice becomes void by a legal cession, or surrender.

## Retrocession

Retrocession is the return of something (e.g., land or territory) that was ceded in general or, specifically:

Examples:

* District of Columbia retrocession, the retrocession to Virginia, and potentially to Maryland, of the land ceded to create the District of Columbia
* Retrocession of Louisiana (New Spain) from Spain to France, formally accomplished just three weeks before the U.S. received the Louisiana Purchase lands from France

### Disputed case

* The claimed "Taiwan retrocession" refers to the view that the sovereignty of Taiwan has been handed over in 1945 from Japan to the Republic of China, the widely-recognized government of China at the time, following Japan's loss in WWII. Whether this "retrocession" is legitimate under international law is a disputed issue in the complex political status of Taiwan. See also: Taiwan Retrocession Day.

In insurance, retrocessional arrangements generally are governed by a reinsurance or retrocessional agreement and the principles applicable to reinsurance also are applicable to retrocessional cover.

## See also

* Boundary dispute
* Ecclesiastical ordinances
* Escheat
* Jurisdiction
* List of territory purchased by a sovereign nation from another sovereign nation

## References

1. ↑ Ballentine's Law Dictionary, p. 72.
2. ↑ Balentine's Law Dictionary, p. 72.

* v
* t
* e

Autonomous types of first-tier subdivision administration

Federalism|

* Asymmetric federalism
* Confederation
* Corporative federalism
* Dual federalism
* Ethnic federalism
* Federacy
* Federal monarchy
* Federal republic
* Federated state
* Federation
* Fiscal federalism
* Symmetric federalism

Unitary state|

* Devolution
* Regional state

Unions|

* Composite monarchy
* Continental union
* Dual monarchy
* Dynastic union
* Empire
* Colonial empire
* Multinational state
* Personal union
* Political union
* Real union
* Superstate
* Supranational union

Subordinacy|

* Associated state
* Client state
* Colony
* Dependent territory
* Dominion
* Indirect rule
* Protectorate
* Puppet state
* Satellite state
* Stateless nation
* Tributary state
* Vassal state

Development|

* Annexation
* Cession
* Detachment
* Divided regions
* Empire-building
* Irredentism
* Military occupation
* Partition
* Secession
* Separatism
* Territorial dispute

See also|

* Autonomy
* Autonomous area
* Constituent state
* Decentralization
* Hegemony
* Home rule
* Subsidiarity
* Suzerainty
* Tribal sovereignty

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