Chatham Islands

Short description: Remote New Zealand archipelago

Chatham IslandsNative name:

* Rēkohu (Moriori)
* Wharekauri (Māori)

Nickname: The Chathams

The two largest islands: Chatham (Rēkohu) and Pitt Island (Rangiaotea), to the southeast

Location of the Chatham Islands

Geography
Location| Southern Pacific Ocean
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 44°00′S 176°30′W﻿ / ﻿44.00°S 176.50°W﻿ / -44.00; -176.50
Total islands| 10
Major islands|

* Chatham Island
* Pitt Island

Area| 793.88 km2 (306.52 sq mi)[1]
Highest elevation| 299 m (981 ft)
Administration

New Zealand

Electorates| Rongotai
Te Tai Tonga (Māori)
MPs| Julie Anne Genter (Green)
Tākuta Ferris (Māori)

Local Government

Territorial authority| Chatham Islands Council
Largest settlement| Waitangi
Mayor| Monique Croon[2]
Deputy Mayor| Keri Lea Day[2]
Demographics
Demonym| Chatham Islanders
Population| Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 (Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2)Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2
Additional information
Time zone|

* CHAST (UTC+12:45)

• Summer (DST)|

* CHADT (UTC+13:45)

Official website| cic.govt.nz

The Chatham Islands (/ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm) (Moriori: Rēkohu, lit. 'Misty Sun'; Māori: Wharekauri) are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean about 800 km (430 nmi) east of New Zealand's South Island. They are administered as part of New Zealand.[3] The archipelago consists of about 10 islands within an approximate 60 km (30 nmi) radius, the largest of which are Chatham Island and Pitt Island (Rangiauria). They include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours. Some of the islands, formerly cleared for farming, are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of the unique flora and fauna.

The islands were uninhabited when the Moriori people arrived around 1500 CE and developed a peaceful way of life. In 1835 members of the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori iwi from the North Island of New Zealand invaded the islands and nearly exterminated the Moriori, enslaving the survivors. Later during the period of European colonisation of New Zealand, the New Zealand Company claimed that the British Crown had never included the Chatham Islands as being under its control. The company proposed that it should be sold to the Germans to be a German colony with a contract drawn up for the sale of the islands of £10,000 in 1841, equivalent to approximately £860,000 in 2023.[4] However, the sale failed and the Chatham Islands officially became part of the Colony of New Zealand in 1842. In 1863 the resident magistrate declared the Moriori released from slavery.[5]

The Chatham Islands had a resident population of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 Waitangi is the main port and settlement. The local economy depends largely on conservation, tourism, farming, and fishing. The Chatham Islands Council provides local administration – its powers resemble those of New Zealand's unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands have their own time zone, 45 minutes ahead of mainland New Zealand.

## Contents

* 1 Geography
* 1.1 Geology
* 1.2 Climate
* 1.3 The Chatham Islands' time zone
* 2 Ecology
* 2.1 Plants
* 2.2 Birds
* 2.2.1 Extinct birds
* 2.3 Mammals
* 2.4 Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)
* 2.5 Threats
* 3 History
* 3.1 Moriori
* 3.2 European arrival
* 3.3 Māori settlement
* 3.4 1880s to today
* 3.4.1 Moriori community
* 4 Population
* 5 Transport
* 6 Government
* 6.1 Electorates
* 6.2 Local government
* 6.3 State services
* 6.4 Health
* 6.5 Education
* 7 Economy
* 7.1 Electricity generation
* 8 Telecommunications
* 9 Notable people
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography
* 13 Films
* 14 Further reading
* 15 External links

## Geography

Topographic map of the Chatham Islands

The islands lie roughly 840 km (455 nmi) east of Christchurch, New Zealand. The nearest New Zealand mainland point to the Chatham Islands, Cape Turnagain in North Island, is 650 km (350 nmi) distant. The two largest islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island (Rangiaotea), constitute most of the total area of 793.87 km2 (307 sq mi), with 12 scattered islets making up the rest.[citation needed]

The islands sit on the Chatham Rise, a large, relatively shallowly submerged (no more than 1,000 m or 3,281 ft deep at any point) part of the Zealandia continent that stretches east from near the South Island. The Chatham Islands, which emerged only within the last 4 million years, are the only part of the Chatham Rise showing above sea level.[6]

The islands are hilly, with coastal areas including cliffs, dunes, beaches, and lagoons. Pitt is more rugged than Chatham; its highest point (299 m (981 ft)) is on a plateau near the southernmost point of the main island, 1.5 km (7⁄8 mi) south of Lake Te Rangatapu.[7] The plateau is dotted with numerous lakes and lagoons, flowing mainly from the island's nearby second-highest point, Maungatere Hill, at 294 m (965 ft).[8] Notable are the large Te Whanga Lagoon, and Huro and Rangitahi. Chatham has a number of streams, including Te Awainanga and Tuku.

Chatham and Pitt are the only inhabited islands; the remaining smaller islands function as conservation reserves with restricted or prohibited access. The livelihoods of the inhabitants depend on agriculture – the islands export coldwater crayfish – and, increasingly, on tourism.

The names of the main islands, in the order of occupation are:

English name | Moriori name[9] | Māori name | Remarks

|
|
|

Chatham Island | Rēkohu | Wharekauri |
Pitt Island | Rangiaotea | Rangiauria |
South East Island | Hokorereoro | Rangatira |
The Fort | Maung’ Rē | Māngere | The Māori name has supplanted the English name for this island.
Little Mangere | Unknown | Tapuaenuku |
Star Keys | Motchu Hopo | Motuhope |
The Sisters | Rakitchu | Rangitatahi | about 16 km (8 1⁄2 nmi) north of Cape Pattison, a headland in the northwestern part of Chatham Island
Forty-Fours | Motchu Hara | Motuhara | the easternmost point of New Zealand, about 50 km (25 nmi) from Chatham Island.

### Geology

Schist rocks, Kaingaroa beach

The Chatham Islands – the only part of the Chatham Rise above sea level – form part of the now largely submerged continent of Zealandia. This location positions the Chatham Islands far from the Australian-Pacific plate boundary that dominates the geology of mainland New Zealand. The islands' stratigraphy consists of a Mesozoic schist basement, typically covered by marine sedimentary rocks.[10] Both these sequences are intruded by a series of basalt eruptions. Volcanic activity has occurred multiple times since the Cretaceous,[11] but currently there is no active volcanism near any part of the Chatham Rise.

### Climate

The Chatham Islands have an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb)[12] characterised by a narrow temperature range and relatively frequent rainfall. Their isolated position far from any sizeable landmass renders the record high temperature for the main settlement (Waitangi) just 23.8 °C (74.8 °F).[13] The climate is cool, wet and windy, with average high temperatures between 15 and 20 °C (59 and 68 °F) in summer, and between 5 and 10 °C (41 and 50 °F) in July (in the Southern Hemisphere winter). Snowfall is extremely rare, the fall recorded near sea level in July 2015 marking the first such reading for several decades.[14] Under the Trewartha climate classification, the Chatham Islands have a humid subtropical climate (Cf) for the lack of cold weather during the winter and a daily mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) for 8 months or more. Script error: No such module "weather box".

### The Chatham Islands' time zone

The International Date Line lies to the east of the Chathams, even though the islands lie east of 180° longitude. The Chathams observe their own time, which is 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time, including during periods of daylight-saving time; the Chatham Standard Time Zone is distinctive as one of very few that differ from others by a period other than a whole hour or half-hour. (New Zealand Time orients itself to 180° longitude.)[16]

## Ecology

Main page: Biology:Flora of the Chatham Islands

Massive phytoplankton bloom around the islands

Chatham Islands Forget-me-not (Myosotidium hortensia)

A weka on Chatham Island

### Plants

The natural vegetation of the islands was a mixture of forest, scrubby heath, and swamp, but today most of the land is fern or pasture-covered, although there are some areas of dense forest and areas of peat bogs and other habitats. Of interest are the akeake trees, with branches trailing almost horizontally in the lee of the wind.[17] The ferns in the forest understory include Blechnum discolor.

The islands are home to a rich bio-diversity including about 50 endemic plants adapted to the cold and the wind, such as the Chatham Islands forget-me-not (Myosotidium hortensia),[18] the Chatham Islands sow-thistle (Embergeria grandifolia), rautini (Brachyglottis huntii), the Chatham Islands kakaha (Astelia chathamica), soft speargrass (Aciphylla dieffenbachii), and the Chatham Island akeake or Chatham Island tree daisy (Olearia traversiorum).

### Birds

The islands are a breeding ground for huge flocks of seabirds and are home to a number of endemic birds, some of which are seabirds and others which live on the islands. The best known species are the magenta petrel (IUCN classification CR) and the black robin (IUCN classification EN), both of which came perilously close to extinction before drawing the attention of conservation efforts. Other endemic species are the Chatham oystercatcher, the Chatham gerygone, the Chatham pigeon, Forbes' parakeet, the Chatham snipe and the shore plover. The endemic Chatham shag[19] (IUCN classification CR), the Pitt shag[20] (IUCN classification EN) and the Chatham albatross[21] (IUCN classification VU) are at risk of capture by a variety of fishing gear, including fishing lines, trawls, gillnets, and pots.[22]

#### Extinct birds

A number of species have gone extinct since human settlement, including the Chatham raven, the Chatham fernbird and the three endemic species of flightless rails, the Chatham rail, Dieffenbach's rail, and Hawkins's rail.

### Mammals

Also, a number of marine mammals are found in the waters of the Chathams, including New Zealand sea lions, leopard seals, and southern elephant seals. Many whale species are attracted to the rich food sources of the Chatham Rise.[23]

### Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)

Only three species of Odonata are known from the Chatham Islands, while 14 have been recorded throughout New Zealand.

* Zygoptera Selys, 1854
1. Lestidae Calvert, 1901
1. Austrolestes colensonis (White in White & Gardiner Butler, 1846)
2. Coenagrionidae Kirby, 1890
1. Xanthocnemis tuanuii Rowe, 1981
* Anisoptera Selys, 1854
1. Corduliidae Kirby, 1890
1. Procordulia smithii (White in White & Gardiner Butler, 1846)

According to Marinov & McHugh (2010), The poor diversity in Odonata species on the Chatham Islands is linked to the harsh environmental conditions to which the islands are exposed, such as generally low annual temperatures, constant strong winds and high acidity in the habitats where their larvae develop.[24]

Xanthocnemis tuanuii is endemic to the Chatham Islands, but close to Xanthocnemis zealandica (McLachlan, 1873) from mainland New Zealand and genetic studies suggest that the two species cohabitate on the Chatham Islands[25] Nolan & al (2007).

According to Marinov & McHugh (2010)[24], Chatham Island population of Austrolestes colensonis differs genetically from the populations on New Zealand’s main islands, but these differences seem to weak to separate them into two distinct species.

### Threats

Much of the natural forest of these islands has been cleared for farming, but Mangere and Rangatira Islands are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of these unique flora and fauna. Another threat to wildlife comes from introduced species which prey on the indigenous birds and reptiles, whereas on Mangere and Rangatira, livestock has been removed and native wildlife is recovering.

Most lakes have been affected by agricultural run-off, but water quality has improved and river quality is generally classed as 'A'.[26]

## History

Moriori tree carving, or dendroglyph, found in the Chatham Islands

### Moriori

The first human inhabitants of the Chathams were Polynesian tribes who probably settled the islands around 1500 CE (though possibly as late as 1550 CE),[27] and in their isolation became the Moriori. It was formerly believed that the Moriori migrated directly from the more northerly Polynesian islands. However, linguistic research in the early 2000s instead concluded that the ancestral Moriori were Māori wanderers from New Zealand:[28][29][30][31]

> Scholarship over the past 40 years has radically revised the model offered a century earlier by Smith: the Moriori as a pre-Polynesian people have gone (the term Moriori is now a technical term referring to those ancestral Māori who settled the Chatham Islands).'[32]

The plants cultivated by the Māori arrivals were ill-suited for the colder Chathams, so the Moriori lived as hunter-gatherers and fishermen. While their new environment deprived them of the resources with which to build ocean-going craft for long voyages, the Moriori invented what was known as the waka kōrari, a semi-submerged craft, constructed of flax and lined with air bladders from kelp. This craft was used to travel to the outer islands on 'birding' missions.[31] The Moriori society was a peaceful society and bloodshed was outlawed by the chief Nunuku-whenua after generations of warfare. Arguments were solved by consensus or by duels rather than warfare, but at the first sign of bloodshed, the fight was over. It has been estimated that the population numbered about 2,000 prior to European contact.[33]

### European arrival

Monument to Torotoro above Kaingaroa Beach on Chatham Island

The name "Chatham Islands" comes from William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.[34][35] The ship HMS Chatham of the Vancouver Expedition, whose captain was William R. Broughton, landed on the Island on 29 November 1791, claimed possession for Great Britain and named the islands after the First Lord of the Admiralty, John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham. Broughton's men shot and killed a Moriori resident of Kaingaroa, named Torotoro (or Tamakororo). Chatham Islands date their anniversary on 29 November, and observe it on the nearest Monday to 30 November.[36]

Sealers and whalers soon started hunting in the surrounding ocean with the islands as their base. It is estimated that 10 to 20 per cent of the indigenous Moriori soon died from diseases introduced by foreigners. The sealing and whaling industries ceased activities about 1861, while fishing remained as a major economic activity.[36]

An all-male group of German Moravian missionaries arrived in 1843.[37] When a group of women were sent out to join them three years later, several marriages ensued; a few members of the present-day population can trace their ancestry back to those missionary families.[citation needed]

### Māori settlement

On 19 November and 5 December 1835, about 900 Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama previously resident in Te Whanganui-A-Tara (Wellington) and led by the chief Pōmare Ngātata arrived on the brig Lord Rodney. The first mate of the ship had been 'kidnapped and threatened with death' unless the captain took the Māori settlers on board. The group, which included men, women and children, brought with them 78 tonnes of seed potato, 20 pigs and seven large waka.[38]

The incoming Māori were received and initially cared for by the local Moriori. Soon, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama began to takahi, or walk the land, to lay claim to it. When it became clear that the visitors intended to stay, the Moriori withdrew to their marae at te Awapatiki. There, after holding a hui (consultation) to debate what to do about the Māori settlers, the Moriori decided to keep with their policy of non-aggression.[citation needed]

Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama in turn saw the meeting as a precursor to warfare on the part of Moriori and responded. The Māori attacked and in the ensuing action killed over 260 Moriori. A Moriori survivor recalled: "[The Māori] commenced to kill us like sheep... [We] were terrified, fled to the bush, concealed ourselves in holes underground, and in any place to escape our enemies. It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed – men, women and children – indiscriminately".[39] A Māori chief, Te Rakatau Katihe, said in the Native Land Court in 1870: "We took possession ... in accordance with our custom, and we caught all the people. Not one escaped. Some ran away from us, these we killed; and others also we killed – but what of that? It was in accordance with our custom. I am not aware of any of our people being killed by them."[40][41]

After the killings, Moriori were forbidden to marry Moriori, or to have children with each other. Māori kept Moriori slaves until 1863, when slavery was abolished by proclamation of the resident magistrate.[5] Many Moriori women had children by their Māori masters. A number of Moriori women eventually married either Māori or European men. Some were taken away from the Chathams and never returned. Ernst Dieffenbach, who visited the Chathams on a New Zealand Company ship in 1840, reported that the Moriori were the virtual slaves of Māori and were severely mistreated, with death being a blessing. By the time the slaves were released in 1863, only 160 remained, hardly 10% of the 1835 population.[38]

In early May 1838 (some reports say 1839, but this is contradicted by ship records[42]) the French whaling vessel Jean Bart anchored off Waitangi to trade with the Māori. The number of Māori boarding frightened the French, escalating into a confrontation in which the French crew were killed and the Jean Bart was run aground at Ocean Bay, to be ransacked and burned by Ngāti Mutunga. When word of the incident reached the French naval corvette Heroine in the Bay of Islands in September 1838, it set sail for the Chathams, accompanied by the whalers Adele and Rebecca Sims. The French arrived on 13 October and, after unsuccessfully attempting to entice some Ngāti Tama aboard, proceeded to bombard Waitangi. The next morning about a hundred armed Frenchmen went ashore, burning buildings, destroying waka, and seizing pigs and potatoes. The attacks mostly affected Ngāti Tama, weakening their position relative to Ngāti Mutunga.[42][43]

In 1840, Ngāti Mutunga decided to attack Ngāti Tama at their pā. They built a high staging next to the pā so they could fire down on their former allies. Fighting was still in progress when the New Zealand Company ship Cuba arrived as part of a scheme to buy land for settlement. The Treaty of Waitangi, at that stage, did not apply to the islands. The company negotiated a truce between the two warring tribes. In 1841, the New Zealand Company had proposed to establish a German colony on the Chathams. The proposal was discussed by the directors, and the secretary of the company John Ward signed an agreement with Karl Sieveking of Hamburg on 12 September 1841. The price was set at £10,000. However, when the Colonial Office stated that the islands were to be part of the Colony of New Zealand and any Germans settling there would be treated as aliens, Joseph Somes claimed that Ward had been acting on his own initiative. The proposed leader John Beit and the expedition went to Nelson instead.[44][45]

The company was then able to purchase large areas of land at Port Hutt (which the Māori called Whangaroa) and Waitangi from Ngāti Mutunga and also large areas of land from Ngāti Tama. This did not stop Ngāti Mutunga from trying to get revenge for the death of one of their chiefs. They were satisfied after they killed the brother of a Ngāti Tama chief. The tribes agreed to an uneasy peace which was finally confirmed in 1842.[46]

Reluctant to give up slavery, Matioro and his people chartered a brig in late 1842 and sailed to Auckland Island. While Matioro was surveying the island, two of the chiefs who had accompanied him decided the island was too inhospitable for settlement, and set sail before he had returned, stranding him and his followers until Pākehā settlers arrived in 1849.[47]

Moriori people in the late 19th century

In 1865, the Māori leader Te Kooti was exiled on the Chatham Islands along with a large group of Māori rebels called the Hauhau, followers of Pai Mārire who had murdered missionaries and fought against government forces mainly on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The rebel prisoners were paid one shilling a day to work on sheep farms owned by the few European settlers. Sometimes they worked on road and track improvements. They were initially guarded by 26 guards, half of whom were Māori. They lived in whare along with their families. The prisoners helped build a redoubt of stone surrounded by a ditch and wall. Later, they built three stone prison cells. In 1868 Te Kooti and the other prisoners commandeered a schooner and escaped back to the North Island.

Almost all the Māori returned to Taranaki in the 1860s, some after a tsunami in 1868.[48]

### 1880s to today

The economy of the Chatham Islands, then dominated by the export of wool, suffered under the international depression of the 1880s, only rebounding with the building of fish freezing plants at the island villages of Ōwenga and Kaingaroa in 1910. Construction of the first wharf at Waitangi began in 1931 with completion in 1934. On 25 November 1940, during the Second World War, a German raider captured and then sank the Chatham Islands supply ship, the Holmwood, so the wharf saw little use by ships. A flying-boat facility was built soon after at Te Whanga Lagoon and a flying boat service continued till 1966 when it was replaced with conventional aircraft.[49][50]

After the Second World War, the island economy suffered again from its isolation and government subsidies became necessary. This led to many young Chatham Islanders leaving for the mainland. There was a brief crayfish boom which helped stabilize the economy in the late 1960s and early 1970s. From the early 2000s cattle became a major component of the local economy.[48]

In June 2023 an email from the Wagner Group suggested that the group had plans involving the Chatham Islands. Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin had earlier appeared in front of a map with a coloured pin stuck into it in the position of the islands.[51]

#### Moriori community

The Moriori community is organised as the Hokotehi Moriori Trust.[52] The Moriori have received recognition from the Crown and the New Zealand government and some of their claims against those institutions for the generations of neglect and oppression have been accepted and acted on. Moriori are recognised as the original people of Rekohu. The Crown also recognised the Ngāti Mutunga Māori[53] as having indigenous status in the Chathams by right of around 160 years of occupation.

The population of the islands is around 600, including members of both ethnic groups. In January 2005, the Moriori celebrated the opening of the new Kopinga Marae (meeting house).[54]

Modern descendants of the 1835 Māori conquerors claimed a share in ancestral Māori fishing rights. This claim was granted. Now that the primordial population, the Moriori, have been recognised to be former Māori—over the objections of some of the Ngāti Mutunga—they too share in the ancestral Māori fishing rights. Both groups have been granted fishing quotas.[55]

## Population

An agricultural scene on the islands

Chatham Islands covers 793.88 km2 (306.52 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 as of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 with a population density of Formatting error: invalid input when rounding people per km2.

Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.
1986 | 775| —
1991 | 760| −0.39%
1996 | 739| −0.56%
2001 | 717| −0.60%
2006 | 609| −3.21%
2013 | 600| −0.21%
2018 | 663| +2.02%
Source: [56][57] [58]

Chatham and Pitt Islands are inhabited and had a population of 663 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 63 people (10.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 51 people (8.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 276 households. There were 354 males and 312 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.13 males per female. The median age was 41.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 111 people (16.7%) aged under 15 years, 129 (19.5%) aged 15 to 29, 339 (51.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 84 (12.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 74.2% European/Pākehā, 66.1% Māori, 1.4% Pacific peoples, 0.9% Asian, and 2.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 5.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people objected to giving their religion, 48.4% had no religion, 33.5% were Christian and 7.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 51 (9.2%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 147 (26.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 108 people (19.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 318 (57.6%) people were employed full-time, 108 (19.6%) were part-time, and 9 (1.6%) were unemployed.[59]

The town of Waitangi is the main settlement with 177 residents in the 2018 Census.[59] There are other villages such as Owenga, Te One, and Kaingaroa, where there are two primary schools. A third school is on Pitt Island. There are also the fishing villages of Owenga and Port Hutt.[56]

Waitangi facilities include a hospital with resident doctor, bank, several stores, and engineering and marine services. The main shipping wharf is located here.

## Transport

Visitors to the Chathams generally arrive in the islands at Tuuta Airport.

Visitors to the Chathams usually arrive by air from Auckland, Christchurch or Wellington (around two hours from Christchurch on a ATR 72–500) to Tuuta Airport on Chatham Island. While freight generally arrives by ship (two days sailing time), the sea journey takes too long for many passengers, and is not always available.[60][61]

There is no scheduled public transport but accommodation providers are normally able to arrange transport.

Tasman Empire Airways Ltd (TEAL) initially serviced the Chathams by air using flying boats. With the withdrawal of TEAL, the RNZAF maintained an infrequent service with Short Sunderland flying boats. NZ4111 was damaged on takeoff from Te Whanga Lagoon on 4 November 1959 and remains as a wreck on the island. The last flight by RNZAF flying boats was on 22 March 1967.[62] For many years Bristol Freighter aircraft served the islands, a slow and noisy freight aircraft converted for carrying passengers by installing a removable passenger compartment equipped with airline seats and a toilet in part of the cargo hold. The air service primarily served to ship out high-value export crayfish products.

The grass landing field at Hapupu, at the northern end of the Island, proved a limiting factor, as few aircraft apart from the Bristol Freighter had both the range to fly to the islands and the ruggedness to land on the grass airstrip. Although other aircraft did use the landing field occasionally, they would often require repairs to fix damage resulting from the rough landing. Hapupu is also the site of the Hāpūpū / J M Barker Historic Reserve (one of only two national historic reserves in New Zealand), where there are momori rakau (Moriori tree carvings).

In 1981, after many years of requests by locals and the imminent demise of the ageing Bristol Freighters, the construction of a sealed runway at Karewa, Tuuta Airport, allowed more modern aircraft to land safely. The Chathams' own airline, Air Chathams, now operates services to Auckland on Thursdays, Wellington on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and Christchurch on Tuesdays. The timetable varies seasonally, but generally planes depart the Chathams around 10.30 am (Chathams Time) and arrive in the mainland around noon. There they refuel and reload, and depart again at around 1 pm back to the Chathams. Air Chathams operates twin turboprop ATR 72–500 aircraft (freight and passenger) and Fairchild Metroliners.

The ship Rangatira provided a freight service from Timaru to the Chatham Islands from March 2000 to August 2015.[63] The MV Southern Tiare provides a freight service between Napier, Timaru and the Chathams.[61]

There is a small section of tar sealed road between Waitangi and Te One, but the majority of the islands' roads are gravel.

## Government

Chatham Islands Flag (unofficial, but widely used on the islands)

### Electorates

The Chatham Islands are within a single electorate which sends one member to Parliament. Until the 1990s, the Chatham Islands were in the Lyttelton electorate, but since then they have formed part of the Rongotai general electorate, which otherwise lies in south Wellington. Julie Anne Genter is the MP for Rongotai. The Te Tai Tonga Māori electorate (currently held by Tākuta Ferris) includes the Chatham Islands; before the seats were reformed in 1996 the archipelago was part of Western Maori.[64]

### Local government

For local government purposes, the Chatham Islands and the adjoining sea is known as the Chatham Islands Territory and is administered by the Chatham Islands Council, which was established by the Chatham Islands Council Act 1995 (Statute No 041, Commenced: 1 November 1995).[3] These succeeded, respectively, the Chatham Islands County, which was established in 1901,[65][66] and the Chatham Islands County Council, which was established in 1926.[67][68] The Council is a territorial authority that has many of the functions, duties and powers of a district council and of a regional council,[3] making it in effect a unitary authority with slightly fewer responsibilities than other unitary authorities. The Council comprises a directly-elected mayor and eight councillors, one of whom is also deputy mayor.[2] Certain regional council functions are being administered by Environment Canterbury, the Canterbury Regional Council.[citation needed]

In the 2010 local government elections, Chatham Islands had New Zealand's highest rate of returned votes, with 71.3 per cent voting.[69]

### State services

Policing is carried out by a sole-charge constable appointed by the Wellington police district, who has often doubled as an official for many government departments, including court registrar (Department for Courts), customs officer (New Zealand Customs Service) and immigration officer (Department of Labour – New Zealand Immigration Service).

A District Court judge sent from either the North Island or the South Island presides over court sittings, but urgent sittings may take place at the Wellington District Court.

Because of the isolation and small population, some of the rules governing daily activities undergo a certain relaxation. For example, every transport service operated solely on Great Barrier Island, the Chatham Islands or Stewart Island / Rakiura need not comply with section 70C of the Transport Act 1962 (the requirements for drivers to maintain driving-hours logbooks). Drivers subject to section 70B must nevertheless keep record of their driving hours in some form.[70]

### Health

The Canterbury District Health Board is responsible for providing publicly funded health services for the island. Prior to July 2015, this was the responsibility of the Hawke's Bay District Health Board.[71]

### Education

There are three schools on the Chathams, at Kaingaroa, Te One, and Pitt Island. Pitt Island and Kaingaroa are staffed by sole charge principals, while Te One has three teachers and a principal. The schools cater for children from year 1 to 8. There is no secondary school. The majority of secondary school-aged students leave the island for boarding schools in mainland New Zealand. A small number remain on the island and obtain their secondary education by correspondence.[citation needed]

## Economy

Most of the Chatham Island economy is based on fishing and crayfishing, with only a fragment of the economic activity in adventure tourism. This economic mix has been stable for the past 50 years, as little infrastructure or population is present to engage in higher levels of industrial or telecommunications activity.[72]

Air Chathams has its head office in Te One.[73]

### Electricity generation

Two 225 kW wind turbines and diesel generators provide power on Chatham Island, at costs of five to ten times that of electricity on the main islands of New Zealand.[74] During 2014, 65% of the electricity was generated from diesel generators, the balance from wind.[75] For heating, electricity comes second to wood and, in 2013, solar power contributed about a third as much as mains-generated electricity.[76]

## Telecommunications

A 1.5 kW wireless link[77] opened in 1913,[78] a public radio link to the mainland was built in 1953 and an island phone system in 1965.[79] In 2003 a digital microwave system was installed for 110 phones in Ōwenga.[80]

The islands were linked as part of the Rural Broadband Initiative in 2014, when satellite bandwidth was increased,[81] and broadband is now provided by Wireless Nation,[82] though Farmside provide some coverage.[83]

As late as 2019 there was no mobile phone coverage on the islands,[83] however in December 2021, five 4G cellular towers were turned on to enable mobile phone coverage on Chatham and Pitt Island and deliver faster broadband. The main tower is positioned on Target Hill, which transmits to the other four towers through a microwave radio link; it is backhauled by Eutelsat 172B to a network in Wellington. The upgraded network delivers greater bandwidth than the previous link, and provides reliable broadband.[84]

## Notable people

* Richard Charteris (b. 1948), New Zealand musicologist
* Abe Jacobs (1928–2023), New Zealand professional wrestler
* Te Kiato Riwai (1912–1967), New Zealand nurse and Māori welfare officer

## See also

* Chatham Islands penguin
* Flora of the Chatham Islands
* History of Chatham Islands numismatics
* List of historic places in the Chatham Islands
* List of islands of New Zealand
* List of massacres in New Zealand
* Moriori genocide

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "ArcGIS Web Application". https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Meet the Team". Chatham Islands Council. https://www.cic.govt.nz/your-council/meet-the-team/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Chatham Islands Council Act 1995". New Zealand Legislation. New Zealand Government. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1995/0041/latest/DLM367666.html. "There is hereby constituted a district, to be known as The Chatham Islands Territory, which district comprises the islands known as the Chatham Islands and the area of the territorial sea adjoining those islands."
4. ↑ "Inflation calculator" (in en). https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori – The impact of new arrivals". The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/page-4. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
6. ↑ McGlone, Matt (21 September 2007). "Ecoregions: The Chatham Islands". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/UnderstandingTheNaturalWorld/Ecoregions/9/en. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
7. ↑ "New Zealand topographic map of Lake Te Rangatapu area". https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/ci54/Lake-Te-Rangatapu/.
8. ↑ "Chatham Islands Conservation Management Strategy". Department of Conservation. p. 32. http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/role/policies-and-plans/chatham-islands-cms.pdf.
9. ↑ Moriori; The Trustees of the Moriori Imi Settlement Trust; The Crown. "Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims". Office of Treaty Settlements. https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Moriori/moriori-deed-of-settlement-initialled.pdf.
10. ↑ Adams, C. J. (1979). "Age and correlation of volcanic rocks of Campbell Island and Metamorphic basement of the Campbell Plateau, South-west Pacific". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 22 (6): 679–691. doi:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424176. Bibcode: 1979NZJGG..22..679A.
11. ↑ Hoernle, K.; White, J.D.L.; Van Den Bogaard, P.; Hauff, F.; Coombs, D.S.; Werner, R.; Timm, C.; Garbe-Schönberg, D. et al. (2006-08-15). "Cenozoic intraplate volcanism on New Zealand: Upwelling induced by lithospheric removal" (in en). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248 (1–2): 350–367. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.001. ISSN 0012-821X. Bibcode: 2006E&PSL.248..350H.
12. ↑ "Waitangi, New Zealand Climate Summary". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=939870&cityname=Waitangi,+Northland,+New+Zealand&units=.
13. ↑ "Waitangi, New Zealand Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=939870&cityname=Waitangi,+Northland,+New+Zealand&units=.
14. ↑ "Drought, cyclone then snow for Chathams farms". 2015-08-25. http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/rural/282430/drought,-cyclone-then-snow-for-chathams-farms.
15. ↑ "Climate Data and Activities". NIWA Science. 2007-02-27. http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate.
16. ↑ "Chatham Island Time". http://discoverthechathamislands.co.nz/chatham-islands-time/.
17. ↑ Richards, Rhys. "Chatham Islands – Overview". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/37780/wind-blown-akeake. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
18. ↑ "Myosotidium hortensium" (in en). https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/myosotidium-hortensium/.
19. ↑ "Chatham Shag (Phalacrocorax onslowi) – BirdLife species factsheet". Birdlife.org. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3691.
20. ↑ "Pitt Shag (Phalacrocorax featherstoni) – BirdLife species factsheet". Birdlife.org. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3700.
21. ↑ "Chatham Albatross (Thalassarche eremita) – BirdLife species factsheet". Birdlife.org. 2010-12-02. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3963.
22. ↑ Rowe, S (August 2010). "Level 1 Risk Assessment for Incidental Seabird Mortality Associated with New Zealand Fisheries in the NZ-EEZ". http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-conservation-services/level1-seabird-risk-assessment.pdf.
23. ↑ Jolly, Dyanna (2014). Cultural Impact Assessment Report. Chatham Rock Phosphate. p. 10. http://www.epa.govt.nz/eez/EEZ000006/EEZ000006_Ngai_Tahu_Marine_Mammal_Cultural_Impact_Assessment_dated_July_2014.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Marinov, M.; McHugh, P. (2010). "Comparative study of the Chatham Islands Odonata: Morphological variability, behaviour and demography of the endemic Xanthocnemis tuanuii Rowe, 1987.". International DragonflyFund-Report 30: 1-44. 30: 1–44. https://www.dragonflyfund.org/images/reports/IDF_Report_30_Marinov_McHugh_2010_small.pdf.
25. ↑ Nolan, L.; Hogg, I. D.; Sutherland, D. L.; Stevens, M. I.; Schnabel, K. E. (2007). "Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variability within the New Zealand damselfly genera Xanthocnemis, Austrolestes, and Ischnura (Odonata).". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 34 (4): 371–380. doi:10.1080/03014220709510097. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014220709510097.
26. ↑ "Chatham Island Water Quality Summary". 1 June 2018. https://www.cic.govt.nz/assets/CIC/Documents/Chatham-Islands-Water-Quality-Summary-2018.pdf.
27. ↑ McFadgen, B.G. (1994-03-01). "Archaeology and holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 24 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517454. ISSN 0303-6758. Bibcode: 1994JRSNZ..24...17M.
28. ↑ Clark 1994: 123–135.
29. ↑ Davis and Solomon 2006
30. ↑ Howe 2006
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 King 2000
32. ↑ Kerry R. Howe (2003). The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands? Auckland:Penguin, page 182
33. ↑ "Chatham Islands". https://teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/print.
34. ↑ Vancouver, George (1798). A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World. 1. London: G.G. & J. Robinson, and J. Edwards. pp. 86. ISBN 9780665418624. https://archive.org/details/cihm_41862/page/n141/mode/1up. "Having reached the shore without any interruption, we displayed the union flag, turned a turf, and took possession of the island; which I named Chatham Island, (in honor of the Earl of Chatham,) in the name of His Majesty King George the Third; under the presumption of our being first discoverers."
35. ↑ "Chatham Islands". https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/chatham-islands. "There is doubt whether Broughton named the islands after his vessel or after William Pitt, the earl of Chatham. Both may be true, but the fact that the smaller of the islands was named Pitt supports the latter supposition."
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Richards, Rhys (1 May 2015). "Chatham Islands – From first settlement to 1860". The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/mi/chatham-islands/page-3.
37. ↑ "German Missions". Reference Guides – Missionary Sources. Hocken Collections. 2008. p. 10. http://www.library.otago.ac.nz/pdf/2008_Reference Missionary guide.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 King, M. (2004). Being Pakeha. Penguin. p 196.
39. ↑ King, Michael (2017) (in en). Moriori: A People Rediscovered. Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-14-377128-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=W_acDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
40. ↑ King, Michael (2017) (in en). Moriori: A People Rediscovered. Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-14-377128-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=W_acDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
41. ↑ Andrew Piper (2012). "New Zealand Colonial Propaganda: The Use of Cannibalism, Enslavement, Genocide and Myth to Legitimise Colonial Conquest" (PDF). https://journals.kvasirpublishing.com/af/article/download/413/447.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 McNab, Robert (1913). "XIX. — American Whalers and Scientists, 1838 to 1840". The Old Whaling Days. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McNOldW-t1-body-d1-d19-d1.html. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
43. ↑ McNab, Robert (1913). "XV. — The French Fleet, 1836 to 1838". The Old Whaling Days. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McNOldW-t1-body-d1-d15.html. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
44. ↑ Patricia Burns (1989). Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company. Heinemann Reed. pp. 243, 244. ISBN 978-0-7900-0011-4.
45. ↑ Berry, P.L. (1964). Germans in New Zealand 1840–1870 (Thesis). University of Canterbury. pp. 11–19. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
46. ↑ Musket Wars. p354-356.R.Crosby. Reed. 1999
47. ↑ Rykers, Ellen (July–August 2018). "The lie of the land". New Zealand Geographic 152: 92–103. https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-lie-of-the-land/. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Richards, Rhys (4 May 2015). "Chatham Islands – Since the 1980s" (in en). Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/page-4. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
49. ↑ Richards, Rhys (4 May 2015). "Chatham Islands – Chatham Islands from the 1860s to the 1980s" (in en). Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/page-4. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
50. ↑ Waters, Sydney David. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945, Episodes & Studies Volume 1 (On line edition, 2016 ed.). NZETC, New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. p. 21. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Epi-c4-WH2-1Epi-j.html. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
51. ↑ "Putins' chef confirms plans for Chatham Islands in cryptic email to Stuff". Stuff/Fairfax. 2 June 2023. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300894281/putins-chef-confirms-plans-for-chatham-islands-in-cryptic-email-to-stuff.
52. ↑ [1]
53. ↑ Ngati
54. ↑ Richards, Rhys (4 May 2015). "Chatham Islands – Since the 1980s'". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/37808/kopinga-marae-opening. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
55. ↑ Martin Jenkins (November 2017). "Chatham Islands – Enabling a sustainable economy". https://www.cic.govt.nz/assets/CIC/Documents/Chatham-Islands-Sustainable-Report-2017.pdf.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Template:NZ Quickstats2013
57. ↑ "1996 Census of Population and Dwellings – Census Night Population". Statistics New Zealand. 28 February 1997. http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/7cf46ae26dcb6800cc256a62000a2248/4c2567ef00247c6acc256aff00093231?OpenDocument.
58. ↑ "Story Map Series". http://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=363cada2473a451d9f92ba0a4edc423a.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Chatham Islands Territory (067). https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020. 2018 Census place summary: Chatham Islands Territory
60. ↑ "Getting to the Chatham Island". Discoverthechathamislands.co.nz. http://www.discoverthechathamislands.co.nz/visit/Getting-around/.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Chatham Islands Shipping Ltd". http://www.chathamislandsshipping.co.nz/.
62. ↑ www.seawings.co.uk, flying boat forum. "Short flying boats in New Zealand". http://theflyingboatforum.forumlaunch.net/viewtopic.php?f=62&t=985&start=50.
63. ↑ Blakiston, Fergus (29 August 2015). "The good ship Rangatira". The Timaru Herald. http://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/life/71498342/The-good-ship-Rangatira.
64. ↑ "Chatham Islanders vote in first election". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/chatham-islanders-vote-first-election.
65. ↑ "Chatham Islands County Bill 1901 (144–2)". http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_bill/cicb19011442241/.
66. ↑ "THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK, 1912". POPULATION ON ADJACENT ISLANDS. https://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1912/NZOYB_1912.html.
67. ↑ McLintock, A. H.; Jobberns, George. "CHATHAM ISLANDS" (in en). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 1966. https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/chatham-islands.
68. ↑ Richards, Rhys. "Chatham Islands – Overview" (in en). Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/page-1.
69. ↑ New Zealand Herald, 15 October 2010
70. ↑ New Zealand Gazette 14 August 2003
71. ↑ Stewart, Ashleigh (25 July 2015). "Ministry of Health 'concerned about financial performance' of CDHB". The Press. http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/69641932/Ministry-of-Health-concerned-about-financial-performance-of-CDHB. "As of July 1, control of the Chatham Islands' health services will transfer to Canterbury."
72. ↑ From page 31 the economy section begins | Publisher Government of New Zealand reports on Chatham Archipelago, https://www.cic.govt.nz/assets/CIC/Documents/Chatham-Islands-Economic-Profile-Report-2017.pdf
73. ↑ "Contact Us". Airchathams.co.nz. http://www.airchathams.co.nz/contact-us.html.
74. ↑ "Chatham Islands Wind Farm". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. http://www.windenergy.org.nz/chatham-islands-wind-farm.
75. ↑ See the 2013–14 Chatham Islands Electricity Ltd Annual Report on page 6 of this document https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1OcswQ6_z-OSmVwTDNBdGEycTA/edit
76. ↑ "Fuel types used for heating in the Chatham Islands Territory, New Zealand" (in en-nz). https://figure.nz/chart/CxnUWptZTfwKYwJz.
77. ↑ "A LONELY OUTPOST – EVENING POST". 17 March 1917. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19170317.2.67.
78. ↑ "WIRELESS STATION OPENED AT THE CHATHAMS. PRESS". 19 September 1913. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19130919.2.58.
79. ↑ "Chatham Islands Radio ZLC: 1950–1969" (in en-US). http://maritimeradio.org/chatham-islands-radio-zlc/1950-1969/.
80. ↑ "Telecom upgrades Chatham Islands communications". June 2003. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0306/S00077/telecom-upgrades-chatham-islands-communications.htm.
81. ↑ "$2.48m to improve broadband for the Chatham Islands" (in en). http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/248m-improve-broadband-chatham-islands.
82. ↑ "Chatham Islands Broadband | Wireless Nation" (in en-NZ). https://wirelessnation.co.nz/rural/chatham-islands/.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Newman, Ernie (2019-01-17). "One Business, Many Markets" (in en-NZ). https://www.wispa.nz/one-business-many-markets/.
84. ↑ "RCG flips switch on Chatham Islands 4G mobile network". Scoop. 6 January 2022. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2201/S00006/rcg-flips-switch-on-chatham-islands-4g-network.htm.

## Bibliography

* Clark, Ross. 1994. Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, Douglas G., ed., The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
* Davis, Denise and Solomon, Māui. 2006. Moriori . In Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9 June 2006.
* Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 53.
* Howe, Kerry R. 2006. Ideas of Māori origins . In Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9 June 2006.
* King, Michael (1989). Moriori: A People Rediscovered (2000 ed.). Viking. ISBN 978-0-14-010391-5.
* McFadgen, B. G. (March 1994). "Archaeology and Holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 24 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517454. Bibcode: 1994JRSNZ..24...17M.
* Harper, Paul (15 October 2010). "Voter turnout up in local elections". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10680766.
* Waitangi Tribunal. 2001. Rekohu: A Report on Moriori and Ngati Mutunga Claims in the Chatham Islands. Report No. 64.

## Films

* The Wizard and the Commodore (2017) directed by Samuel A. Miller, Narrator Davey Round.

## Further reading

* Anderson, Rosemary Ellen (2019). Wind and Shifting Sands: Sensing Place and Identity on Chatham Island, 1850–1950 (Doctor of Philosophy). University of Otago. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
* Miskelly, Colin, ed (2008). Chatham Islands: Heritage and Conservation (Rev. and enl. ed.). Christchurch, N.Z: Canterbury University Press in association with the Dept. of Conservation. ISBN 978-1-877257-78-0.
* Sutton, Douglas G. (1980). "A Culture History of the Chatham Islands". The Journal of the Polynesian Society (Auckland: University of Auckland) 89 (1): 67–94. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_89_1980/Volume_89,_No._1/A_culture_history_of_the_Chatham_Islands,_by_Douglas_G._Sutton,_p_67-94/p1.

## External links

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chatham Islands.

|

* Chatham Islands Council
* 1998 Information
* Photographs from the Christchurch Public Library
* Department of Conservation information
* Unofficial Flag
* Massey University study of Chathams ecology
* Information and pictures of Chatham Islands. The Sisters are also mentioned
* Pitt Island Education Resources.
* Rekohu: The Chatham Islands Education Resources.

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*[Pop.]: Population
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