Coquimbo Formation
Stratigraphic range: Miocene–Pleistocene,
~11–1.2 Ma

PreЄ

Marine terrace exposing strata of the Coquimbo Formation, at Caleta Los Hornos

Type| Geological formation
Underlies| Alluvium
Overlies| Basement
Thickness| ~100 m (330 ft)
Lithology
Primary| Coquina, sandstone, mudstone
Other| Conglomerate, diatomite, limestone, phosphorite, siltstone
Location
Region| Coquimbo Region
Country|  Chile
Extent| Unnamed Cretaceous-Neogene basins
Type section
Named for| Coquimbo

The Coquimbo Formation (previously known as Piso de Coquimbo or Coquimbo Stufe) is a littoral, sedimentary, and fossiliferous geological formation that chiefly crops out along the coast of the Coquimbo Region, Chile. It is dated back to the Miocene to Middle Pleistocene. The lithology of the formation comprises sands, sandstones, siltstones, limestones, coquinas, and conglomerates. The strata and facies of the Coquimbo Formation reflect a complex marine depositional history, varying from deep to shallow water paleoenvironments controlled by tectonic events and turbulent, successive changes in sea the level that developed large marine terraces within the strata which is recorded in the form of marine transgressions and regressions.

The Coquimbo Formation preserves a rich fossil marine assemblage, including molluscs, barnacles, brachiopods, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals such as cetaceans and aquatic ground sloths. As a whole, the paleoenvironments, and paleofauna of the formation have experienced strong changes and successions through time mainly due to large climatic and tectonic events. In both lithology and fossil content the Coquimbo Formation is very similar to other units of South America, such as the Pisco Formation of Peru or Bahía Inglesa Formation of the Atacama Region, which is also found in Chile.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Culebrón Park
* 1.2 Lomas del Sauce
* 2 Description
* 3 Depositional environment
* 3.1 Taphonomy
* 4 Geographic extent
* 5 Tectonic evolution
* 6 Stratigraphy and age
* 7 Paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation
* 7.1 Algae
* 7.1.1 Diatoms
* 7.2 Dictyochales
* 7.3 Dinoflagellates
* 7.4 Ebriids
* 7.5 Foraminiferans
* 7.6 Invertebrates
* 7.6.1 Barnacles
* 7.6.2 Bivalves
* 7.6.3 Brachiopods
* 7.6.4 Decapods
* 7.6.5 Gastropods
* 7.6.6 Invertebrate traces
* 7.6.7 Ostracods
* 7.7 Vertebrates
* 7.7.1 Birds
* 7.7.2 Cetaceans
* 7.7.3 Fish
* 7.7.3.1 Bony fish
* 7.7.4 Eels
* 7.7.4.1 Rays
* 7.7.4.2 Sharks
* 7.7.5 Seals
* 7.7.6 Sloths
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## History

The Coquimbo Formation was first noted by naturalist and researcher Charles Darwin during his visit to Chile aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. Darwin observed prominent sedimentary structures (such as cross-stratification on marine terraces) and marine fossils (cetacean bones, shells, shark teeth, among others) of "Tertiary" age at the coast of the Coquimbo Region, approximately more than 322 km (200 mi) northward of the Navidad coast.[1] In 1985, Steinmann G. analyzed the marine deposits around the Quiriquina Island of Bay of Concepción with observations to other deposits from Chile. He erected the term "Coquimbo Stufe" for the marine sediments along the coast of Coquimbo.[2] Author Rubén Martínez-Pardo noted that ever since the observations made by Darwin, most of the Neogene northern-central marine deposits of Chile have been wrongly referred to this unit.[3] Ramón Moscoso and team in 1982 published a large geologic map focused on the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile, where they, in view of the confusion regarding the designation of the Coquimbo Formation, proposed to reserve the term Coquimbo Formation for the set of marine sediments located along the coastline between 28° and 30° S of the Coquimbo Region.[4]

### Culebrón Park

View of outcrops of the Coquimbo Formation at the Culebrón Park

Strata of the Coquimbo Formation are largely exposed across creeks and slopes of the Culebrón Park (Parque el Culebrón) of the region. Coquinas, sandstones, and other sediments, as well as abundant fossilized mollusks, can be observed all over the park. Despite the paleontological nature of the site, the Culebrón Park has undergone multiple instances of cleaning-up due to pollution caused by littering, with several areas of the park having become littering spots.[5][6]

During the summer of 1984, reforestation work at the area of the Culebrón Park lead by the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) revealed two relatively complete and articulated cetacean skeletons in nearby creeks with outcrops of the Coquimbo Formation. The individuals were unearthed within the same stratigraphic context from yellowish sandstones and some coquinas at a depth no greater than 40 cm (16 in), and set apart from each other by approximately 400 m (1,300 ft). Upon the discovery of such remains, the Archaeological Museum of La Serena was contacted in order to manage the fossils. The museum later reached out to the Chilean National Museum of Natural History for further study.[7]

Photographs of the two fossil cetacean individuals from the Culebrón Park

Line diagram of the cetaceans

Later in 1988, geologist Patricia Z. Salinas published a brief description of the cetaceans and overall discovery, as well as describing the strata of the Coquimbo Formation in which they were found. As stated by Salinas, the cetaceans could not be recovered and studied due to their fragile preservation and were left in field, where consolidation treatments were applied for their protection, pending the establishment of a local museum.[7] In 1991 researchers Jose Yañez and Jhoann Canto made observations regarding the identification of the cetacean fossils, correcting their taxonomic family. In their brief note, the team also criticized the lack of a more meticulous procedure regarding the report and conservation of these valuable fossils, such as the storage of detailed photographs.[8] Though initially reported as "semifossils" by Salinas despite of their age,[7] Yañez and Canto stated that individuals eventually dissociated in the field preventing attempts for future studies.[8]

In 2021 the Geological Society of Chile formally recognized the Culebrón Park as a geositio (lit. geosite), that is, an important locality of either geological or paleontological value. Documentation and petitions were conducted by at-the-time Geology thesist Benjamín A. Araya, who advocated for the recognition and protection of the Culebrón Park. Although the fossiliferous value of the park and implications for the Coquimbo Formation have been in knowledge for a long time, no recognitions had ever been given before.[9][10]

### Lomas del Sauce

Diagram featuring the cetaceans skeletons found at Lomas del Sauce (yellow, red, and purple)

During the year 2013, geological survey was carried out on a land lot near El Sauce avenue of Coquimbo city, about 2.5 km (8,200 ft) southeast of Bahía Herradura, in the context of the real estate project Lomas del Sauce. As the lineaments progressed, abundant fossil material was discovered from fossiliferous coquinas and sandy silt assigned to the Coquimbo Formation when trial pits were performed on terrain. Out of the 10 trial pits, one yielded two or three semi-articulated cetacean skeletons including a partial skull. The fossils from this locality, mostly represented by mollusks shells and partial sea birds and fish remains, were recovered and excavated by grids, covering an area of about 32 m2. Reported material was set out to be stored at the Sala de Colecciones Biológicas of the Catholic University of the North of Coquimbo.[11]

Soil and sediment characterization of the Lomas del Sauce locality was achieved through the modelling of sub-surfaces and stratigraphic columns. Larger fossils, such as the bones of cetaceans, were extracted and secured in field jackets. Throughout the study of the locality, further fossil taxa was discovered, such as the semi-aquatic ground sloth Thalassocnus, which was previously only known from the similar Pisco Formation and Bahía Inglesa Formation.[12][13] In 2017, the Thalassocnus material was formally described, contributing to the marine mammal record of the Coquimbo Formation. The specimen is now stored within the collections of the Chilean National Museum of Natural History.[14]

## Description

The Coquimbo Formation belongs to a discontinuous series of Cretaceous-Neogene sedimentary basins and outcrops of the formation are located across the coasts of the Coquimbo Region, Chile, where multiple marine terraces are exposed. With about 100 m (330 ft) in thickness, the Coquimbo Formation is uncomfortably deposited over mesozoic crystalline basement composed of intrusive rocks. It consists predominantly of yellowish, sometimes phosphatized, sands, sandstones, siltstones, highly bioclastic limestones, coquinas, and conglomerates.[15][16][17] At the locality of Carrizalillo and nearby creeks, unusual sedimentary structures are present, derived from strong tidal wave processes and elutriation.[15]

## Depositional environment

Marine terrace at Caleta Los Hornos, which follows the sequence from Quebrada Honda

Based on the record of foraminiferans at Tongoy, it has been suggested that the deposits at this area were deposited in the lower zone of a continental shelf with relatively warm waters.[3] The sedimentological record from Quebrada Honda preserves data that can reflect two major depositional environments during its history of deposition. Towards the bottom of the sequence, sediments and fossil content (such as cetaceans, brachiopods, bivalves, and gastropods) suggests a low-energy, deep-water marine paleoenvironment with high ecological activity/dynamics. The abundance of phosphorite and marine vertebrates, the contribution of polymictic clasts (of different composition), and angular unconformities from the successive layers of strata of this section, indicates periods of turbulent rising sea levels with the posterior mark of a marine transgression which can also be reflected in the decreasing abundancy of the fossil content towards the roof of the sequence, especially brachiopods. The presence of phosphorite deposits suggests that during the deposition of sediments the environment was subject to marine upwelling, where microorganisms and vertebrate remains precipitated phosphate deposits. Towards the roof the sequence a turbulent deposition can be inferred from the abundant emergence of unconformities as well as conglomerates and coquinas likely derived from the paleofauna of the older, low-energy deposits. These events are interpreted as products from a high energy tsunami or storm tides. Quebrada El Culebrón preserves a similar sedimentological record.[18]

The fossil record of shallow water-based taxa such as Crassostrea, Heterodontus, Incatella or Thalassocnus also suggests a shallow marine environment upon deposition.[19] The foraminiferan fossil assemblage from Bahía de Guanaqueros indicates several changes in sea levels and depositional environments, from neritic to bathyal marine conditions.[20] Constanza A. García in 2019 identified multiple depositional environments during the history of deposition of Quebrada Las Rosas, El Culebrón, and Los Clarines, which were characterized by alternations of marine regressions and transgressions. Many of these depositional environments are reflected in the lithology and taphonomy of fossils, such as coquinas with dissolution of calcareous material or the presence of shallow trace fossils.[21] Diego M. Partarrieu in his 2022 doctorate thesis proposed at least four sedimentary episodes across the localities of Coquimbo, with the two oldest episodes situated in a beach depositional environment, and the two youngest episodes occurring within shallow, intermareal waters. The changes in depositional environments were also followed by rapid faunal turnover and large-scale climatic change.[22]

### Taphonomy

The changes in sea level throughout the history of deposition of the Coquimbo Formation have been also important for taphonomic alterations to fossils. At the locality of Quebrada Chañaral the fossils of vertebrates show unusual features such as their nodulization within sediments, iron and phosphate mineralization, and high roundness. In addition, many vertebrate fossils show fragmentation and erosion on their bone surfaces likely originated from long exposure to the environments. These taphonomic features are interpreted as reworking from older fossils that were ultimately deposited in younger sediments due to marine regressions.[23] Similar conditions have reported from other discoveries, such as Thalassocnus from Lomas del Sauce. The specimen was found with most elements in articulation except for the forelimb and pelvis remains, indicating that the skeleton suffered displacement before burial. The in situ unearthing paired with the breaking of some of the bones suggests that these were broken just before or during the burial. Other taphonomic features are reported, such as the development of a phosphatic crust at the bottom of the fossiliferous bed that mineralized most elements, or the attachment of bivalve internal molds and shells onto bones.[14]

## Geographic extent

Map indicating the location of the cetaceans from Park El Culebrón, in Coquimbo city

The Coquimbo Formation is largely deposited along the coasts and creeks of the Coquimbo Region. It can be found outcropping from Tongoy city to Caleta Chañaral (and Chañaral de Aceituno). The latter does not form part of the Coquimbo Region and is instead located at the southernmost extension of the Atacama Region, making this area the northernmost extension of the Coquimbo Formation.[15][16][17] In Tongoy, the formation runs across creeks that feature large marine terraces.[17] In Coquimbo, the formation can be traced as far as the Culebrón Park, with a more consistent extent at Quebrada Las Rosas.[24]

## Tectonic evolution

In the area of Tongoy, the Coquimbo Formation was deposited in an ancient bay that was formed in a graben or half-graben, with a normal fault dipping east derived from local and regional tectonic movement as recorded in the sedimentary successions and geological structures of this area. The tectonic movement is associated with the subduction of the Juan Fernandez Ridge and a second oceanic plateau which caused the uplifting of the continental crust and changes in the sea level, along with faulting.[17] The marine terraces of the Coquimbo Formation are relatively large sedimentary bodies, and they were carved in these sediments as a result of the Pliocene-Quaternary marine transgressions and regressions that occurred in this area.[3][17] The marine terrace levels at Coquimbo and La Herradura bays preserve unconformities that indicate that they were periodically resedimented during successive high level-sea tides, which is also supported by the aminostratigraphy of mollusks.[25]

## Stratigraphy and age

The Coquimbo Formation was sedimented during the Neogene discordantly covering the basament scarps of the region, most notably the northern sector of La Serena, Carrizalillo.[15] It is subdivided into 16 lithostratigraphic units of coastal marine origin. In ascending order these range from Unit 1 to Unit 16. The lowermost unit belongs to the lower Miocene, with the third-deepest unit dated at 11.9 ± 1.0 Ma. The uppermost unit of the formation is estimated at 1.2 Ma.[17]

It is proposed that the Coquimbo Formation is equivalent to the Bahía Inglesa Formation. Both formations show similarities in sedimentation (such as correlation of lithostratigraphic units) and fossil content, and they could represent distinct units of the same geological formation, pending further analyses.[26] In 2024, Benjamín A. Araya and team proposed a division of the Coquimbo Formation intro three members, characterized as a Lower Member of Tortonian-Messinian age composed of yellowish-gray muds and silts with iron and magnesium nodules, diatomites, and fine-grained sands with intercalations of coquina and phosphate deposits; a Medium Member of Messinian-Zanclean age comprising silty sands, silts, floatstone, and conglomerates; and lastly an Upper Member of Zanclean-Piacenzian age including stratified, sand-grained coquinas that are overlaid by rudstones, coarse-grained sands, and matrix-supported coquinas.[27]

Lithostratigraphy of the Coquimbo Formation from Tongoy[17] Period | Epoch | Unit | Composite age | Facies | Fossil content (main)

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|
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Quaternary | Pleistocene | 16  | ~1.2 ma.  | Sandstone, limestone.  | Balanus sp.
15  | ~1.4±0.5 ma.  | Conglomerate, calcareous conglomerate, coquina, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone.  | Balanus sp., bivalves, Acanthina unicornis, Turritella sp.
14  | ~2 ma.  | Sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone.  | Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., Turritella sp.
Neogene | Pliocene | 13  | ~4.3 ma.  | Conglomerate, coquina, sandstone.  | Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., gastropods.
12  | ~5 ma.  | Coquina, sandstone.  | Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Chorus sp., Ostrea sp.
Miocene | 11  | ~5.3 ma.  | Sandstone, clay.  | Cetacean bones, Carcharodon carcharias teeth, fish scales, Chlamys hupeanus, Chorus sp., Ostrea sp., Balanus sp.
10  | ~6.3 ma.  | Conglomerate, sandstone.  | Balanus sp., bivalves, Turritella sp.
9  | ~7.3 ma.  | Sandstone, siltstone, clay.  | Not recorded.
8  | ~9±1.0 ma.  | Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone.  | Balanus sp., Ostrea sp., gastropods.
7  | ~9.5 ma.  | Sandstone, siltstone, shale, clay.  | Gastropods.
6  | ~10.1 ma.  | Conglomerate, coquina, sandstone.  | Balanus sp., Chlamys sp., Crepidula sp., Ostrea sp.
5  | ~10.6 ma.  | Sandstone, diatomaceous clay, shale.  | Not recorded.
4  | ~11.2 ma.  | Tuffaceous and diatomaceous clay, siltstone, sandstone, phosphate pebble bed.  | Cetacean bones, Cosmopolitodus hastalis teeth, fish scales, sponge spicules, bivalves, gastropods.
3  | ~11.9±1.0 ma.  | Coquina, conglomerate.  | Cetacean bones, Balanus sp., Chlamys sp., Mulinia cf. vidali, Ostrea sp., Turritella leptogramma.
2  | Not recorded.  | Brecciated sandstone.  | Not recorded.
1  | ~23?–11 ma.  | Coquina.  | Turritella leptogramma.

## Paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation

Restoration of Otodus megalodon along other marine fauna. This shark is an important component of the paleofauna of the Coquimbo Formation and similar units

The paleobiota of the Coquimbo Formation is extensively similar to those of the Bahía Inglesa and Pisco formations, also sharing similar depositional environments.[14][26] Invertebrates such as molluscs are particularly abundant in the facies of the formation, represented by bivalves and gastropods, and to a lesser extent barnacles. Vertebrates are recurrent faunal components but are usually fragmentary in the record of the Coquimbo Formation, best represented by bird and cetacean remains. Like Bahía and Pisco, fish are well documented, including historically notorious taxa such as the megatoothed Otodus, the extant Carcharodon, and extinct Cosmopolitodus.[28][19] The semiaquatic ground sloth Thalassocnus was otherwise only known from the Pisco Formation, but its fossil record is now reported from numerous geological units across Miocene-Pliocene deposits of South America including Argentina and Chile, specifically the Coquimbo Formation.[14][29] During the Pliocene, the coasts of the Coquimbo Region served as nursery areas for Carcharodon carcharias, as evidenced in the high abundancy of juvenile teeth in multiple fossil localities belonging to the Coquimbo Formation.[19]

|  |

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Color key
| Taxon | Reclassified taxon | Taxon falsely reported as present | Dubious taxon or junior synonym | Ichnotaxon | Ootaxon | Morphotaxon

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| Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

### Algae

#### Diatoms

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Actinocyclus | A. ellipticus | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A hemidiscacean diatom.  |
A. octonarius | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A hemidiscacean diatom.  |
Actinoptychus | A. senarius | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A heliopeltacean diatom.  |
Auliscus | A. caelatus | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A triceratiacean diatom.  |
Coscinodiscus | C. divisus | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A coscinodiscacean diatom.  |
C. oculoiridis | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A coscinodiscacean diatom.  |
Diploneis | D. crabro | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A diploneidacean diatom.  |
D. pseudobombiformis | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A diploneidacean diatom.  |
Opephoropsis | O. tiltilensis | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A bacillariophycean diatom.  |
Grammatophora | G. angulosa | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A grammatophoracean diatom.  |
Navicula | N. lyra | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A naviculacean diatom.  |
Plagiogramma | P. obesum | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A diatomacean diatom.  |
Rhaphoneis | R. miocenica | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A rhaphoneidacean diatom.  |
Paralia | P. sulcata | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A paraliacean diatom.  |
P. coronata | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A paraliacean diatom.  |

### Dictyochales

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Mesocena | M. elliptica | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A dictyochacean.  |
Stephanocha | S. speculum | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A dictyochacean. Initially reported as Distephanus.[30] |

### Dinoflagellates

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Actiniscus | A. pentasterias | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | An actiniscacean.  |

### Ebriids

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Ammodochium | A. rectangulare | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | An ammodochiacean.  |
Ebriopsis | E. antiqua | Quebrada Salinas  | "Shell".[30] | A hermisinacean.  |

### Foraminiferans

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
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|
|

Ammonia | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Buccella | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Eight tests."[22] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
B. peruviana | Los Clarines  | "Numerous tests."[22] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Buliminella | B. elegantissima | Bahía de Guanaqueros, Los Clarines  | "Multiple tests."[22][20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Cibicides | Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Three tests."[22] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Cibicidoides | C. bradyi | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Florilus | F. grateloupi | El Rincón  | Not specified.[3] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Globigerina | G. bulloides | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A planktonic foraminiferan.  |
G. falconensis | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A planktonic foraminiferan.  |
Globigerinoides | G. sicanus | El Rincón  | "Test".[3] | A planktonic foraminiferan.  |
Globobulimina | G. pacifica | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Globorotalia | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A planktonic foraminiferan.  |
Gyroidinoides | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Hyalinea | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Karreriella | K. bradyi | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Nonionella | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Multiple tests."[22] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
N. auris | Los Clarines  | "Seven tests."[22] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Orbulina | O. suturalis | El Rincón  | "Test".[3] | A planktonic foraminiferan.  |
Praeorbulina | P. transitoria | El Rincón  | "Test".[3] | A planktonic foraminiferan.  |
Protoglobobulimina | P. pupides | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Pseudononion | P. communis | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Quinqueloculina | Q. incisa | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Sigmomorphina | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Triloculina | T. oblonga | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Uvigerina | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |
Virgulinella | V. pertusa | El Rincón  | "Tests".[3] | A benthonic foraminiferan.  |

### Invertebrates

#### Barnacles

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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cf. Austromegabalanus | A. psittacus | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A balanid barnacle (the giant barnacle).  |
Balanus | B. laevis | Not specified.  | "Small shells."[31] | A balanid barnacle.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Partial shells and fragments."[17] | A balanid barnacle.  |
Tesseropora | T. chilensis | Tongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita  | "Shells."[31] | A tetraclitid acorn barnacle.  |
Verruca | V. hermi | Tongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita  | "Shells."[31] | A verrucid acorn barnacle.  |

#### Bivalves

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Acar | A. pusilla | Los Clarines  | "Valves."[22] | An arcid bivalve.  |
Anadara | A. chilensis | Lomas del Sauce  | "Valves."[12][14][22] | An arcid bivalve.  |
Anomia | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | An anomiid bivalve.  |
A. peruvianus | Lomas del Sauce  | "Internal mold."[22] | An anomiid bivalve.  |
Argopecten | A. purpuratus | Los Clarines  | "Multiple valves."[22] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
Brachidontes | B. granulatus | Los Clarines  | "Valves."[22] | A mytilid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Valves."[22] | A mytilid bivalve.  |
Cardium?  | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A cardiid bivalve.  |
cf. "Chlamys" | "C." simpsoni | Lomas del Sauce  | "Five specimens."[22] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
Chlamys | C. hupeanus | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Partial and complete shells."[17] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
C. simpsoni | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
C. vidali | Tongoy, Monte Notable, Quebrada Salina-Quebrada Salinita  | "Shells and valves."[31] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Shells."[17] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
Choromytilus | C. chorus | Los Clarines  | "Shell and valves."[22] | A mytilid bivalve.  |
Crassostrea | C. transitoria | Quebrada Honda, Lomas del Sauce  | "Valves."[18][12][22] | An ostreid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Numerous valves."[22] | An ostreid bivalve.  |
Cucullaea?  | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A cucullaeid bivalve.  |
Cyclocardia | cf. C. compressa | Los Clarines  | "Valves."[22] | An carditid bivalve.  |
Dietotenhosen | D. hupeanus | Coquimbo, Punta Teatinos, La Serena, Quebrada de Tongoy, Quebrada Romeral, Quebrada Lagunillas, Quebrada Honda  | "Multiple right and left valves."[32] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
D. remondi | Coquimbo, Estancia Tangue (Bahía de Tongoy), Punta Teatinos, Quebrada Herradura, Quebrada Honda  | "Several right and left valves."[32] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
Ensis | E. macha | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Partial internal molds and shells."[22] | A pharid bivalve.  |
Eurhomalea | E. cf. lenticularis | Los Clarines  | "Multiple valves."[22] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Multiple valve."[22] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Leukoma | L. antiqua | Los Clarines  | "Two valves."[22] | A venerid bivalve.  |
L. thaca | Los Clarines  | "One valve."[22] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "One valve."[22] | A venerid bivalve.  |
cf. Mactra | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Molds."[22] | A mactrid bivalve.  |
cf. M. auca | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A mactrid bivalve.  |
Mesodesma | M. donacium | Los Clarines  | "Valves."[22] | An mesodesmatid bivalve.  |
Monia | M. alternans | Lomas del Sauce  | "Seven specimens."[22] | An anomiid bivalve.  |
Mulinia | Indeterminate  | Bahía Herradura, Bahía Coquimbo  | "Shells."[25] | A mactrid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Single specimen."[22] | A mactrid bivalve.  |
M. edulis | Los Clarines  | "Multiple valves."[22] | A mactrid bivalve.  |
cf. M. vidali | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Thick shells."[17] | A mactrid bivalve.  |
cf. Nucula | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Two specimens."[12][22] | A nuculid bivalve.  |
Ostrea | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Partial shells."[17] | An ostreid bivalve.  |
Panopea | P. coquimbensis | Lomas del Sauce  | "Internal molds."[12][22] | A hiatellid bivalve.  |
Perumytilus | P. purpuratus | Los Clarines  | "One valve."[22] | A mytilid bivalve.  |
Petricola | P. cf. rugosa | Los Clarines  | "One valve."[22] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Pododesmus | P. alternans | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | An anomiid bivalve.  |
Protothaca | Indeterminate  | Bahía Herradura, Bahía Coquimbo  | "Shells."[25] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Retrotapes | R. exalbidus | Coquimbo  | "Shells and valves."[33] | A venerid bivalve.  |
R. lenticularis | Guayacán, Tongoy, Quebrada Chañaral  | "Valves and hinges."[33] | A venerid bivalve.  |
cf. R. cleryanus | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A venerid bivalve.  |
cf. R. eunippe | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A venerid bivalve.  |
Semele | S. solida | Los Clarines  | "Single valve."[22] | A semelid bivalve.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Single specimen."[22] | A semelid bivalve.  |
Solen | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A solenid bivalve.  |
Tagelus | T. dombeii | Lomas del Sauce  | "Valves and molds."[12][22] | A solecurtid bivalve.  |
cf. Tellina | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Multiple specimens with shells and molds."[12][22] | A tellinid bivalve.  |
Trachycardium | T. procerum | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Molds."[22] | A tellinid bivalve.  |
Zygochlamys | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "One specimen."[22] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
cf. Z. coquimbensis | Los Clarines  | "Valves."[22] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
cf. Z. hupeanus | Lomas del Sauce  | "Valves."[12][22] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
cf. Z. vidali | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Valves."[12][22] | A pectinid bivalve.  |
cf. Z. simpsoni | Quebrada Honda  | "Shell."[18] | A pectinid bivalve.  |

#### Brachiopods

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Brachiopoda indet.  | Indeterminate  | Quebrada Honda  | "Fragmented shells."[18] | A brachiopod.  |
Magellania | M. macrostoma | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A terebratellid brachiopod.  |

#### Decapods

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Decapoda indet.  | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | "Chelae."[20] | A decapod.  |

#### Gastropods

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Acanthina | A. unicornis | Bahía de Tongoy, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Shells."[17][22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
A. monodon | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A muricid gastropod.  |
cf. A. katzi | Quebrada El Culebrón  | "Shell."[18] | A muricid gastropod.  |
Aeneator?  | A. cleryanus | Lomas del Sauce  | "Multiple shells with internal molds."[12][22] | A buccinid gastropod.  |
Chlorostoma | C. cf. atrum | Los Clarines  | "Partial shells."[22] | A tegulid gastropod.  |
Chorus | C. blainvillei | Quebrada El Culebrón, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Multiple shells."[18][12][22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
C. cf. covacevichi | Los Clarines  | "Two shells."[22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
C. dorialis | Quebrada El Culebrón, Lomas del Sauce  | "Shells."[18][12][22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
C. grandis | Lomas del Sauce  | "Five shells."[12][14][22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
C. giganteus | Los Clarines  | "Fifteen shells."[22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy, Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Partial and complete shells."[17][12][22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
cf. Cirsotrema | C. magellanicum | Los Clarines  | "Two shells."[22] | A turritellid gastropod.  |
Concholepas | C. concholepas | Los Clarines  | "Three shells."[22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
Crassilabrum | C. crassilabrum | Los Clarines  | "Eight shells."[22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
Crepidula | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Shell fragments."[17] | A calyptraeid gastropod.  |
Crepipatella | C. dilata | Los Clarines  | "Multiple shells."[22] | A calyptraeird gastropod.  |
Felicioliva | F. peruviana | Lomas del Sauce  | "Multiple shells and internal molds."[22] | An olivid gastropod.  |
Fissurella | Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Two shells."[22] | A fissurellid gastropod.  |
Fusinus | cf. F. remondi | Quebrada El Culebrón  | "Shell."[18] | A fasciolariid gastropod.  |
Herminespina | H. mirabilis | Los Clarines  | "One shell."[22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
H. philippii | Los Clarines  | "Twelve shells."[22] | A muricid gastropod.  |
Incatella | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Shells."[12][22] | A turritellid gastropod.  |
I. cingulata | Los Clarines  | "Five shells."[22] | A turritellid gastropod.  |
I. cingulatiformis | Los Clarines  | "Fifteen shells."[22] | A turritellid gastropod.  |
Nassarius | Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | "Three shells."[22] | A buccinid gastropod.  |
cf. Neverita | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Partial internal mold."[12][22] | A naticid gastropod.  |
Oliva | O. peruviana | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | An olivid gastropod.  |
Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | An olivid gastropod.  |
Prisogaster | P. niger | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Several shells."[22] | A turbinid gastropod.  |
Rissoina | R. inca | Los Clarines  | "Two shells."[22] | A naticid gastropod.  |
Trochita | T. trochiformis | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines  | "Multiple shells."[22] | A calyptraeird gastropod.  |
Indeterminate  | Los Clarines  | A calyptraeird gastropod.  |
Turritella | T. leptogramma | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Shells and coquinas."[17] | A turritellid gastropod.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Shells."[17] | A turritellid gastropod.  |
Xanthochorus | cf. X. cassidiformis | Quebrada El Culebrón  | "Single shell."[18] | A muricid gastropod.  |

#### Invertebrate traces

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Macaronichnus | M. segregatus | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Small and sinuous burrows."[17] | Invertebrate trace fossil.  |
Ophiomorpha | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Burrows."[17] | Invertebrate trace fossil.  |
Skolithos | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Burrows."[17] | Invertebrate trace fossil.  |
Thalassinoides | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Tongoy  | "Burrows."[17] | Invertebrate trace fossil.  |

#### Ostracods

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Ostracoda indet.  | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | Not specified.[20] | An ostracod.  |

### Vertebrates

#### Birds

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Diomedeidae indet.  | Indeterminate  | Chañaral de Aceituno  | "Partial right tarsometatarsus."[34] | An albatross.  |
Eudyptes?  | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A penguin.  |
cf. Palaeospheniscus | Indeterminate  | La Cantera  | "Partial right humerus."[35] | A penguin.  |
Phalacrocorax | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Fragmentary left femur".[11][12] | A cormorant.  | File:Aalscholver Phalacrocorax carbo Jos Zwarts 2.tif
Spheniscidae indet.  | Indeterminate  | La Cantera  | "Synsacrum fragment."[35] | A penguin.  |
Spheniscus | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo, Chañaral de Aceituno  | Not specified.[34][36] | A penguin.  |

#### Cetaceans

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Balaenopteridae indet.  | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Two partial skeletons and a single skull."[12] | A baleen whale.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | "Isolated and sometimes articulated remains."[36] | A baleen whale.  |
Balaenidae indet.  | Indeterminate  | Parque El Culebrón  | "Two partial skeletons with skulls."[8] | A baleen whale. Formerly interpreted as balaenopterid whale remains.[7] Reported material was not collected.[8] |
Cetacea indet.  | Indeterminate  | Puerto de Coquimbo  | "Four dorsal vertebrae."[37] | A whale.  |
Cetotheriidae indet.  | Indeterminate  | Quebrada Carrizalillo  | "Single basicranium."[38] | A baleen whale.  |
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | "Isolated and sometimes articulated remains."[36] | A baleen whale.  |
Plesiobalaenoptera | P. hubachi | Bahía Herradura de Guayacán  | "Nearly complete skeleton."[39] | A baleen whale. Formation of origin not stated, but it is likely the Coquimbo Formation.[40] Previously known as "Megaptera", the species is not related to Megaptera,[41] and is now assigned to Plesiobalaenoptera.[42] |
Pliopontos | Indeterminate  | Bahía Herradura  | "Partial vertebral column and ribs."[43] | A toothed whale.  |
Squalodon?  | Indeterminate  | La Herradura  | "Vertebrae and ribs."[44][45] | A toothed whale. Formerly interpreted as Delphinus sp.[44] |

#### Fish

##### Bony fish

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Carangidae indet.  | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | "Mostly vertebrae."[36] | A carangid fish.  |
Elasmobranchii indet.  | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | "Teeth."[20] | An elasmobranch fish.  |
Sparus | cf. S. aurata | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A sea bream fish (the gilt-head bream).  | Error creating thumbnail:
Teleostei indet.  | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Guanaqueros  | "Teeth."[20] | A teleost fish.  |
Thunnus | Indeterminate  | El Rincón  | "Single caudal vertebra."[46] | A scombrid fish.  |

#### Eels

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Genypterus | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | An ophidiid eel.  |

##### Rays

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Aetobatus | Indeterminate  | El Rincón  | "Lower dental plate."[46] | A myliobatid ray.  |
Aetomylaeus | Indeterminate  | Quebrada Honda  | "Dental plates."[47] | A myliobatid ray.  | Error creating thumbnail:
Dasyatis | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Ten teeth."[22] | A dasyatid ray.  |
Dipturus | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A rajid ray.  |
Myliobatis | Indeterminate  | La Cantera Baja, Lomas del Sauce  | "Six teeth."[12][24] | A myliobatid ray.  |

##### Sharks

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Carcharhinus | Indeterminate  | La Cantera Baja, La Cantera  | "Three teeth."[24] | A carcharhinid shark.  |
Carcharodon | C. carcharias | Bahía de Tongoy, Bahía de Carrizalillo, Caleta Chañaral, La Cantera Baja, La Herradura, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada Camarones, Quebrada El Culebrón, Quebrada Las Rosas.  | "Multiple teeth."[17][12][24][19][36] | A large lamnid shark (the great white shark).  |
C. plicatilis | El Rincón  | "Upper lateral tooth."[24] | A lamnid shark.  |
aff. Centroselachus | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A somniosid shark.  | Error creating thumbnail:
Cetorhinus | C. maximus | El Rincón  | "Single tooth."[46] | A cetorhinid shark (the basking shark).  | Error creating thumbnail:
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A cetorhinid shark.  |
Cosmopolitodus | C. hastalis | Bahía de Tongoy, Bahía de Carrizalillo, El Rincón  | "Teeth."[46][17][36] | A lamnid shark. Reported as Isurus hastalis.[46] |
Galeorhinus | G. galeus | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A triakid shark (the school shark).  | Error creating thumbnail:
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A triakid shark.  |
Heterodontus | ex. gr. H. francisci | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A heterodontid shark.  |
H. francisci?  | Lomas del Sauce, Los Clarines, Quebrada Camarones  | "Numerous teeth."[28] | A heterodontid shark (the horn shark).  | Error creating thumbnail:
Hexanchus | cf. H. griseus | La Cantera Baja, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada el Culebrón, Quebrada Las Rosas  | "Six teeth."[12][24] | A hexanchid shark (the bluntnose sixgill shark).  | Error creating thumbnail:
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A hexanchid shark.  |
Isurus | cf. I. oxyrinchus | Caleta Chañaral, Caleta Los Hornos, La Herradura  | "Four teeth."[24] | A lamnid shark.  |
I. oxyrinchus | Lomas del Sauce, El Rincón  | "Teeth."[46][22] | A lamnid shark (shortfin mako).  |
Lamniformes indet.  | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | Not specified.[12] | A mackerel shark.  |
Odontaspis | O. ferox | La Cantera Baja  | "Lateral tooth."[24] | An odontaspidid shark.  |
Otodus | O. megalodon | Punta de Choros, Quebrada El Culebrón, Quebrada Chañaral de Aceitunas  | "Four teeth."[24] | A giant otodontid shark (the megalodon). Formerly identified as Carcharocles.[24] |
Prionace | P. glauca | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A carcharhinid shark (the blue shark).  | Error creating thumbnail:
Pristiophorus | Indeterminate.  | Bahía de Carrizalillo, La Cantera Baja, La Herradura, Lomas del Sauce, Quebrada Las Rosas  | "Several teeth."[12][24][36] | A sawshark.  |
Squalus | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | Not specified.[36] | A squalid shark.  | Error creating thumbnail:
Squatina | Indeterminate  | Lomas del Sauce  | "Six teeth."[22] | A hexanchid shark.  |

#### Seals

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Otariidae indet.  | Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | "Right dentary."[36] | An otariid seal.  |

#### Sloths

Genus  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Thalassocnus | T. carolomartini | Lomas del Sauce  | "Partial postcranial skeleton lacking skull."[14] | A nothrotheriid ground sloth.  | Error creating thumbnail:
Indeterminate  | Bahía de Carrizalillo  | "Isolated remains."[36] | A nothrotheriid ground sloth.  |

## See also

* Calvert Formation
* Dos Bocas Formation
* Gaiman Formation
* Purisima Formation

## References

1. ↑ Darwin, C. R. (1846). "CHAPTER VIII - NORTHERN CHILE: CONCLUSION". Geological Observations on South America: Being the Third Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the Command of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N. during the Years 1832 to 1836. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128−129. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511910180.010.
2. ↑ Steinmann, G. (1895). "Das Auftreten und Alter der Quiriquina-Schichten" (in de). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 10: 64−94.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Martínez-Pardo, R. (1979). "Hallazgo de Foraminiferos Miocenicos cerca de Puerto Aldea, Bahia de Tongoy, Provincia de Coquimbo, Chile". Revista Geológica de Chile (8): 65−78. https://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V6n2-a03/pdf.
4. ↑ Moscoso, R. D.; Nasi, C.; Salinas, P. (1982). "Geología de la hoja Vallenar y parte norte de La Serena, Regiones de Atacama y Coquimbo". Carta Geológica de Chile (55): 1−100.
5. ↑ "De nuevo El Culebrón es un basura". Diario La Región. 2018. https://www.diariolaregion.cl/de-nuevo-el-culebron-es-basural/.
6. ↑ "Nuevo operativo en Parque El Culebrón busca generar conciencia medio ambiental en la población". Municipalidad de Coquimbo. 2023. https://www.municoquimbo.cl/index.php/noticias/8082-nuevo-operativo-en-parque-el-culebron-busca-generar-conciencia-medio-ambiental-en-la-poblacion.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Salinas, P. Z. (1988). "Hallazgo de cetáceos fósiles (Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae) en la ciudad de Coquimbo, Chile". Revista Geológica de Chile 15 (1): 89−94. https://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V15n1-a07/pdf.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Yañez, J.; Canto, J. (1991). "Rectificación de la determinación de cetáceos fósiles de Coquimbo, Chile". Revista Geológica de Chile 18 (2): 181−182. https://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V18n2-a08/2698.
9. ↑ "Designado "Geositio" por la Sociedad de Geología de Chile: Reconocen formalmente el patrimonio científico y cultural del Parque Culebrón de Coquimbo". Centro de Estudios en Zonas Áridas. 2021. https://www.ceaza.cl/2021/07/30/reconocen-patrimonio-cientifico-cultural-parque-culebron/.
10. ↑ "Reconocen alto valor geológico y paleontológico de parque El Culebrón". El Día. 2021. https://www.diarioeldia.cl/region/2021/8/1/reconocen-alto-valor-geologico-paleontologico-de-parque-el-culebron-82176.html.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 de los Arcos, S.; Pérez, L.; Rincón, I.; Gil, C.; Mourgues, A.; Chávez-Hoffmeister, M.; Severino, S.; Partarrieu, D. et al. (2014). "Nuevo Yacimiento Paleontológico del Plioceno de la Formación Coquimbo". IV Simposio Paleontología en Chile. Valdivia: Universidad Austral de Chile. p. 86. https://www.achp.cl/manejador/resources/libro-de-resumenes-iv-simposio-paleontologia-en-chile-valdivia-2014.pdf.
12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26 12.27 12.28 12.29 12.30 12.31 12.32 12.33 12.34 12.35 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.39 12.40 12.41 Partarrieu, D.; de los Arcos, S.; Mourgues, A. F.; Amson, E.; Severino, S. (2015). El yacimiento paleontológico Lomas del Sauce, Plioceno de la Formación Coquimbo: experiencia y perspectivas. Bioestratigrafía y Paleontología Andina. Congreso Geológico Chileno. pp. 652−655. https://catalogobiblioteca.sernageomin.cl/Archivos/14905_v3_pp_652_655.pdf.
13. ↑ de los Arcos, S.; Partarrieu, D.; Carrillo-Briceño, J.; Amson, E. (2016). "Dos nuevas localidades con restos del perezoso marino Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada) en sedimentos Pliocenos de las Formaciones Coquimbo y Horcón, Chile Norte y Central". V Simposio Paleontología en Chile. Concepción: Universidad Austral de Chile. pp. 82−84. https://www.achp.cl/manejador/resources/libro-de-resmenes-v-simposio-paleo-en-chile.pdf.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 de los Arcos, S.; Partarrieu, D.; Carrillo-Briceño, J.; Amson, E. (2017). "The Southernmost Occurrence of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada) in Two New Pliocene Localities in Chile". Ameghiniana 54 (4): 351−369. doi:10.5710/AMGH.29.12.2016.3004. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/144783/1/amgh.29.12.2016.3004.pdf.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Le Roux, J. P.; Gómez, C.; Fenner, J.; Middleton, H. (2004). "Sedimentological processes in a scarp-controlled rocky shoreline to upper continental slope environment, as revealed by unusual sedimentary features in the Neogene Coquimbo Formation, north-central Chile". Sedimentary Geology 165 (1-2): 67−92. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.11.006. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223032508.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Le Roux, J. P.; Gómez, C.; Venegas, C.; Fenner, J.; Middleton, H.; Marchant, M.; Buchbinder, B.; Frassinetti, D. et al. (2005). "Neogene-Quaternary coastal and offshore sedimentation in north central Chile: Record of sea-level changes and implications for Andean tectonism". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19 (1): 83−98. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2003.11.003. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222033849.
17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006). "Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile". Sedimentary Geology 184 (1–2): 133–153. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023. Bibcode: 2006SedG..184..133L. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/124905/LeRoux_JP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 González, M. G. (2013). Paleoecología y Estratigrafía de depósitos marinos Neógenos del Norte de Chile: Sistemática Paleontológica de Moluscos y Reconstrucción Paleoambiental (PDF) (Thesis). Valdivia: Universidad Austral de Chile. pp. 1−88.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Villafaña, J. A.; Hernandez, S.; Alvarado, A.; Shimada, K.; Pimiento, C.; Rivadeneira, M. M.; Kriwet, J. (2020). "First evidence of a palaeo-nursery area of the great white shark". Scientific Reports 10 (8502). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65101-1. PMID 32444686. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10.8502V.
20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 Araya, S. C.; Araya, B. A.; Antiquera, B.; Gonzales, M. T.; Oyanadel, P. U.; Rivadeneira, M. M.; Villafaña, J. (2024). "Ensambles de microfósiles para la determinación de paleoambientes en sedimentos Neógenos de la Bahía de Guanaqueros, norte de Chile". Libro de resúmenes. Copiapó: III Congeso Chileno de Paleontología. p. 128. https://www.congresopaleo.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/libro-resumen_Ver_2.2.pdf.
21. ↑ García, C. A. L. (2019). Análisis de facies de sedimentos neógenos marinos en Coquimbo (30°S), Chile: significado paleoambiental e implicancias tectónicas (Thesis) (in español). Santiago: Universidad de Chile. hdl:2250/170934.
22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 22.23 22.24 22.25 22.26 22.27 22.28 22.29 22.30 22.31 22.32 22.33 22.34 22.35 22.36 22.37 22.38 22.39 22.40 22.41 22.42 22.43 22.44 22.45 22.46 22.47 22.48 22.49 22.50 22.51 22.52 22.53 22.54 22.55 22.56 22.57 22.58 22.59 22.60 22.61 22.62 22.63 22.64 22.65 22.66 22.67 22.68 22.69 Partarrieu, D. M. B. (2022). Estratigrafía y paleoecología de sedimentos fosilíferos marinos Neógeno-Cuaternarios en Coquimbo, Chile (30°S) (PhD thesis) (in español). Santiago: Universidad de Chile. doi:10.58011/45q1-je21. hdl:2250/187721.
23. ↑ Rincón, I.; Nielsen, S. N.; Rivadeneira, M.; Chávez, M. (2024). "Análisis tafonómico de fósiles de vertebrados de la Formación Coquimbo en el sector de Quebrada Chañaral, Región de Atacama, Chile". Libro de resúmenes. Copiapó: III Congeso Chileno de Paleontología. p. 141. https://www.congresopaleo.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/libro-resumen_Ver_2.2.pdf.
24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 Staig, F.; Hernández, S.; López, P.; Villafaña, J. A.; Varas, C.; Soto, L. P.; Carrillo-Briceño, J. D. (2015). "Late Neogene Elasmobranch Fauna From The Coquimbo Formation, Chile". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18 (2): 261−272. doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.2.07. https://www.sbpbrasil.org/assets/uploads/files/07_Staig_et_al_pg261a272_site.pdf.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Leonard, E. M.; Wehmiller, J. F. (1992). "Low uplift rates and terrace reoccupation inferred from mollusk aminostratigraphy, Coquimbo Bay area, Chile". Quaternary Research 38 (2): 246−259. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(92)90060-V. https://www.academia.edu/30410554.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Araya, B.; Urbina, P. O.; Partarrieu, D.; Villafaña, J. A.; Brellenthin, P. C.; Medina, J. C.; Rivadeneira, M. M. (2021). "Preliminary comparative stratigraphic analysis between the Coquimbo Formation and the Bahía Inglesa Formation, northern Chile". 35th IAS Meeting of Sedimentology. Prague: Palacký University Olomouc. p. 29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352716264.
27. ↑ Araya, B. A.; Rivadeneira, M. M.; Urbina, P. O.; Tejos, M. G.; Castillo, S. A.; Villafaña, J.; Antiquera, B.; Mora, Y. H. et al. (2024). "Propuesta estratigráfica y paleontológica para Formación Coquimbo, norte de Chile". Libro de resúmenes. Copiapó: III Congeso Chileno de Paleontología. p. 129. https://www.congresopaleo.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/libro-resumen_Ver_2.2.pdf.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Partarrieu, D.; Villafaña, J. A.; Pinto, L.; Mourgues, F. A.; Oyanadel-Urbina, P. A.; Rivadeneira, M. M.; Carrillo-Briceño, J. D. (2018). "Neogene 'Horn Sharks' Heterodontus (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Southeastern Pacific and Their Paleoenvironmental Significance". Ameghiniana 55 (6). doi:10.5710/AMGH.19.10.2018.3202. https://paleolab.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Partarrieu-et-al.-2018.pdf.
29. ↑ Quiñones, S. I.; Zurita, A. E.; Miño-Boilini, Á. R.; Candela, A. M.; Luna, C. A. (2022). "Unexpected record of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) in the upper Neogene of the Puna (Jujuy, Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 42 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2109973. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2022JVPal..42E9973Q.
30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 30.17 30.18 30.19 30.20 Martínez-Pardo, R.; Perez, R. C. (1980). "Microfósiles silíceos de las diatomitas de Tongoy, provincia de Coquimbo, Chile: su significado biocronoestratigráfico, biocronogeológico, paleoecológico y paleogeográfico". Revista Geológica de Chile (10): 33−53. https://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V7n2-a03/pdf.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Carriol, R.-P.; Schneider, S. (2013). "New species of fossil sessile barnacles (Verrucidae, Tetraclitidae) from the Pliocene of central Chile". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 270 (3): 233−244. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0365. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simon-Schneider-13/publication/259296387_New_species_of_fossil_sessile_barnacles_Verrucidae_Tetraclitidae_from_the_Pliocene_of_central_Chile/links/5ab0e5d1a6fdcc1bc0be7789/New-species-of-fossil-sessile-barnacles-Verrucidae-Tetraclitidae-from-the-Pliocene-of-central-Chile.pdf.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Santelli, M. B.; Río, C. J. (2019). "New Neogene taxa of the tribe Chlamydini Teppner, 1922 (Pectinidae, Bivalvia) of southern South America". Journal of Paleontology 93 (6): 1088−1104. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.50.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Alvarez, M. J. (2019). "Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Retrotapes del Río, 1997 (Bivalvia, Veneridae) and systematic analysis of its taxa from Chile". Journal of Paleontology 93 (4): 685−701. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.110.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Chávez, M. (2007). "Fossil birds of Chile and Antarctic Peninsula". Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 65 (4): 551−572. ISSN 0365-4508. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258566462.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Hospitaleche, C. A.; Canto, J.; Tambussi, C. P. (2006). "Pingüinos (Aves, Spheniscidae) en Coquimbo (Mioceno medio-Plioceno tardío), Chile y su vinculación con las corrientes oceánicas". Revista Española de Paleontología 21 (2): 115−121. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jhoann-Canto-Hernandez/publication/228867279_PINGUINOS_AVES_SPHENISCIDAE_EN_COQUIMBO_MIOCENO_MEDIO-PLIOCENO_TARDIO_CHILE_Y_SU_VINCULACION_CON_LAS_CORRIENTES/links/00b7d51bb1682df97e000000/PINGUeINOS-AVES-SPHENISCIDAE-EN-COQUIMBO-MIOCENO-MEDIO-PLIOCENO-TARDIO-CHILE-Y-SU-VINCULACION-CON-LAS-CORRIENTES.pdf.
36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 Hoffmeister, M. C.; Toro, A. V.; Villafaña, J.; Oyanadel, P.; Carrillo, J.; Rincón, I.; Rivadeneira, M. (2024). "Los vertebrados fósiles del Plioceno de Bahía Carrizalillo, Región de Atacama, Chile". Libro de resúmenes. Copiapó: III Congeso Chileno de Paleontología. p. 138. https://www.congresopaleo.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/libro-resumen_Ver_2.2.pdf.
37. ↑ Montero, A.; Diéguez, C. (1998). "Datos para la Paleontología Chilena: La Paleontología en la expedición Heuland a Chile y Perú (1795-1800)". Asclepio 50 (1): 69−78. doi:10.3989/asclepio.1998.v50.i1.351. https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/133247/1/Asclepio 1998 50(1)69-78.pdf.
38. ↑ Gutstein, C.; Horwitz, F.; Valenzuela-Toro, A. M.; Figueroa-Bravo, C. P. (2015). "Cetáceos fósiles de Chile: Contexto evolutivo y paleobiogeográfico". Vertebrados Fósiles de Chile. Santiago: Publicación Ocasional del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. pp. 339−383. https://publicaciones.mnhn.gob.cl/668/w3-article-71120.html.
39. ↑ Dathe, F. (1983). "Megaptera hubachi n. sp., ein fossiler Bartenwal aus marinen Sandsteinschichten des tieferen Pliozäns Chiles" (in German). Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 11 (7): 813−848.
40. ↑ Marx, F. G.; Fordyce, E. R. (2015). "Baleen boom and bust: a synthesis of mysticete phylogeny, diversity and disparity". Royal Society Open Science 2 (4). doi:10.1098/rsos.140434. PMID 26064636. Supplemental Material
41. ↑ Bisconti, M. (2010). "New description of "Megaptera" hubachi Dathe, 1983 based on the holotype skeleton held in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin". Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale di Livorno 23: 37−68. https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112734id_/http://musmed.provincia.livorno.it/fileadmin/museo/Quaderni/23/Bisconti.pdf.
42. ↑ Bisconti, M.; Damarco, P.; Pavia, M.; Sorce, B.; Carnevale, G. (2021). "Marzanoptera tersillae, a new balaenopterid genus and species from the Pliocene of Piedmont, north-west Italy". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (4): 1253–1292. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa131.
43. ↑ Canto, J. H.; Crovetto, A.; Covacevich, V. (2002). "Hallazgo de Pliopontos sp. (Cetacea: Pontoporiidae) en el Neógeno de Chile". Noticiario Mensual del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 350: 28−37. https://publicaciones.mnhn.gob.cl/668/articles-66737_archivo_01.pdf.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Oliver, C. S. (1926). "Lista preliminar de los mamíferos fósiles de Chile". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30: 144−156. https://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1926/1/Oliver_1926a.pdf.
45. ↑ Oliver, C. S. (1935). "Mamíferos fósiles de Chile: Adiciones y correcciones a una lista preliminar". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 39: 297−304. https://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1935/1/Oliver_1935.pdf.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Long, D. J. (1993). "Late Miocene and Early Pliocene fish assemblages from the north coast of Chile". Tertiary Research 14 (3): 117−126. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261951369.
47. ↑ Villafaña, J. A.; Marramà, G.; Hernandez, S.; Carrillo-Briceño, J. D.; Hovestadt, D.; Kindlimann, R.; Kriwet, J. (2019). "The Neogene fossil record of Aetomylaeus (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatidae) from the southeastern Pacific". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577251. PMID 31709025. PMC 6817319. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02724634.2019.1577251.

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