Dakhla Formation

Short description: _Dakhla

Dakhla Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian

PreЄ

Type| Geological formation
Sub-units|

* Ammonite Hill Member[1]
* Baris Oyster Mudstone Member[2]
* Beida Shale Member[3]
* Kharga Shale Member[2]

Underlies| Tarawan Formation[4]
Overlies| Duwi Formation[4]
Thickness| 230 meters[4]
Lithology
Primary| Shale[4]
Other| Marl, Phosphorite
Location
Country|  Egypt

The Dakhla Formation is a Maastrichtian-Danian geologic formation in Egypt.[4] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Fossil content
* 1.1 Reptiles
* 1.1.1 Dinosaurs
* 1.1.2 Mosasaurs
* 1.1.3 Testudines
* 1.2 Fish
* 1.3 Invertebrates
* 1.3.1 Bivalves
* 1.4 Plants
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 3.1 Bibliography

## Fossil content

### Reptiles

#### Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Dakhla Formation

Genus | Species | Presence  | Material | Notes | Images
Sauropoda |  | Ammonite Hill Member.[6] | A left femur (Vb-646).[6] | Most similar to femurs of Brachiosaurus or Saltasaurus.[6] |

#### Mosasaurs

Mosasaurs reported from the Dakhla Formation

Genus | Species | Presence  | Material | Notes | Images
Globidens | G. phosphaticus | Beris Oyster Mudstone Member.[2] | A single tooth crown (CUNV0011).[2] | A mosasaurine.  |

Mosasaurinae | Indeterminate  | Beris Oyster Mudstone Member.[2] | A fragmentary small dentary with a single tooth (CUNV0012).[2] | A mosasaurine.  |

#### Testudines

Testudines reported from the Dakhla Formation

Genus | Species | Presence  | Material | Notes | Images
Arenila | A. krebsi | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Partial skull.[7] | A bothremydid turtle.  |
?Cf. A. krebsi | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Partial dorsal shell & right pelvis.[7] | A bothremydid turtle.  |
Bothremydidae | Undetermined large forms  | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Nuchal bone, left pleuron & partial plastron of one individual.[7] | A large bothremydid turtle, with a shell length of 70 to 80 centimeters.[7] |
Panchelonioidea | Gen. et. sp. indet.  | Ammonite Hill Member.[8] | Humerus (NVP010).[8] | A giant marine turtle.  |
Taphrosphys | T. cf. sulcatus | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Anterior part of dorsal shell & partial dorsal shell with partial anterior plastral lobe.[7] | A bothremydid turtle.  |
Cf. T. sp.  | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Left first pleural.[7] | A bothremydid turtle.  |
?Aff. Tasbacka | ?Aff. T. sp.  | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Left humerus.[7] | A chelonioid sea turtle.  |

Zolhafah | Z. bella | Ammonite Hill Member.[7] | Skull.[7] | A bothremydid turtle.  |

### Fish

Fish reported from the Dakhla Formation

Genus | Species | Presence  | Material | Notes | Images
Anomoeodus | A. aegypticus | Lower Beris Member.[9] | A single specimen (NVP023).[9] | A pycnodont.  |
Diastemapycnodus | D. tavernensis | Beris Member.[10] | "A single vomer with partial dentition".[10] | A pycnodont.  |

### Invertebrates

#### Bivalves

Bivalves reported from the Dakhla Formation

Genus | Species | Presence  | Material | Notes | Images
Apectoichnus | A. longissimus | Ammonite Hill Member.[1] | Borings in Nypa fruits.[1] | Bivalve borings.  |
Teredolites | T. clavatus | Ammonite Hill Member.[1] | 32 moderately preserved borings (TBT02-33) & two badly preserved specimens (TBT44-45) in Nypa fruits.[1] | Bivalve borings.  |

### Plants

Plants reported from the Dakhla Formation

Genus | Species | Presence  | Material | Notes | Images
Nypa | N. burtinii |  | Fruits & seed casts.[11] | A mangrove palm  |
N. sp.  | Ammonite Hill Member.[1] | Fruits with bivalve borings.[1] | A mangrove palm.  |

## See also

* List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
* List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 El Hedeny, M.; Kassab, W.; Rashwan, M.; Abu El-Kheir, G.; AbdelGawad, M. (2020-07-01). "Bivalve borings in Maastrichtian fossilNypafruits: Dakhla Formation, Bir Abu Minqar, South Western Desert, Egypt". Ichnos 28 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1080/10420940.2020.1784158. ISSN 1042-0940. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339002137.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 AbdelGawad, Mohamed K.; Abu El-Kheir, Gebely A.; Kassab, Walid G. (September 2021). "The youngest records of mosasaurid reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous of the South-Western Desert in Egypt". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 132 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2021.07.004. ISSN 0016-7878. Bibcode: 2021PrGA..132..556A. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354793174.
3. ↑ "UPPER DAKHLA FORMATION ( BEIDA SHALE MEMBER) AT G. DUWI, RED SEA, EGYPT: MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS | Faculty of Science". https://www.aun.edu.eg/science/upper-dakhla-formation-beida-shale-member-g-duwi-red-sea-egypt-mineralogical-and-geochemical.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Anan, Tarek I.; Abd El-Wahed, Ahmed G. (2017-12-15). "The Maastrichtian-Danian Dakhla Formation, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Utilization in manufacturing lightweight aggregates" (in en). Applied Clay Science 150: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.027. ISSN 0169-1317. Bibcode: 2017ApCS..150...10A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131717303782.
5. ↑ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517–607.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Rauhut, Oliver W M; Werner, Christa (January 1997). "First record of a Maastrichtian sauropod dinosaur from Egypt". Palaeontolgia Africana 34: 63–67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235907515.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 de Lapparent, France; Werner, Christa (April 1998). "New Late Cretaceous turtles from the Western Desert, Egypt". Annales de Paléontologie 84 (2): 131–214. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(98)80005-0. Bibcode: 1998AnPal..84..131D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240435581.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Abu El-Kheir, G. A.-M.; AbdelGawad, M. K.; Kassab, W. G. (2021). "First known gigantic sea turtle from the Maastrichtian deposits in Egypt". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 (2): 349–355. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app008492020.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Capasso, Luigi; Abu El-kheir, Gebely Abdelmaksoud; Mousa, Mohamed Kamel; Tantawy, Abdel Aziz (December 2021). "ANOMOEODUS AEGYPTICUS N. SP. (PISCES, †PYCNODONTIFORMES) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF THE DAKHLA FORMATION, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT". Thalassia Salentina (43): 89–104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357930651.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Abu El-Kheir; Tantawy; Mousa; Wahba; Capasso (2022-12-02). "Diastemapycnodus tavernensis gen. et sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, †Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of the Dakhla Formation, Western Desert, Egypt". Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology 34 (12): 2324–2331. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2014482. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/ghbi/2022/00000034/00000012/art00007.
11. ↑ El-Soughier, Maher I.; Mehrotra, R.C.; Zhou, Zhi-Yan; Shi, Gong-Le (January 2011). "Nypa fruits and seeds from the Maastrichtian–Danian sediments of Bir Abu Minqar, South Western Desert, Egypt". Palaeoworld 20 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2010.09.016. ISSN 1871-174X. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251707921.

### Bibliography

* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN:0-520-24209-2.

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