Deep state

Short description: Covert government networks

For other uses, see Earth:Deep state (disambiguation).

Deep state[1] is a term used for (real or imaginary) unauthorized secret networks of power operating within a government but independent of its political leadership, in pursuit of their own agendas and goals.

Although the term originated in Turkey ("Derin Devlet"),[2][3][4] various interpretations of the concept have emerged in other national contexts. In some, "deep state" is used to refer to perceived shadowy conspiracies, while in others it describes concerns about the enduring influence of military, intelligence, and bureaucratic institutions on democratic governance. In many cases, the perception of a deep state is shaped by historical events, political struggles, and the balance of power within government institutions.

The use of the term has expanded beyond political science into popular culture, journalism and conspiracy theories, reflecting a broad range of beliefs about hidden networks of power operating behind the scenes. Particularly after the 2016 United States presidential election, deep state became much more widely used as a pejorative term alluding to a conspiracy theory in the United States scurrilously promoted by both the Donald Trump administration and conservative-leaning media outlets.[5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Precursors of the deep state concept
* 2.1 Witchcraft and demonic conspiracies
* 2.2 Secret societies and political subversion
* 2.3 Capitalism, financial institutions, and anti-semitism
* 2.4 The deep state as a political weapon
* 2.5 Cold War narratives
* 3 Deep state by country
* 3.1 China
* 3.2 Egypt
* 3.3 Germany
* 3.4 Iran
* 3.5 Israel
* 3.6 India
* 3.7 Italy
* 3.8 Middle East & North Africa
* 3.9 Pakistan
* 3.10 Russia
* 3.11 Turkey
* 3.12 United Kingdom
* 3.13 United States
* 3.13.1 Trump's second term plan: dismantling the "deep state"
* 3.14 Venezuela
* 3.15 Other alleged cases
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Etymology

The term "deep state" is a direct calque of the Turkish phrase derin devlet (lit. deep state). It originally emerged in Turkey to describe an alleged network of military, intelligence, and bureaucratic elements operating independently of elected officials to maintain a particular ideological or political status quo.[4]

While the exact origins of the term are debated, some historians suggest that the concept of a "deep state" in Turkey dates back to the early years of the republic, referring to informal power structures within the military and bureaucracy. Others argue that the modern interpretation is more closely tied to the Cold War era, when covert operations were conducted to prevent political instability and counter Soviet influence.[7]

The idea of a "deep state" is not exclusive to Turkey. Many countries have had similar concepts describing secretive power structures operating behind the scenes. Although the terminology varies, the idea often refers to military, intelligence, or bureaucratic networks that exert control beyond the reach of democratic institutions.[citation needed]

## Precursors of the deep state concept

The idea of hidden networks exerting secret control over governments has historical precedents that predate the modern concept of a deep state. Throughout history, societies have expressed fears about hidden enemies, clandestine groups and secretive bureaucratic or military forces undermining legitimate governance. While these fears have varied across time periods, they share common themes of suspicion toward unaccountable power, conspiratorial networks, and elite control.[8]Template:Unreliable inline

### Witchcraft and demonic conspiracies

Witches offering wax dolls to the Devil as part of a sinister ritual in the History of Witches and Wizards (1720)

In Medieval Europe and early modern Europe, the fear of hidden enemies often manifested as suspicions of witchcraft and demonic conspiracies. The Malleus Maleficarum (1487), one of the most influential treatises on witchcraft, codified the idea that witches formed an organized, clandestine network working to subvert Christian society. This idea fueled mass hysteria, leading to witch trials and inquisitions across Europe and colonial North America, where authorities used such accusations to suppress dissent and reinforce state and church control.[9]

Yuval Noah Harari notes that this fear of hidden enemies parallels some modern deep-state conspiracy theories, particularly QAnon, which similarly portray a secret, malevolent network engaged in satanic rituals, child sacrifice, and efforts to corrupt society. Just as the Malleus Maleficarum claimed witches formed pacts with the Devil to abduct and sacrifice children, QAnon alleges that political elites participate in global child trafficking rings to harvest "adrenochrome", a real and easily-synthesised compound mythologised in popular culture into a sinister drug obtainable only from the glands of a living human body. According to Harari, both narratives rely on circular reasoning—where denial is seen as further proof of guilt—and justify extreme actions. Rooted in apocalyptic and dualistic thinking, these conspiracies frame political conflicts as battles between good and evil, reinforcing authority by channeling societal anxieties into moral panics that demand the purging of hidden enemies.[9]

### Secret societies and political subversion

William Hogarth’s The Mystery of Masonry Brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724) satirizes Freemasonry, depicting a chaotic procession led by the Emperor of China and Confucius. The etching mocks Masonic claims of ancient wisdom and secret influence through absurd rituals and exaggerated imagery.

During the Age of Enlightenment, fears of hidden power structures evolved from supernatural enemies into concerns about elite networks influencing governance. The Freemasons and the Bavarian Illuminati became subjects of conspiracy theories, accused of manipulating political systems from behind the scenes.[8][10]

The German Enlightenment thinker Christoph Martin Wieland explored these concerns in his 1788 work The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans. Wieland speculated on how secret organizations, often claiming to work in the public interest, might instead become a state within a state, subverting legitimate political institutions. His work reflects broader Enlightenment-era concerns about the influence of clandestine societies on governance. While Wieland did not advocate conspiracy theories, he critically examined the tension between secret power structures and public accountability.[11][non-primary source needed]

These fears intensified after the French Revolution (1789–1799), when some political factions accused secret societies of engineering political upheaval. Governments across Europe and North America responded with restrictive policies against fraternal organizations and underground political groups, reflecting anxieties about hidden forces shaping national affairs.[12]

### Capitalism, financial institutions, and anti-semitism

Bosses of the Senate (1889) by Joseph Keppler depicts monopolists towering over senators, symbolizing corporate dominance in the Gilded Age. A sign behind them reads, "This is the Senate of the Monopolists by the Monopolists for the Monopolists," highlighting political corruption and elite influence.

The 19th century marked a turning point in human history, as capitalism and global financial institutions reshaped political power. As Harari argues in Social:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, capitalism thrives on the shared belief in financial systems, credit, and economic growth—a shift that allowed banks, corporations, and private capital to exert unprecedented influence over governments and society.[13] This transformation led to widespread fears that financial elites had supplanted traditional political authority, embedding themselves as a permanent and unaccountable ruling class.[14] Financial crisis like the Panic of 1873 reinforced fears that unelected financial elites dictated economic policy, prioritizing their own interests over national stability.[14][15]

While earlier deep-state concerns mostly centered on secret societies like the Freemasons and Illuminati, new narratives falsely alleged that Jewish financiers and banking elites controlled global politics and economies. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fabricated document first circulated in the late 19th century, reinforced these claims by depicting a secret Jewish cabal manipulating world affairs.[16] During the 1848 European Revolutions and the Paris Commune of 1871, reactionary groups accused Jewish bankers—particularly the Rothschild family—of using financial influence to destabilize governments and promote revolutionary change. These accusations paralleled broader fears that unelected elites exerted control beyond public accountability.[17]

Economic power remains a core element of modern deep-state concerns. The Federal Reserve, IMF, and World Economic Forum (WEF) are frequently criticized for shaping global financial policies beyond democratic oversight.[18][19]

### The deep state as a political weapon

Antisemitic propaganda poster from German-occupied Serbia (1941), depicting a stereotyped Jewish figure holding scales balancing communism and capitalism. The text translates: "Who will be heaviest? No one! Because the Jew holds the scale." Such imagery promoted harmful conspiracy narratives alleging hidden Jewish control over world affairs.

The early 20th century was marked by political and social upheaval, fueling anxieties about hidden power structures manipulating government affairs. As states faced revolution, war, and economic crises, leaders increasingly warned of shadowy elites and internal conspiracies to justify crackdowns on political opposition and civil liberties. While concerns about entrenched influence within bureaucracies, militaries, and financial institutions were sometimes valid, governments often exploited these fears to consolidate power, suppress dissent, and expand authoritarian control under the guise of protecting democracy.[20]

One of the most prominent deep state narratives emerged in response to the Russian Revolution of 1917. The sudden collapse of the Russian Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks' rise to power fueled speculation that the revolution was orchestrated by secretive forces rather than the result of social and economic tensions. Some anti-Bolshevik factions promoted the "Judeo-Bolshevik" conspiracy theory, which falsely claimed that Jewish revolutionaries had coordinated the uprising to subvert nations and manipulate governments for power and profit.[21] This theory, though widely discredited, contributed to the broader perception that communist movements were part of an international deep state operating beyond public accountability.[22]

The Nazi regime weaponized fears of hidden power structures to justify brutal crackdowns and eliminate rivals. The Night of the Long Knives (1934) was framed as a defense against internal conspirators, but it was a carefully orchestrated purge to solidify Nazi rule. Unlike the Weimar Republic's flawed but legally bound institutions, the Gestapo, SS, and SD operated without oversight, wielding state power to suppress dissent. By fabricating threats of shadowy elites and internal betrayal, the Nazis legitimized their own unaccountable rule, using the illusion of a deep state to create an openly repressive one.[23]

Similar patterns emerged in Italy and Spain, where authoritarian leaders used deep state rhetoric to justify political crackdowns. Benito Mussolini's government portrayed liberal politicians, socialists, and anti-fascist activists as part of a clandestine force working against national unity. In Francoist Spain, Francisco Franco framed opposition groups as elements of an international conspiracy, using deep state allegations to centralize control and suppress dissent. While both regimes exaggerated the existence of an organized deep state, they also operated within bureaucratic environments where military, judicial, and aristocratic elites retained substantial influence over governance, even as political power formally shifted.[24][25]

Historian Niall Ferguson notes that deep state narratives often emerge in times of crisis, offering simplified explanations for complex events.[26] While sometimes rooted in real power struggles, governments have frequently cultivated these fears to justify repression, using deep state rhetoric to frame ideological subversion as a threat, silence dissent, and expand control—ultimately entrenching the very unaccountable power they claimed to expose.[20]

### Cold War narratives

Members of the Warren Commission convene in 1964 to investigate President John F. Kennedy's assassination. Public skepticism regarding the Commission's conclusions contributed to narratives about a secretive "deep state" influencing government transparency and accountability.

Following World War II, the geopolitical restructuring significantly expanded global intelligence and security networks. The ensuing Cold War heightened fears of clandestine influence within governments, fueling perceptions of secretive power structures—conceptually analogous to the modern "deep state". Although the term frequently appears in United States contexts, similar anxieties independently emerged worldwide, including in Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia.

The Bretton Woods system, established in 1944, shaped global economic governance and fostered suspicion of hidden financial influence exerted by institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. This contributed to narratives of economic elites operating beyond democratic accountability and manipulating national sovereignty.[27]

The postwar era witnessed unprecedented growth in intelligence apparatuses globally. Prominent examples included the Soviet Union's KGB, West Germany's Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), and East Germany's Ministry for State Security (Stasi), each influential in internal surveillance and international espionage, deepening public suspicion regarding hidden bureaucratic influences.[28] The KGB, in particular, wielded power beyond elected officials, militaries, and political organizations in Soviet satellite states, establishing itself as a dominant force that controlled governance through espionage, covert operations, and extensive surveillance, effectively superseding official political structures.[29]

Cold War proxy conflicts reinforced the belief in covert foreign manipulation of national sovereignty. Events such as Indonesia's mass killings of 1965–1966, largely orchestrated by military forces supported by Western intelligence, and the Iran's 1953 coup, carried out by the CIA and British intelligence, reflected intensified fears of hidden international interference and subversion.[30][31]

The emergence of the "military–industrial complex", first publicly articulated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1961, highlighted the relationship between governments, militaries, and defense industries. This complex fostered concerns about unaccountable networks influencing government policy to perpetuate military spending, conflicts, and geopolitical tensions.[32]

Authoritarian and puppet regimes worldwide, including Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser, Brazil during its military dictatorship, and Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, institutionalized intelligence operations, fostering enduring suspicions of covert power structures and hidden governance within ostensibly independent states.[33][34]

## Deep state by country

### China

Journalists[35] and academics[36][37] specializing in Chinese politics and history have noted the parallels between the way Mao's government saw the deep state and the way the Trump administration saw the deep state. American Political scientist Francis Fukuyama has cited America's long-term competition with China as a reason defend the American deep state.[38]

### Egypt

The concept of a deep state in Egypt is frequently associated with the powerful military and intelligence apparatus that has historically influenced the country's political landscape, since 1952. Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, opposition figures accused elements within the military and bureaucracy of working to undermine the elected government. The 2013 military coup led by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was seen by many as an example of the deep state's enduring power in Egypt, ensuring that military and intelligence agencies retained control over key aspects of governance.[39]

In 2013, author Abdul-Azim Ahmed wrote the deep state was being used to refer to Egyptian military/security networks, headed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces after the 2011 Egyptian revolution, basically remnants of the former regime who are combatting the democratic transition. They are "non-democratic leaders within a country" whose power is "independent of any political changes that take place". They are "often hidden beneath layers of bureaucracy" and may not be "in complete control at all times" but have "tangible control of key resources (whether human or financial)". He also wrote: "The 'deep state' is beginning to become short hand for the embedded anti-democratic power structures within a government, something very few democracies can claim to be free from."[40]

### Germany

The idea of a deep state in Germany has historical parallels in intellectual discourse. The Enlightenment writer Christoph Martin Wieland explored concerns about covert networks influencing political power in his 1788 work The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans. Wieland's writing, though fictionalized, anticipated fears that secret societies could establish a state within a state, operating beyond public accountability. His work offers an early literary reflection on the challenges of governance and transparency.[41]

In the post-reunification era, the Reichsbürger movement of far-right extremists continue to reject the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany and assert that the German Reich, which existed prior to 1945, continues to exist, and that this is the real legitimate government. Members of this movement refuse to pay taxes, issue their own identification documents, and often engage in pseudo-legal tactics to assert their views. In December 2022, German authorities foiled a coup plot orchestrated by a group influenced by the Reichsbürger movement and QAnon conspiracy theories. The conspirators aimed to overthrow the German government and install a new regime led by Heinrich XIII Prinz Reuss, a minor aristocrat. The plot involved recruiting former military personnel and stockpiling weapons, intending to use force to achieve their goals. The group had mapped out a new government structure and appointed individuals to cabinet-like roles in anticipation of their success. They sought to cooperate with Russia, though there is no evidence that Russia supported or responded positively to their overtures.[42]

### Iran

In Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) is often considered a significant deep state entity due to its substantial economic, political, and military power. The IRGC operates with considerable autonomy from the elected government and has been involved in various covert operations and influence campaigns. This includes control over significant economic sectors, involvement in foreign military activities, and influence over domestic policy decisions. The IRGC's pervasive influence is seen as a central component of Iran's deep state, shaping both internal and external politics in alignment with its agenda.[43][44][45][46] [unreliable sources]

### Israel

In Israel, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has raised conspiracy theories about a deep state seeking to undermine his government. In May 2020, an article in Haaretz describes how people meeting Netanyahu "have heard lengthy speeches [...] that even though he has been elected repeatedly, in reality, the country is controlled by a 'deep state.'"[47] Netanyahu claimed that his trial on charges of corrupt relations with his friend Arnon Milchan was created by the 'Deep State', and that the fact that then-Finance Minister Yair Lapid was not indicted despite being a friend of Milchan also is proof of the existence of a deep state in Israel.[48]

### India

In India, National Advisory Council (NAC) has been described as a deep state entity.[by whom?] NAC was an advisory body set up by the first United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government in 2004 to advise the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. Sonia Gandhi served as its chairperson for much of the tenure of the UPA. Its aim was to assist the Prime Minister in achieving and monitoring missions and goals. It was dissolved in 2014.

The concept of a NAC has been criticized by opposition parties and some scholars as not being in keeping with India's constitution, describing it as an alternative cabinet. The NAC was also accused of exercising an outsized influence over the central government.[49][50][51]

### Italy

In Italy, the concept of a deep state is often linked to Il Sistema, referring to covert networks within the intelligence services, military, and even organized crime groups such as the Mafia. During the Cold War, Italy was a focal point of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO-backed effort to prevent communist influence. The existence of secretive paramilitary networks and their involvement in political manipulation and assassinations has fueled the idea of a deep state operating in Italy.Ganser, Daniele (2005). NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe. Routledge.

The most famous case is Propaganda Due.[52] Propaganda Due (better known as P2) was a Masonic lodge belonging to the Grand Orient of Italy (GOI). It was founded in 1877 with the name of Masonic Propaganda,[53] in the period of its management by the entrepreneur Licio Gelli it assumed deviated forms with respect to the statutes of the Freemasonry and became subversive towards the Italian legal order. The P2 was suspended by the GOI on 26 July 1976; subsequently, the parliamentary commission of inquiry into the P2 Masonic lodge under the presidency of Minister Tina Anselmi concluded the P2 case by denouncing the lodge as a real "criminal organization"[54] and "subversive". It was dissolved with a special law, the n. 17 of 25 January 1982.

### Middle East & North Africa

Journalist Robert F. Worth argues that the term deep state is "just as apt" for networks in many states in the Middle East where governments have colluded with smugglers and jihadis (Syria), jihadi veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War (Yemen), and other criminals working as irregular forces (Egypt and Algeria).[55] In From Deep State to Islamic State, Jean-Pierre Filiu describes a hard core of regimes in Syria, Egypt, and Yemen that staged successful counter-revolutions against the Arab Spring in those countries, comparing them with the Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant from 1250 to 1517 in that they proclaim themselves servants of the putative rulers while actually ruling themselves.[56]

### Pakistan

Main article: Social:The Establishment (Pakistan)

In Pakistan, the term "deep state" is commonly used to describe the powerful role of the military and intelligence services, particularly the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), in shaping domestic and foreign policy. The Pakistani deep state has been accused of influencing elections, controlling media narratives, and supporting militant groups to maintain strategic interests in the region, particularly in relation to Afghanistan and India.Schofield, Victoria (2010). Pakistan: A Hard Country. Penguin. The concept has been a recurring theme in Pakistani politics, with civilian governments often facing challenges from entrenched security institutions.

Since independence, the Pakistan Armed Forces have always had a huge influence in the country's politics as a national security institutions.[57] In addition to the decades of direct rule by the military government, the military also has many constraints on the power of the elected prime ministers, and also has been accused of being a deep state.[58][59][60] The Pakistan Army is often referred to as "The Establishment" due to its deep involvement in the country's decision-making processes specifically the foreign affairs.[61]

### Russia

In Russia, the idea of a deep state aligns with the concept of the "siloviki" (силовики), a term referring to individuals from military, intelligence, and security backgrounds who exert influence over the government. The siloviki, often former members of the KGB and later the FSB, have been viewed as a key force in shaping Russian politics, particularly under the leadership of Vladimir Putin. Their role in decision-making, foreign policy, and economic affairs has led some analysts to describe Russia as having a deep state where security services and oligarchs play a crucial role in governance.Galeotti, Mark (2019). We Need to Talk About Putin: How the West Gets Him Wrong. Ebury Press.

### Turkey

Main article: Finance:Deep state in Turkey

According to the Journalist Robert F. Worth, "The expression 'deep state' had originated in Turkey in the 1990s, where the military colluded with drug traffickers and hit men to wage a dirty war against Kurdish insurgents".[55] Professor Ryan Gingeras wrote that the Turkish term derin devlet "colloquially speaking" refers to "'criminal' or 'rogue' elements that have somehow muscled their way into power".[62] The journalist Dexter Filkins wrote of a "presumed clandestine network" of Turkish "military officers and their civilian allies" who, for decades, "suppressed and sometimes murdered dissidents, Communists, reporters, Islamists, Christian missionaries, and members of minority groups—anyone thought to pose a threat to the secular order".[63] Journalist Hugh Roberts has described the "shady nexus" between the police and intelligence services, "certain politicians and organised crime", whose members believe they are authorised "to get up to all sorts of unavowable things" because they are "custodians of the higher interests of the nation".[56]

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Civil Service has been called a deep state by senior politicians. In 2018, Steve Hilton, then advisor to David Cameron, claimed Tony Blair had said: "You cannot underestimate how much they believe it's their job to actually run the country and to resist the changes put forward by people they dismiss as 'here today, gone tomorrow' politicians. They genuinely see themselves as the true guardians of the national interest, and think that their job is simply to wear you down and wait you out."[64] The British comedy series Yes Minister paints the conflict of the civil servant and the politician in charge in a humorous way.

In February 2024, former Conservative Prime Minister Liz Truss claimed that she was forced out of office by the 'deep state' during an appearance at that year's Conservative Political Action Conference in the US. This statement was criticised within her own party and by the opposition, with both Labour Party Shadow Paymaster General Jonathan Ashworth and the Liberal Democrats Deputy Leader Daisy Cooper referring to it as a "conspiracy theory".[65][66]

### United States

The concept's use in the United States of America dates back to at least 1963. The term has been used to describe "a hybrid association of government elements and parts of top-level industry and finance that is effectively able to govern the United States without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process."[67] Events such as the Watergate scandal, COINTELPRO, and post-9/11 intelligence operations have been linked to discussions of the deep state.

In the United States, the term "deep state" gained popularity in the 21st century, particularly in political discourse. It is often used to suggest that unelected government officials, particularly within the intelligence community, law enforcement, and military, work to undermine elected leaders or shape policy in ways that contradict democratic governance. The term has been associated with conspiracy theories as well as with legitimate concerns about the influence of entrenched bureaucracies and intelligence agencies.[68]

Intelligence agencies such as the CIA have been accused by elements of the Donald Trump administration of attempting to thwart its policy goals.[69] Writing for The New York Times, the analyst Issandr El Amani warned against the "growing discord between a president and his bureaucratic rank-and-file", while analysts of the column The Interpreter wrote:[69]

> Though the deep state is sometimes discussed as a shadowy conspiracy, it helps to think of it instead as a political conflict between a nation's leader and its governing institutions.

— Amanda Taub and Max Fisher, The Interpreter

According to the political commentator David Gergen, quoted by Time in early 2017, the term had been used by Steve Bannon, Breitbart News, and other supporters of the Trump administration in order to delegitimize critics of the Trump presidency.[70] In February 2017, the deep state theory was dismissed by authors for The New York Times,[69] as well as The New York Observer.[71] In October 2019 The New York Times gave credence to the general idea by publishing an opinion piece arguing that the deep state in the Civil Service was created to "battle people like Trump".[72] Trump's warnings about a deep state have been referred to as "repeating a longtime [John Birch Society] talking point".[73]

Scholars[who?] have generally disputed the notion that the U.S. Executive Branch bureaucracy represents a true deep state as the term is formally understood but have taken a range of views on the role of that bureaucracy in constraining or empowering the U.S. president.[74]

In March 2025, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu posted on his official X account "In America and in Israel, when a strong right wing leader wins an election, the leftist Deep State weaponized the justice system to thwart the peoples will. …" Elon Musk responded with a "100" emoji. Shortly afterwards, Netanyahu deleted the post from his official account and reposted on his personal account.[75]

#### Trump's second term plan: dismantling the "deep state"

During his 2024 campaign, Donald Trump used the concept of the "deep state" to rally support, portraying it as a shadowy network of bureaucrats and officials working against his agenda. He frequently vowed to "demolish the deep state", outlining a multi-step plan on Truth Social to gut the civil service, limit institutional power, and replace career officials with loyalists. Between January 2023 and April 2024, Trump posted about the deep state 56 times, nine of which detailed specific plans to destroy it. He blamed the deep state for obstructing his first-term agenda and preventing him from fully executing his policies.[76]

### Venezuela

The Cartel of the Suns, a group of high-ranking officials within the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, has been described as "a series of often competing networks buried deep within the Chavista regime". Following the Bolivarian Revolution, the Bolivarian government initially embezzled until there were no more funds to embezzle, which required them to turn to drug trafficking. President Hugo Chávez made partnerships with the Colombian leftist militia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and his successor Nicolás Maduro continued the process, promoting officials to high-ranking positions after they were accused of drug trafficking.[77]

### Other alleged cases

* Imperial Brazil's Diretório Monárquico do Brasil and Black Guard[78]
* India's Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh[79][80]
* Indonesia's Kopassus[81][82][83]
* Kingdom of Serbia's Black Hand[84]
* Morocco's Makhzen[85][86]
* Pakistan's Intelligence Community: ISI, FIA, NAB, and/or IB[87][88]
* Serbia and Montenegro's RDB[89]
* Spain's Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups"[90]
* Thailand's Military-Monarchy Nexus or Network Monarchy[91]
* United Kingdom's City of London Corporation[92]

## See also

* Cabal
* Counterintelligence state
* Dual power
* Éminence grise
* Fifth column
* Figurehead
* Fourth branch of government
* Illiberal democracy
* Military coup
* Military dictatorship
* Parallel state
* Political machine
* Power behind the throne
* Proto-state
* Puppet government
* Shadow government (conspiracy theory)
* Smoke-filled room

## References

1. ↑ (calque of Turkish: derin devlet)
"Deep state". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deep+state.
2. ↑ Bogosian, Eric (2017). Operation Nemesis: the assassination plot that avenged the Armenian genocide (First Back Bay paperback ed.). New York: Boston. pp. 307–308. ISBN 978-0-316-29210-8.
3. ↑ "Deep state | EBSCO Research Starters" (in en). https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/politics-and-government/deep-state?utm_source=perplexity.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wills, Matthew (2017-04-10). "The Turkish Origins of the "Deep State"" (in en-US). https://daily.jstor.org/the-unacknowledged-origins-of-the-deep-state/?utm_source=perplexity.
5. ↑ Michaels, Jon D. (March 2018). "The American Deep State". Notre Dame Law Review 93 (4): 1653–1670. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/tndl93&i=1699.
6. ↑ Skowronek, Stephen; Dearborn, John A.; King, Desmond (2021). Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic: The Deep State and the Unitary Executive. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-754308-5. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/phantoms-of-a-beleaguered-republic-9780197543085?cc=us&lang=en&.
7. ↑ Gingeras, Ryan (2010). "Last Rites for a 'Pure Bandit': Clandestine Service, Historiography and the Origins of the Turkish 'Deep State'". Past & Present (206): 151–174. ISSN 0031-2746. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40586942.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 team, NeuroLaunch editorial (2024-09-15). "Secret Societies and Psychological Warfare: Unveiling Hidden Influences on Society" (in en-US). https://neurolaunch.com/secret-societies-and-psychological-warfare/.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Harari, Yuval Noah (September 10, 2024). Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI. Random House. ISBN 978-0593734223.
10. ↑ Mark KurlanskyBig lies: From Socrates to social media. Tilbury House Publishers and Cadent Publishing, 2022.
11. ↑ Wieland, Christoph Martin (2026). Albareda, Juan. ed. The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans. KDP. ISBN 979-8242130517.
12. ↑ Gershon, Livia (28 September 2020). "The French Revolution as Illuminati Conspiracy". https://daily.jstor.org/the-french-revolution-as-illuminati-conspiracy/.
13. ↑ Harari, Yuval Noah (February 10, 2015). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Harper. ISBN 978-0062316097.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Magazine, Smithsonian. "Conspiracy Theories Abounded in 19th-Century American Politics" (in en). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/conspiracy-theories-abounded-19th-century-american-politics-180971940/.
15. ↑ "Banking Panics of the Gilded Age | Federal Reserve History". https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/banking-panics-of-the-gilded-age.
16. ↑ "Protocols of the Elders of Zion | Summary & Facts | Britannica" (in en). 2025-02-01. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion.
17. ↑ Waxman, Olivia B. (2023-09-13). "The History of Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories" (in en). TIME. https://time.com/6311698/antisemitism-conspiracy-theories-rothschild/. Retrieved 2025-03-09.
18. ↑ "Davos: The 'conspiracy' hiding in plain sight?" (in en). 2023-01-18. https://www.newsweek.com/davos-world-economic-forum-great-reset-george-soros-1774797.
19. ↑ Yglesias, Matthew (2017-08-14). "The real "deep state" sabotage is happening at the Fed" (in en-US). https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/14/16135138/federal-reserve-deep-state.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "The Age of Ideology - The Institute of World Politics" (in en-US). 2019-09-18. https://www.iwp.edu/articles/2019/09/18/the-age-of-ideology/.
21. ↑ Kirshner, Sheldon. "The Blogs: The Myth Of Judeo-Bolshevism" (in en-US). https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-myth-of-judeo-bolshevism/.
22. ↑ Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism : a history. New York : Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5. https://archive.org/details/fascismhistory0000eatw_h8u6.
23. ↑ Magazine, Smithsonian; Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The True Story of the Reichstag Fire and the Nazi Rise to Power" (in en). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-reichstag-fire-and-nazis-rise-power-180962240/.
24. ↑ Folch-Serra, Mireya (2012-11-01). "Propaganda in Franco's Time". Bulletin of Spanish Studies 89 (7–8): 227–240. doi:10.1080/14753820.2012.731570. ISSN 1475-3820. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14753820.2012.731570.
25. ↑ "History: From One Student to Another - Mussolini's use of Propaganda" (in en-US). https://www.historyfromonestudenttoanother.com/a-level/a-level-european-history-1919-41/mussolinis-italy-1919-41/mussolinis-use-of-propaganda.
26. ↑ "Niall Ferguson: Networks and Power - The Long Now". https://longnow.org/seminars/02018/nov/19/networks-and-power/.
27. ↑ Steil, Benn (2013). The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order. Princeton University Press.
28. ↑ Koehler, John O. (2008). Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police. Basic Books.
29. ↑ Andrew, Christopher (2001). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books.
30. ↑ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2019). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton University Press.
31. ↑ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Wiley.
32. ↑ Ledbetter, James (2011). Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Military-Industrial Complex. Yale University Press.
33. ↑ Sirrs, Owen L. (2010). A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910-2009. Routledge.
34. ↑ Green, James N. (2010). We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States. Duke University Press.
35. ↑ Feng, Emily (March 17, 2025). "Political scientists seeing parallels between China and the U.S.". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2025/03/17/nx-s1-5309764/political-scientists-seeing-parallels-between-china-and-the-u-s.
36. ↑ Pei, Minxin (November 27, 2024). "Hey, Elon. You Know Who Else Was a Disruptor? Mao". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-11-27/trump-and-musk-should-learn-from-mao-s-assault-on-government.
37. ↑ Bonnin, Michel (11 March 2025). "Can Today's American people learn something from the Chinese Cultural Revolution?". China Institute. SOAS University of London. https://blogs.soas.ac.uk/china-institute/2025/03/11/donald-trump-chinese-cultural-revolution.
38. ↑ Fukuyama, Francis (2024). "In Defense of the deep state". Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 46 (1): 11. doi:10.1080/23276665.2023.2249142. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23276665.2023.2249142.
39. ↑ Springborg, Robert (2018). Egypt. Polity.
40. ↑ Abdul-Azim Ahmed. "What is the Deep State? | On Religion – The UK's first magazine about faith, religion and society". http://www.onreligion.co.uk/what-is-the-deep-state/.
41. ↑ Wieland, Christoph Martin (2025). Terhorst, Bastian. ed. The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans. epubli. ISBN 9783819044144.
42. ↑ "Germany says it foiled a far-right coup plot. Here's what we know" (in en). https://www.opb.org/article/2022/12/07/germany-says-it-foiled-a-far-right-coup-plot-here-s-what-we-know/.
43. ↑ "Iran's Revolutionary Guards | Council on Foreign Relations" (in en). https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-revolutionary-guards.
44. ↑ "Moving to a post-Khamenei era: The role of the IRGC and the clergy" (in en). https://www.mei.edu/publications/moving-post-khamenei-era-role-irgc-and-clergy.
45. ↑ "What's Next for Iran After Raisi's Death?" (in en). https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/05/whats-next-iran-after-raisis-death.
46. ↑ "The Iranian Deep State: Understanding The Politics Of Transition In The Islamic Republic". https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-deep-state.
47. ↑ "Netanyahu: 'Deep State' Controls Israel, There's No Democracy Here". https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/netanyahu-deep-state-israel-no-democracy-here-lieberman-1.8736138.
48. ↑ "Towards Lapid's testimony: The connection with Milchan and the defense's questions (in Hebrew)". https://www.mako.co.il/news-law/2023_q2/Article-c56575aa3b57881027.htm.
49. ↑ Mathew Idiculla (2010-06-02). "NAC: think tank, super cabinet or unconstitutional?". GovernanceNow.com. http://governancenow.com/views/columns/nac-think-tank-super-cabinet-or-unconstitutional.
50. ↑ "'Formation Of Nac Unconstitutional; Sonia Super PM'". Financial Express. 2004-07-19. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/formation-of-nac-unconstitutional-sonia-super-pm/110695/.
51. ↑ "Sonia as NAC head is psuedo-Constitutional [sic] power centre: BJP". Indian Express. 2010-03-30. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/soniabenisthemostpopularpoliticianinindia/597734/. "BJP on Tuesday said that Congress President Sonia Gandhi's appointment as Chairperson of National Advisory Council has created a 'psuedo-Constitutional power centre' which would lead to 'redundancy' of the post of Prime Minister."
52. ↑ "BBC on this day – 26 – 1981: Italy in crisis as cabinet resigns". 1981-05-26. https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/26/newsid_4396000/4396893.stm.
53. ↑ Dino P. Arrigo, Fratelli d'Italia. Cronache, storie, riti e personaggi (per capire la Massoneria), Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 1994, p. 45.
54. ↑ Willan, Puppetmasters, p. 50.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Worth, Robert F. (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan. pp. 82, 139. ISBN 9780374710712. https://books.google.com/books?id=PNOLCgAAQBAJ&q=rage+for+order+worth&pg=PP7. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Roberts, Hugh (16 July 2015). "The Hijackers [book review"]. London Review of Books 37 (14). http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n14/hugh-roberts/the-hijackers. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
57. ↑ "'Allah, army and America': How Pakistan's Khan played anti-U.S. card". https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Allah-army-and-America-How-Pakistan-s-Khan-played-anti-U.S.-card.
58. ↑ "The shadow of the deep state". DAWN.COM. 24 May 2022. https://www.dawn.com/news/1691254.
59. ↑ "Understanding Pakistan's 'deep state' and its threat to world". https://www.indiasentinels.com/opinion/understanding-pakistans-deep-state-and-its-threat-to-world-5204.
60. ↑ "Deep State, Deeper Problems: Pakistan". Hudson Institute. https://www.hudson.org/research/14451-deep-state-deeper-problems-pakistan.
61. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford University Press. pp. 586. ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&q="civil-military+establishment"++pakistan&pg=PA11. "The civil-military establishment ruled Supreme for 60 years - from 1947 to 2007 - by crushing or betraying social movements and preventing the development of society."
62. ↑ Gingeras, Ryan (Summer 2011). "In the Hunt for the "Sultans of Smack:" Dope, Gangsters and the Construction of the Turkish Deep State". Middle East Journal 65 (3): 427. doi:10.3751/65.3.14. PMID 22081838.
63. ↑ Filkins, Dexter (12 March 2012). "Letter from Turkey. The Deep State". New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/12/the-deep-state.
64. ↑ Khan, Shehab (6 February 2018). "David Cameron's former director of strategy says Tony Blair warned him about a 'deep state' conspiracy". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tony-blair-david-cameron-steve-hilton-deep-state-conspiracy-a8196036.html.
65. ↑ Mason, Rowena (23 February 2024). "Sunak urged to act against Truss for spreading rightwing conspiracy theories". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/23/sunak-urged-to-act-against-truss-for-spreading-rightwing-conspiracy-theories.
66. ↑ "Liz Truss questioned on 'deep state' comments". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-68419047.
67. ↑ * "State Within a State?". The New York Times: p. 194. 1963-10-06. https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/06/archives/state-within-a-state.html. "Is the Central Intelligence Agency a state within a state?" Alt URL
* Priest, Dana; Arkin, William M. (2011). Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316182218.
* John Tirman (September 8, 2013). "The Quiet Coup: No, Not Egypt. Here.". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-tirman/nsa-deep-state_b_3569316.html.
* Ambinder, Marc; Grady, D.B. (2013). Deep State: Inside the Government Secrecy Industry. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118146682.
* Peggy Noonan (October 28, 2013). "The Deep State". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/peggynoonan/2013/10/28/the-deep-state/.
* Jordan Michael Smith (October 19, 2014). "Vote all you want. The secret government won't change.". The Boston Globe. http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/10/18/vote-all-you-want-the-secret-government-won-change/jVSkXrENQlu8vNcBfMn9sL/story.html?event=event25.
* Scott, Peter Dale (March 10, 2014). "The State, the Deep State, and the Wall Street Overworld". The Asia-Pacific Journal 12 (10, No. 5). http://www.japanfocus.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/4090.
* Scott, Peter Dale (2014). The American Deep State: Wall Street, Big Oil, and the Attack on U.S. Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442214255.
* Michael J. Glennon (2014). "National Security and Double Government". Harvard National Security Journal 5. http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Glennon-Final.pdf. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
* Bob Burnett (March 7, 2014). "The War on Democracy: The Deep State". Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/bob-burnett/the-war-on-democracy-the-_b_4918553.html.
* Geoff Dyer (December 10, 2014). "CIA report is a strike back against America's deep state". The Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/de85486e-802e-11e4-9907-00144feabdc0.
* Lofgren, Mike (2014-02-21). "Essay: Anatomy of the Deep State". BillMoyers.com. https://billmoyers.com/2014/02/21/anatomy-of-the-deep-state/.
* Anand Giridharadas (September 15, 2015). "Examining Who Runs the United States". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/us/examining-who-runs-the-united-states.html.
* Jessop, Bob (2015). The State: Past, Present, Future. John Wiley & Sons. p. 224.
* Lofgren, Mike (2016). The Deep State: The Fall of the Constitution and the Rise of a Shadow Government. Viking. ISBN 978-0525428343.
* Elias Isiquith (January 5, 2016). "Controlled by shadow government: Mike Lofgren reveals how top U.S. officials are at the mercy of the 'deep state'". Salon. http://www.salon.com/2016/01/05/controlled_by_shadow_government_mike_lofgren_reveals_how_top_u_s_officials_are_at_the_mercy_of_the_deep_state/.
68. ↑ Lofgren, Mike (2016). The Deep State: The Fall of the Constitution and the Rise of a Shadow Government.. Penguin Random House.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Taub, Amanda; Fisher, Max (February 16, 2017). "As Leaks Multiply, Fears of a 'Deep State' in America". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/world/americas/deep-state-leaks-trump.html.
70. ↑ Abramson, Alana (March 8, 2017). "President Trump's Allies Keep Talking About the 'Deep State'. What's That?". Time. https://time.com/4692178/donald-trump-deep-state-breitbart-barack-obama/. Retrieved November 17, 2024. "'This is a dark conspiratorial view that is being pushed by [top Trump strategist] Steve Bannon, his allies at Breitbart and some others in the conservative movement that is trying to delegitimize the opposition to Trump in many quarters and pass the blame to others,' said David Gergen.".
71. ↑ Schindler, John R. (February 22, 2017). "Rebellion Brews in Washington – But American 'Deep State' Is Only a Myth". The New York Observer. http://observer.com/2017/02/donald-trump-administration-cia-deep-state/.
72. ↑ O'Mara, Margaret (October 26, 2019). "The 'Deep State' Exists to Battle People Like Trump". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/26/opinion/sunday/trump-civil-service-deep-state.html.
73. ↑ Sullivan, Tim (2024-01-21). "In small-town Wisconsin, looking for the roots of the modern American conspiracy theory". https://apnews.com/article/conspiracy-theory-government-john-birch-c3809b7ad45afc3bee5f9881b2d9aa36.
74. ↑ Rebecca Ingber, Bureaucratic Resistance and the National Security State, at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3186259; Jack Goldsmith, The Deep State is Real, at https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/22/leaks-trump-deep-state-fbi-cia-michael-flynn
75. ↑ "Netanyahu accuses 'leftist deep state' of undermining right-wing leaders" (in en). 2025-03-19. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-846775.
76. ↑ "Trump has said he wants to destroy the "deep state" 56 times on Truth Social" (in en-US). 2024-08-01. https://www.citizensforethics.org/reports-investigations/crew-investigations/trump-has-said-he-wants-to-destroy-the-deep-state-56-times-on-truth-social/.
77. ↑ Venezuela: A Mafia State?. Medellín, Colombia: InSight Crime. 2018. pp. 3–84.
78. ↑ Archived copy
79. ↑ Latif Khan, Furkan (3 May 2019). "The Powerful Group Shaping The Rise Of Hindu Nationalism In India". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2019/05/03/706808616/the-powerful-group-shaping-the-rise-of-hindu-nationalism-in-india.
80. ↑ George, Varghese K. (13 June 2020). "The RSS and the making of the Deep Nation' review: The ambiguity of the RSS and its complex worldview". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-rss-and-the-making-of-the-deep-nation-review-the-ambiguity-of-the-rss-and-its-complex-worldview/article31812028.ece.
81. ↑ Indonesian Military May Threaten Political Unity, BP Gas Investment 19 April 2002 www.wsj.com, accessed 11 November 2020
82. ↑ Military spat a sign of things to come for bilateral relationship? 30 January 2017 indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au, accessed 11 November 2020
83. ↑ Tim Mawar promotions slammed by families 30 September 2020 www.thejakartapost.com, accessed 11 November 2020
84. ↑ "Ex CIA director sees Serbs as masters of "deep state"". B92. 13 February 2018. https://www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?yyyy=2018&mm=02&dd=13&nav_id=103473.
85. ↑ ﻿"They'll Get You No Matter What": Morocco's Playbook to Crush Dissent﻿ (Report). Human Rights Watch. 2022-07-28. https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/07/28/theyll-get-you-no-matter-what/moroccos-playbook-crush-dissent. Retrieved 2022-08-08. "In some respects, the term [Makhzen] could be analogous to “the deep state” as the term is applied to some segments of the governing authorities in other countries."
86. ↑ Lamzouwaq, Saad Eddine (2013-10-13). "Morocco's New Government: "The Makhzen" is Running the Show". https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/10/108651/moroccos-new-government-the-makhzen-is-running-the-show.
87. ↑ Who Controls Pakistan's Powerful ISI?, Radio Free Europe, August 14, 2008
88. ↑ "Pakistan's shadowy secret service, the ISI". BBC News. 3 May 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13272009.
89. ↑ Carla Del Ponte/Serge Brammertz (10 July 2008). "The Prosecutor vs. Jovica Stanišić & Franko Simatović - Third Amended Indictment". International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/stanisic_simatovic/ind/en/staj-in3rdamd080710.pdf.
90. ↑ "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups Spanish paramilitary organization Alternative Titles: GAL, Grupos Antiteroristas de Liberación". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antiterrorist-Liberation-Groups.
91. ↑ Thailand's Deep State, Royal Power and the Constitutional Court 1997-2015 29 February 2016 www.tandfonline.com, accessed 11 November 2020
92. ↑ "The City: A state within a state". BBC News. 2011-11-04. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15602906.

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Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics|

* Cabals
* Civil
* Criminal
* Deception
* Espionage
* Fiction
* Political
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legend

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Locus of control
* Mass hysteria
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Deaths and
disappearances

| Assassinations and
avoidable accidents|

* Geoffrey Chaucer (1400)
* Princes in the Tower (1483)
* Kaspar Hauser (1833)
* Abraham Lincoln (1865)
* Ludwig II of Bavaria (1886)
* Franz Ferdinand (1914)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Michael Collins (1922)
* Sergey Kirov (1934)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Dag Hammarskjöld (1961)
* Patrice Lumumba (1961)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Dorothy Kilgallen (1965)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Juscelino Kubitschek (1976)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Adelino Amaro da Costa (1980)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)

|

False flag
attacks|

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* Advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)

Other|

* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Phar Lap (1932)
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s)
* Adolf Hitler's death (1945)
* Yemenite Children (1948–54)
* Cairo Fire (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass incident (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s / 1960s)
* Elvis Presley's death (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)
* Satanic ritual abuse (blood libel)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Hello Garci scandal
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Lahad Datu, Malaysia standoff (2013)
* Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

New World Order|

| Topics|

* Bilderberg Group
* Black helicopters
* Bohemian Grove
* Chatham House
* Council on Foreign Relations
* Denver International Airport
* Eurabia
* Georgia Guidestones
* Illuminati
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* Jews
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Kalergi Plan
* Freemasons
* North American Union
* Catholics
* Jesuits
* Vatican
* ODESSA
* Rothschild family
* Skull and Bones
* The Fellowship
* Trilateral Commission
* Zionist Occupation Government

|

By region|

* Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
* Israeli animal theories
* Temple denial
* Conspiracy theories in Turkey

UFOs|

| General|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Bermuda Triangle
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
* Extraterrestrial hypothesis
* Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Project Serpo
* Reptilian humanoids

|

Incidents|

* Tunguska (1908)
* Foo Fighters (1940s)
* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ghost Rockets (1946)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mantell (1948)
* McMinnville (1950)
* Lubbock (1951)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Barney and Betty Hill Abduction (1961)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Frederick Valentich (1978)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Cash-Landrum (1980)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)
* USS Nimitz (2004)
* Chicago (2006)

United States
government

* Apollo Moon landings
* Barack Obama's citizenship / religion / parentage
* Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing (1999)
* Black genocide
* CIA-Kennedy assassination link
* Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
* Dulles' Plan
* FEMA concentration camps
* HAARP
* Jade Helm 15 (2015)
* Montauk Project
* October Surprise (1980)
* Pizzagate (2016)
* Philadelphia Experiment (1943)
* Project Azorian (1974)
* QAnon
* Sandy Hook shooting (2012)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement
* Vast right-wing conspiracy
* Vietnam War POW / MIA issue
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)

Health, energy,
environment

* Chemtrails
* Electronic harassment
* Free energy suppression
* Global warming
* HIV/AIDS origins
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* SARS (2003)
* Vaccine controversies
* Water fluoridation

Other|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Andinia Plan
* Cancellation of the Avro Arrow (1959)
* Bible
* Clockwork Orange (1970s)
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Cultural Marxism
* "Death" of Paul McCartney (1969)
* Judeo-Bolshevism
* Judeopolonia
* Homintern
* Homosexual recruitment
* Knights Templar
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet (1987)
* Love Jihad
* Mexican Reconquista
* New Coke (1985)
* Phantom time / New Chronology
* Red mercury
* Soft coup
* George Soros
* War against Islam
* White genocide

See also|

* Denial of mass killings (list)
* Genocide denial

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