Demographics of the world

Short description: none

Template:Infobox country demographics

Earth has a human population of over 8.2 billion as of 2025, with an overall population density of 50 people per km2 (130 per sq. mile). Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asia, with more than 2.8 billion in the countries of India and China combined. The percentage shares of China, India and rest of South Asia of the world population have remained at similar levels for the last few thousand years of recorded history.[1][2]

The world's population is predominantly urban and suburban,[3] and there has been significant migration toward cities and urban centers. The urban population jumped from 29% in 1950 to 55.3% in 2018.[4][5] Interpolating from the United Nations prediction that the world will be 51.3% urban by 2010, Ron Wimberley, Libby Morris and Gregory Fulkerson estimated 23 May 2007 would have been the first time the urban population was more populous than the rural population in history.[6] India and China are the most populous countries,[7] as the birth rate has consistently dropped in wealthy countries and until recently remained high in poorer countries. Jakarta is the largest urban agglomeration in the world.[5]

As of 2024, the total fertility rate of the world is estimated at 2.25 children per woman,[8] which is slightly below the global average for the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.33 (as of 2003).[9] However, world population growth is unevenly distributed, with the total fertility rate ranging from the world's lowest of 0.8 in South Korea,[10] to the highest of 6.7 in Niger.[11] The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14% for the year of 2000.[12] The current world population growth is approximately 1.09%.[5] People under 15 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population (25.18%), and people age 65 and over made up nearly ten percent (9.69%) in 2021.[5] The world's literacy rate has increased dramatically in the last 40 years, from 66.7% in 1979 to 86.3% today.[13] Lower literacy levels are mostly attributable to poverty[14] and are found mostly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.[15]

The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999.[16][17][18] It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927, the 3 billion mark in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, and 5 billion in 1987.[19] The overall population of the world is approximately 8 billion as of November 2022. Currently, population growth is fastest among low wealth, least developed countries.[20] The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050, a 32.7% increase from 6.89 billion in 2010. But in 2401b.c. population was 67,000 people[16]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 World Population, AD 1–1998 (in thousands)
* 1.2 Shares of world population, AD 1–1998 (% of world total)
* 2 Vital statistics
* 3 Current world population and latest projection
* 4 Major cities
* 5 Population density
* 6 Religion
* 6.1 Growth rate of adherents
* 7 Marriage
* 8 Age structure
* 9 Population growth rate
* 10 Births
* 11 Birth count
* 12 Birth rate
* 12.1 Highest and lowest birth rates (annual births per 1000 persons)
* 13 Death rate
* 14 Total fertility rate
* 15 Health
* 16 Sex ratio
* 17 Unemployment rate
* 18 Languages
* 19 Education
* 20 See also
* 21 Notes
* 22 References

## History

Comparison of all humans living with all previous generations, as of March 2022.[21]

Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 300,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 50,000 – 60,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 30,000 years BC. Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized.

Until c. 10,000 years ago, humans lived as hunter-gatherers. They generally lived in small nomadic groups known as band societies. The advent of agriculture prompted the Neolithic Revolution, when access to food surplus led to the formation of permanent human settlements. About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt's Nile Valley and the Indus Valley. Early human settlements were dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources used for subsistence. But humans have a great capacity for altering their habitats by means of technology.

Since 1800, the human population has increased from one billion[22] to over eight billion.[23] In 2004, some 2.5 billion out of 6.3 billion people (39.7%) lived in urban areas. In February 2008, the U.N. estimated that half the world's population would live in urban areas by the end of the year.[24] Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime,[25] especially in inner city and suburban slums. Both overall population numbers and the proportion residing in cities are expected to increase significantly in the coming decades.[26]

### World Population, AD 1–1998 (in thousands)

Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).[27]

Year  | 1  | 1000  | 1500  | 1600  | 1700  | 1820  | 1870  | 1913  | 1950  | 1973  | 1998

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Western Europe  | 24 700  | 25 413  | 57 268  | 73 778  | 81 460  | 132 888  | 187 532  | 261 007  | 305 060  | 358 390  | 388 399
Eastern Europe
(excluding USSR countries)  | 4 750  | 6 500  | 13 500  | 16 950  | 18 800  | 36 415  | 52 182  | 79 604  | 87 289  | 110 490  | 121 006
Former USSR  | 3 900  | 7 101  | 16 950  | 20 700  | 26 550  | 54 765  | 88 765  | 156 192  | 180 050  | 249 748  | 290 866
Total Europe
(including USSR countries) | 33 350 | 39 013 | 87 718 | 111 428 | 126 810 | 224 068 | 328 386 | 496 803 | 572 399 | 718 628 | 800 271
United States[28] | 680  | 1 300  | 2 000  | 1 500  | 1 000  | 9 981  | 40 241  | 97 606  | 152 271  | 212 909  | 279 040
Other Western Offshoots  | 490  | 660  | 800  | 800  | 750  | 1 249  | 5 892  | 13 795  | 23 823  | 39 036  | 52 859
Total Western Offshoots | 1 170 | 1 960 | 2 800 | 2 300 | 1 750 | 11 230 | 46 133 | 111 401 | 176 094 | 250 945 | 323 420
Mexico  | 2 200  | 4 500  | 7 500  | 2 500  | 4 500  | 6 587  | 9 219  | 14 970  | 28 485  | 57 643  | 98 553
Other Latin America  | 3 400  | 6 900  | 10 000  | 6 100  | 7 550  | 14 633  | 30 754  | 65 545  | 137 352  | 250 807  | 409 070
Total Latin America | 5 600 | 11 400 | 17 500 | 8 600 | 12 050 | 21 220 | 39 973 | 80 515 | 165 837 | 308 450 | 507 623
Japan | 3 000 | 7 500 | 15 400 | 18 500 | 27 000 | 31 000 | 34 437 | 51 672 | 83 563 | 108 660 | 126 469
China  | 59 600  | 59 000  | 103 000  | 160 000  | 138 000  | 381 000  | 358 000  | 437 140  | 546 815  | 881 940  | 1 242 700
India  | 75 000  | 77 000  | 113 000  | 145 000  | 201 000  | 209 000  | 239 000  | 319 000  | 362 000  | 549 000  | 1 029 000
Other Asia  | 36 600  | 41 400  | 55 400  | 65 000  | 71 800  | 89 366  | 119 619  | 185 092  | 392 481  | 677 214  | 1 172 243
Total Asia (excluding Japan) | 171 200 | 175 400 | 268 400 | 360 000 | 374 800 | 679 366 | 730 619 | 925 932 | 1 298 296 | 2 139 154 | 3 389 943
Africa | 16 500 | 33 000 | 46 000 | 55 000 | 61 000 | 74 208 | 90 466 | 124 697 | 228 342 | 387 645 | 759 954
World (thousands) | 230,820 | 268,273 | 437,818 | 555,828 | 603,410 | 1,041,092 | 1,270,014 | 1,791,020 | 2,524,531 | 3,913,482 | 5,907,680

### Shares of world population, AD 1–1998 (% of world total)

Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).[27]

Year  | 1  | 1000  | 1500  | 1600  | 1700  | 1820  | 1870  | 1913  | 1950  | 1973  | 1998

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Western Europe  | 10.7  | 9.5  | 13.1  | 13.3  | 13.5  | 12.8  | 14.8  | 14.6  | 12.1  | 9.2  | 6.6
Eastern Europe
(excluding USSR countries)  | 2.1  | 2.4  | 3.1  | 3.0  | 3.1  | 3.5  | 4.1  | 4.4  | 3.5  | 2.8  | 2.0
Former USSR  | 1.7  | 2.6  | 3.9  | 3.7  | 4.4  | 5.3  | 7.0  | 8.7  | 7.1  | 6.4  | 4.9
Total Europe
(including USSR countries) | 14.5 | 14.5 | 20.1 | 20.0 | 21.0 | 21.6 | 25.9 | 27.7 | 22.7 | 18.4 | 13.5
United States  | 0.3  | 0.5  | 0.5  | 0.3  | 0.2  | 1.0  | 3.2  | 5.4  | 6.0  | 5.4  | 4.6
Other Western Offshoots  | 0.2  | 0.2  | 0.2  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.5  | 0.8  | 0.9  | 1.0  | 0.9
Total Western Offshoots  | 0.5  | 0.7  | 0.6  | 0.4  | 0.3 | 1.1  | 3.6  | 6.2  | 7.0  | 6.4  | 5.5
Mexico  | 1.0  | 1.7  | 1.7  | 0.4  | 0.7  | 0.6  | 0.7  | 0.8  | 1.1  | 1.5  | 1.7
Other Latin America  | 1.5  | 2.6  | 2.3  | 1.1  | 1.3  | 1.4  | 2.4  | 3.7  | 5.4  | 6.4  | 6.9
Total Latin America | 2.4  | 4.2  | 4.0  | 1.5  | 2.0  | 2.0  | 3.1  | 4.5  | 6.6 |  7.9 | 8.6
Japan  | 1.3  | 2.8  | 3.5  | 3.3  | 4.5  | 3.0  | 2.7  | 2.9  | 3.3  | 2.8  | 2.1
China  | 25.8  | 22.0  | 23.5  | 28.8  | 22.9  | 36.6  | 28.2  | 24.4  | 21.7  | 22.5  | 21.0
India  | 32.5  | 28.0  | 25.1  | 24.3  | 27.3  | 20.1  | 19.9  | 17.0  | 14.2  | 14.8  | 16.5
Other Asia  | 15.9  | 15.4  | 12.7  | 11.7  | 11.9  | 8.6  | 9.4  | 10.3  | 15.5  | 17.3  | 19.8
Total Asia (excluding Japan)  | 74.2 |  65.4 | 61.3  | 64.8  | 62.1  | 65.3  | 57.5  | 51.7  | 51.4  | 54.7  | 57.4
Africa |  7.1  | 12.3  | 10.5  | 9.9  | 10.1  | 7.1  | 7.1  | 7.0  | 9.0  | 9.9 | 12.9
World  | 100.0  | 100.0  | 100.0  | 100.0  | 100.0  | 100.0  | 100.0 | 100.0  | 100.0 | 100.0  | 100.0

## Vital statistics

The following estimates of global trends in various demographic indicators from 1950 to 2021 are from UN DESA's World Population Prospects 2022\. In July 2022, UN DESA published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide and on the country and regional level.[29]

Year  | World
population
(in thousands)  | Live births
(thousands)  | Deaths
(thousands)  | Growth
(thousands)  | Crude
birth rate
(per 1000)  | Crude
death rate
(per 1000)  | Population
growth
(in %)  | Total
fertility
rate
(TFR)  | Infant mortality
(per 1000 births)  | Life
expectancy
(in years)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1950 | 2 499 322  | 92 083  | 48 789  | 43 294  | 36.8  | 19.5  | 1.73  | 4.86  | 143.4  | 46.5
1951 | 2 543 130  |  92 837  |  48 515  | 44 322  | 36.5  | 19.1  | 1.74  | 4.83  | 141.3  | 47.1
1952 | 2 590 271  |  97 607  |  47 647  | 49 960  | 37.7  | 18.4  | 1.93  | 5.01  | 137.3  | 48.2
1953 | 2 640 279  |  97 556  |  47 499  | 50 057  | 36.9  | 18.0  | 1.90  | 4.94  | 134.5  | 48.8
1954 | 2 691 979  |  100 348  |  47 003  | 53 345  | 37.3  | 17.5  | 1.98  | 5.01  | 131.7  | 49.6
1955 | 2 746 072  |  101 807  |  46 966  | 54 841  | 37.1  | 17.1  | 2.00  | 5.01  | 128.8  | 50.1
1956 | 2 801 003  |  101 827  |  46 807  | 55 020  | 36.4  | 16.7  | 1.96  | 4.94  | 125.8  | 50.6
1957 | 2 857 867  |  105 978  |  47 269  | 58 709  | 37.1  | 16.5  | 2.05  | 5.08  | 123.7  | 50.9
1958 | 2 916 108  |  104 557  |  46 783  | 57 774  | 35.9  | 16.0  | 1.98  | 4.94  | 121.1  | 51.5
1959 | 2 970 292  |  101 922  |  51 327  | 50 595  | 34.3  | 17.3  | 1.70  | 4.74  | 129.6  | 49.3
1960 | 3 019 233  |  102 262  |  54 974  | 47 288  | 33.9  | 18.2  | 1.57  | 4.70  | 135.1  | 47.7
1961 | 3 068 371  |  100 990  |  50 003  | 50 987  | 32.9  | 16.3  | 1.66  | 4.57  | 124.2  | 50.4
1962 | 3 126 687  |  112 053  | 46 406  | 65 647  | 35.8  | 14.8  | 2.10  | 5.03  | 112.9  | 53.1
1963 | 3 195 779  |  119 819  |  47 280  | 72 539  | 37.5  | 14.8  | 2.27  | 5.32  | 110.1  | 53.6
1964 | 3 267 212  |  117 393  |  47 065  | 70 328  | 35.9  | 14.4  | 2.15  | 5.13  | 108.2  | 54.2
1965 | 3 337 112  |  117 932  |  48 460  | 69 472  | 35.3  | 14.5  | 2.08  | 5.08  | 108.4  | 53.9
1966 | 3 406 417  |  117 182  |  48 044  | 69 138  | 34.4  | 14.1  | 2.03  | 4.96  | 106.8  | 54.5
1967 | 3 475 448  |  116 840  |  47 915  | 68 925  | 33.6  | 13.8  | 1.98  | 4.86  | 105.0  | 54.9
1968 | 3 546 811  |  121 750  |  47 948  | 73 802  | 34.3  | 13.5  | 2.08  | 4.96  | 101.9  | 55.5
1969 | 3 620 655  |  122 123  |  48 235  | 73 888  | 33.7  | 13.3  | 2.04  | 4.87  | 100.2  | 55.8
1970 | 3 695 390  |  124 117  |  48 534  | 75 583  | 33.6  | 13.1  | 2.05  | 4.83  | 98.5  | 56.1
1971 | 3 770 163  |  123 647  |  49 684  | 73 963  | 32.8  | 13.2  | 1.96  | 4.68  | 97.7  | 55.9
1972 | 3 844 801  |  123 275  |  47 962  | 75 313  | 32.1  | 12.5  | 1.96  | 4.55  | 95.0  | 57.1
1973 | 3 920 252  |  123 269  |  47 680  | 75 589  | 31.4  | 12.2  | 1.93  | 4.42  | 93.4  | 57.6
1974 | 3 995 517  |  122 437  |  47 494  | 74 943  | 30.6  | 11.9  | 1.88  | 4.27  | 92.0  | 58.0
1975 | 4 069 437  |  120 491  |  47 593  | 72 898  | 29.6  | 11.7  | 1.79  | 4.08  | 90.7  | 58.3
1976 | 4 142 506  |  120 648  |  47 408  | 73 240  | 29.1  | 11.4  | 1.77  | 3.98  | 88.7  | 58.7
1977 | 4 215 772  |  120 040  |  46 746  | 73 294  | 28.5  | 11.1  | 1.74  | 3.85  | 86.9  | 59.4
1978 | 4 289 658  |  121 337  |  46 860  | 74 477  | 28.3  | 10.9  | 1.74  | 3.79  | 84.9  | 59.7
1979 | 4 365 583  |  124 288  |  46 914  | 77 294  | 28.5  | 10.7  | 1.77  | 3.78  | 82.6  | 60.2
1980 | 4 444 008  |  126 793  |  47 317  | 79 476  | 28.5  | 10.6  | 1.79  | 3.75  | 80.4  | 60.6
1981 | 4 524 628  |  129 153  |  47 388  | 81 765  | 28.5  | 10.5  | 1.81  | 3.72  | 78.3  | 61.0
1982 | 4 607 985  |  132 513  |  47 562  | 84 951  | 28.8  | 10.3  | 1.84  | 3.71  | 76.1  | 61.4
1983 | 4 691 884  |  130 983  |  48 134  | 82 849  | 27.9  | 10.3  | 1.77  | 3.58  | 75.7  | 61.6
1984 | 4 775 836  |  133 397  |  48 341  | 85 056  | 27.9  | 10.1  | 1.78  | 3.55  | 74.1  | 61.9
1985 | 4 861 731  |  135 420  |  48 685  | 86 735  | 27.9  | 10.0  | 1.78  | 3.52  | 72.4  | 62.2
1986 | 4 950 063  |  138 420  |  48 487  | 89 933  | 28.0  | 9.8  | 1.82  | 3.51  | 70.4  | 62.8
1987 | 5 040 984  |  140 545  |  48 634  | 91 911  | 27.9  | 9.6  | 1.82  | 3.48  | 68.3  | 63.2
1988 | 5 132 294  |  139 993  |  49 284  | 90 709  | 27.3  | 9.6  | 1.77  | 3.39  | 67.8  | 63.3
1989 | 5 223 704  |  141 177  |  49 064  | 92 113  | 27.0  | 9.4  | 1.76  | 3.35  | 65.9  | 63.8
1990 | 5 316 176  |  142 451  |  49 620  | 92 831  | 26.8  | 9.3  | 1.75  | 3.31  | 64.6  | 64.0
1991 | 5 406 246  |  137 392  |  50 082  | 87 310  | 25.4  | 9.3  | 1.62  | 3.13  | 64.6  | 64.1
1992 | 5 492 686  |  135 754  |  50 182  | 85 572  | 24.7  | 9.1  | 1.56  | 3.04  | 63.8  | 64.3
1993 | 5 577 434  |  134 693  |  50 769  | 83 924  | 24.2  | 9.1  | 1.51  | 2.98  | 62.6  | 64.4
1994 | 5 660 728  |  134 185  |  51 519  | 82 666  | 23.7  | 9.1  | 1.46  | 2.93  | 61.6  | 64.5
1995 | 5 743 219  |  133 673  |  51 355  | 82 318  | 23.3  | 8.9  | 1.43  | 2.88  | 60.6  | 64.9
1996 | 5 825 145  |  133 053  |  51 519  | 81 534  | 22.8  | 8.8  | 1.40  | 2.83  | 59.4  | 65.1
1997 | 5 906 481  |  132 598  |  51 459  | 81 139  | 22.5  | 8.7  | 1.37  | 2.79  | 58.1  | 65.5
1998 | 5 987 312  |  132 287  |  51 762  | 80 525  | 22.1  | 8.6  | 1.35  | 2.76  | 57.0  | 65.7
1999 | 6 067 758  |  132 364  |  51 997  | 80 367  | 21.8  | 8.6  | 1.33  | 2.73  | 55.1  | 66.1
2000 | 6 148 899  |  134 014  |  52 100  | 81 914  | 21.8  | 8.5  | 1.33  | 2.73  | 53.3  | 66.5
2001 | 6 230 747  |  133 878  |  52 095  | 81 783  | 21.5  | 8.4  | 1.31  | 2.70  | 51.8  | 66.8
2002 | 6 312 407  |  134 020  |  52 481  | 81 539  | 21.2  | 8.3  | 1.29  | 2.67  | 50.1  | 67.1
2003 | 6 393 898  |  134 302  |  52 858  | 81 444  | 21.0  | 8.3  | 1.27  | 2.65  | 48.3  | 67.5
2004 | 6 475 751  |  135 228  |  52 965  | 82 263  | 20.9  | 8.2  | 1.27  | 2.64  | 46.6  | 67.8
2005 | 6 558 176  |  135 800  |  53 213  | 82 587  | 20.7  | 8.1  | 1.26  | 2.62  | 44.9  | 68.2
2006 | 6 641 416  |  136 910  |  53 016  | 83 894  | 20.6  | 8.0  | 1.26  | 2.61  | 43.1  | 68.7
2007 | 6 725 949  |  138 563  |  53 392  | 85 171  | 20.6  | 7.9  | 1.27  | 2.61  | 41.4  | 69.1
2008 | 6 811 597  |  140 164  |  54 038  | 86 126  | 20.6  | 7.9  | 1.26  | 2.61  | 39.9  | 69.3
2009 | 6 898 306  |  141 201  |  53 910  | 87 291  | 20.5  | 7.8  | 1.27  | 2.61  | 38.4  | 69.8
2010 | 6 985 603  |  141 633  |  54 329  | 87 304  | 20.3  | 7.8  | 1.25  | 2.59  | 37.1  | 70.1
2011 | 7 073 125  |  142 135  |  54 394  | 87 741  | 20.1  | 7.7  | 1.24  | 2.57  | 35.8  | 70.5
2012 | 7 161 698  | 144 194  |  54 790  | 89 404  | 20.1  | 7.7  | 1.25  | 2.59  | 34.4  | 70.9
2013 | 7 250 593  |  143 422  |  55 034  | 88 388  | 19.8  | 7.6  | 1.22  | 2.56  | 33.5  | 71.2
2014 | 7 339 013  |  143 671  |  55 218  | 88 453  | 19.6  | 7.5  | 1.21  | 2.55  | 32.3  | 71.6
2015 | 7 426 598  |  142 608  |  55 893  | 86 715  | 19.2  | 7.5  | 1.17  | 2.52  | 31.5  | 71.8
2016 | 7 513 474  |  143 239  |  56 201  | 87 038  | 19.1  | 7.5  | 1.16  | 2.53  | 30.5  | 72.1
2017 | 7 599 822  |  142 624  |  56 966  | 85 658  | 18.8  | 7.5  | 1.13  | 2.50  | 29.6  | 72.3
2018 | 7 683 790  |  139 629  |  57 352  | 82 277  | 18.2  | 7.5  | 1.07  | 2.44  | 29.2  | 72.6
2019 | 7 764 951  |  137 984  |  57 939  | 80 045  | 17.8  | 7.5  | 1.03  | 2.41  | 29.2  | 72.8
2020 | 7 840 953  |  135 133  |  63 174  | 71 959  | 17.2  | 8.1  | 0.92  | 2.35  | 28.7  | 72.0
2021 | 7 909 295  |  133 975  |  69 248  | 64 727  | 16.9  | 8.8  | 0.82  | 2.32  | 28.4  | 71.0
2022 | 8 021 407  |  132 407  | 62 279  | 70 197  | 16.5  | 7.8  | 0.88  | 2.27  | 28.2  | 72.6

Notable events in World demography:

* 1958–1961– Great Chinese Famine
* 1989 - Fall of the Berlin Wall, Revolutions of 1989
* 2020–2022– COVID-19

## Current world population and latest projection

Population pyramid of the world in continental groupings in 2023 Current world population and latest projection according the UN. Population in (millions) and percent of the global population in that year.[30] Region | 2022 (percent) | 2030 (percent) | 2050 (percent)

|
|
|

Sub-Saharan Africa | 1,152 (14.51%) | 1,401 (16.46%) | 2,094 (21.62%)
Northern Africa and Western Asia | 549 (6.91%) | 617 (7.25%) | 771 (7.96%)
Southern and Central Asia | 2,065 (26.13%) | 2,248 (26.41%) | 2,575 (26.58%)
Eastern Asia[31] | 1,642 (20.71%) | 1,647 (19.32%) | 1,522 (15.71%)
Southeastern Asia[31] | 675 (8.49%) | 721 (8.47%) | 771 (7.95%)
Europe and North America | 1120 (14.10%) | 1129 (13.26%) | 1125 (11.61%)
Latin America and the Caribbean | 658 (8.29%) | 695 (8.17%) | 749 (7.73%)
Australia/New Zealand | 31 (0.39%) | 34 (0.40%) | 38 (0.39%)
Other Oceania | 14 (0.18%) | 15 (0.18%) | 20 (0.21%)
World | 7,942 | 8,512 | 9,687

## Major cities

The world has hundreds of cities across it with most being in coastal regions. According to the latest official data, the world population is 8,209,580,000 people.[2]

As of 2010[update], about 3 billion people live in or around urban areas.[5]

The following table shows the populations of the top thirteen conglomerations.

Rank  | City  | Population  | Country  | Statistical concept[32] | Area (km2)[lower-alpha 1] | Density (p/km2)

|
|
|
|
|
|

1 | Tokyo | 37,500,000 |  Japan | Metropolitan area[lower-alpha 2] | 13,500 | 2,777.78
2 | Shanghai | 24,180,000 |  China | Urban agglomeration[lower-alpha 3] | 3,920 | 6,168
3 | New York City | 23,600,000[33] |  United States | Urban agglomeration | 21,483[34] | 1,098
4 | Mexico City | 22,460,000 |  Mexico | Metropolitan area (zona metropolitana) | 7,815 | 2,490
5 | Delhi | 22,157,000 |  India | Urban agglomeration[lower-alpha 4] | 33,578 | 659
6  | São Paulo  | 22,048,504[35] |  Brazil  | Metropolitan Area  | 7,946.96  | 2,714.45
7 | Moscow | 21,534,777 |  Russia | Metropolitan area | 26,000 | 770
8 | Lagos | 21,000,000 |  Nigeria | Metropolitan area | 1,171 | 17,933
9 | Cairo | 20,901,000 |  Egypt | Metropolitan area | 1,709[36] | 10,400
10 | Karachi | 20,382,881[37] |  Pakistan | Metropolitan area (megacity) | 3,530 | 4,224
11 | Mumbai | 20,041,000 |  India | Urban agglomeration | 1,097[lower-alpha 5] | 18,268
12 | Kolkata | 15,552,000 |  India | Urban agglomeration | 1,026[38] | 15,158
13 | Dhaka | 14,648,000 |  Bangladesh | Metropolitan area (megacity) | 1,600 | 9,155

## Population density

Population density (people per km2) by country Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2025. Only 3% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1800; this proportion had risen to 47% by 2000, and reached 56% by 2020.[39]

The world's population is over 8 billion[40] and Earth's total surface area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometres (197 million square miles).[5] Therefore, the worldwide human population density is 8 billion ÷ 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi) = 15.7 people/km2 (41 people/sq mi). If only the Earth's land area of 150 million km2 (58 million sq mi) is taken into account, then human population density increases to 53.3 people/km2 (138 people/sq mi).[41][42]

Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates or dependencies.[43][44] These territories share a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.

## Religion

Major denominations and religions of the world

The table below lists religions classified by philosophy; however, religious philosophy is not always the determining factor in local practice. Please note that this table includes heterodox movements as adherents to their larger philosophical category, although this may be disputed by others within that category. For example, Cao Đài is listed because it claims to be a separate category from Buddhism, while Hòa Hảo is not, even though they are similar new religious movements.

The population numbers below are computed by a combination of census reports, random surveys (in countries where religion data is not collected in census, for example United States or France), and self-reported attendance numbers, but results can vary widely depending on the way questions are phrased, the definitions of religion used and the bias of the agencies or organizations conducting the survey. Informal or unorganized religions are especially difficult to count. Some organizations may wildly inflate their numbers.

Global religious affiliation  Religious category | Number of followers
(in millions) | Cultural tradition | Main regions covered

|
|
|

Christianity | 2,300–2,400 | [45] | Abrahamic religions | Predominant in the Western world (Western Europe, the Americas, Oceania), Eastern Europe, Russia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Philippines, and East Timor in Southeast Asia. Minorities worldwide, see Christianity by country.[46]
Islam | 1,600–1,800 | [47][48] | Abrahamic religions | West Asia, Northern Africa, Central Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Western Africa, Maritime Southeast Asia with large population centers existing in Eastern Africa, Balkan Peninsula, Russia and China.[49]
Hinduism | 1,110-1,200 | [50] | Indian religions | Indian subcontinent, Bali, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and among the overseas Indian communities.
No religion | 1,100 | [51] | Secularism, half of those are theistic (but do not fit in with the major religions) | Predominant in the Western world, East Asia. Minorities worldwide, see list of countries by irreligion.
Buddhism | 400–600 | [5][52][53] | Indian religions | Indian Subcontinent, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and some regions of Russia.
Folk religions | 600–3,000 | [lower-alpha 6] | Folk religions | Africa, Asia, Americas
Chinese folk religions
(including Taoism and Confucianism) | 400–1,000 | [54][lower-alpha 6] | Chinese Religions | East Asia, Vietnam, Singapore and Malaysia.
Shinto | 27–65 | [55] | Japanese Religions | Japan
Sikhism | 24–30 | [56][5] | Indian religions | Indian Subcontinent, Australasia, Northern America, Southeast Asia, the United Kingdom and Western Europe.
Judaism | 14–18 | [5] | Abrahamic religions | Israel and the worldwide Jewish diaspora (mostly North America, South America, Europe, Ethiopia, and Asia).
Jainism | 8–12 | [lower-alpha 7] | Indian religions | India, and East Africa.
Baháʼí Faith | 7.3–7.9 | [57] | Abrahamic religions[lower-alpha 8] | Noted for being dispersed worldwide[58][59] but the top ten populations (amounting to about 65% of the world's Baháʼí Faith adherents) are (in order of size of community) India, United States, Kenya, Vietnam, DR of the Congo, Philippines, Iran, Zambia, South Africa, Bolivia[60]
Cao Đài | 1–3 | [61] | Vietnamese Religions | Vietnam.
Cheondoism | 3 | [62] | Korean religions | North Korea and South Korea
Tenrikyo | 2 | [63] | Japanese religions | Japan, Brazil.
Wicca | 1 | [64] | New religious movements | United States, Australia, Europe, Canada.
Church of World Messianity | 1 | [65] | Japanese Religions | Japan, Brazil
Seicho-no-Ie | 0.8 | [63] | Japanese religions | Japan, Brazil.
Rastafari movement | 0.7 | [66] | New religious movements, Abrahamic religions | Jamaica, Caribbean, Africa.
Unitarian Universalism | 0.63 | [67] | New religious movements | United States, Canada, Europe.

Since the late 19th century, the demographics of religion have changed a great deal. Some countries with a historically large Christian population have experienced a significant decline in the numbers of professed active Christians: see demographics of atheism. Symptoms of the decline in active participation in Christian religious life include declining recruitment for the priesthood and monastic life, as well as diminishing attendance at church. On the other hand, since the 19th century, large areas of sub-Saharan Africa have been converted to Christianity, and this area of the world has the highest population growth rate. In the realm of Western civilization, there has been an increase in the number of people who identify themselves as secular humanists. Despite the decline, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% of the population is Christian.[68] In many countries, such as the People's Republic of China, communist governments have discouraged religion, making it difficult to count the actual number of believers. However, after the collapse of communism in numerous countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, religious life has been experiencing resurgence there, in the form of traditional Eastern Christianity.[69] While, Islam however has gained considerably in the Soviet Unions former republics in Central Asia.

Following is some available data based on the work of the World Christian Encyclopedia:[70]

### Growth rate of adherents

[needs update]

Trends in annual growth of adherents  Faith  | 1970–1985[71] | 1990–2000[72][73] | 2000–2005[74]

|
|
|

Islam  | 2.74%  | 2.13%  | 1.84%
Baháʼí Faith  | 3.65%  | 2.28%  | 1.70%
Hinduism  | 2.34%  | 1.69%  | 1.57%
Christianity  | 1.64%  | 1.36%  | 1.32%
Judaism  | 1.09%  | 1.87%  | 1.62%
Buddhism  | 1.67%  | 1.09%  |
Zoroastrianism  |  | 2.65%  |

The annual growth in the world population over the same period is 1.41%.

Studies conducted by the Pew Research Center have found that, generally, poorer nations had a larger proportion of citizens who found religion to be very important than richer nations, with the exceptions of the United States[75] and Kuwait.[76]

In the book Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?, Eric Kaufmann argues that demographic trends point to religious fundamentalists greatly increasing as a share of the population over the next century.[77][78] Other scholars have argued that this may be a form of "cultural selection" that will affect future demographics due to certain religious groups having high fertility that is unexplained by other factors such as income.[79][80][81]

## Marriage

The average age of marriage varies greatly from country to country and has varied through time. Women tend to marry earlier than men and currently varies from 17.6 for women in Niger, to 32.4 for women in Denmark while men range from 22.6 in Mozambique to 35.1 in Sweden.[82]

In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10 per cent of the total worldwide, were born to mothers under 20 years old.[30]

## Age structure

Main articles: Population pyramid, List of countries by median age, and Population ageing

Population pyramid of the world from 1950 to 2100 by the UN World age structure from 1950 to 2100 (projected)[83] Median age by country

According to the 2021 CIA World Factbook, around 25% of the world's population is below 15 years of age.[84]

* 0–14 years: 25.2% (male 1,010,373,278/female 946,624,579)[5]
* 15–64 years: 65.1% (male 2,562,946,384/female 2,498,562,457)[5]
* 65 years and over: 9.7% (male 337,244,947/female 415,884,753) (2021 est.)[5]
* Median Age – 31 years (male: 30.3 years, female: 31.8 years, 2021 est.)

According to a report by the Global Social Change Research Project, worldwide, the percent of the population age 0–14 declined from 34% in 1950 to 27% in 2010. The elderly population (60+) increased during the same period from 8% to 11%.[85]

Median age by continent, 2018[86] Region | Median age

|

Asia | 31
Africa | 18
Europe | 42
North America | 35
South America | 31
Oceania | 33
Proportions of population for select age groups by continent, 2018[86] Region | Under 15 years | Over 65 years

|
|

Asia | 24% | 8%
Africa | 41% | 3%
Europe | 16% | 18%
Latin America-Caribbean | 26% | 8%
North America | 19% | 15%
Oceania | 23% | 12%
World | 26% | 9%
Median age by country as of 2017. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of the Americas.

## Population growth rate

Growth rate of world population (1950–2010)
The sharp decline in world population growth in the early 1960s caused primarily by the Great Chinese Famine

Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since peaking in 1962 and 1963 at 2.20% per annum. In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[87] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.915%, 0.812%, and 1.092% respectively[5] The last one hundred years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity[88] made possible by the Green Revolution.[89][90][91]

2010–2015 net population increase rate, per 1000 people

The actual annual growth in the number of humans fell from its peak of 88.0 million in 1989, to a low of 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. Since then, annual growth has declined. In 2009, the human population increased by 74.6 million, which is projected to fall steadily to about 41 million per annum in 2050, at which time the population will have increased to about 9.2 billion.[87] Each region of the globe has seen great reductions in growth rate in recent decades, though growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[87]

Some countries experienced negative population growth, especially in Eastern Europe mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of HIV-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also encounter negative population growth.[92] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.[93]

Population in the world increased from 1990 to 2008 with 1,423 billion and 27% growth. Measured by persons, the increase was highest in India (290 million) and China (192 million). Population growth was highest in Qatar (174%) and United Arab Emirates (140%).[94]

In 2022, the world population reached 8 billion. The latest projections by the United Nations suggest that the global population could grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and 10.4 billion in 2100.[30]

More than half of the projected increase in global population up to 2050 will be concentrated in just eight countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and Tanzania.[30]

Rank  | Country  | Population (thousands)[31] | Growth (%)
1990–2010

|
|
|

1990  | 2010  | 2023
|  World | 5,306,425 | 6,895,889 | 8,035,118 | 30.0%
1  |  India  | 873,785  | 1,224,614  | 1,428,627  | 40.2%
2  |  China  | 1,145,195  | 1,341,335  | 1,425,671  | 17.1%
3  |  United States  | 253,339  | 310,384  | 331,002  | 22.5%
4  |  Indonesia  | 184,346  | 239,871  | 273,523  | 30.1%
5  |  Pakistan  | 111,845  | 173,593  | 220,892  | 55.2%
6  |  Brazil  | 149,650  | 194,946  | 212,559  | 30.3%
7  |  Nigeria  | 97,552  | 158,423  | 206,139  | 62.4%
8  |  Bangladesh  | 105,256  | 148,692  | 164,689  | 41.3%
9  |  Russia  | 148,244  | 142,958  | 145,934  | −3.6%
10  |  Mexico  | 86,007  | 114,092  | 128,932  | 32.7%

## Births

In 2021, most births worldwide occurred in two regions: sub-Saharan Africa (29 per cent of global births), the region with the highest fertility level, Central and Southern Asia (28 per cent of global births) and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (18 per cent).[30]

## Birth count

The 10 countries with the highest estimated number of births in 2021 according to the World Population Prospects 2022 of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.[95]

Rank  | Country  | Number of births (2021)

|
|

1  |  India  | 23,114,000
2  |  China  | 10,881,567
3  |  Nigeria  | 7,923,294
4  |  Pakistan  | 6,374,741
5  |  Indonesia  | 4,496,383
6  |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 4,034,953
7  |  Ethiopia  | 3,895,734
8  |  United States  | 3,722,822
9  |  Bangladesh  | 3,019,672
10  |  Brazil  | 2,760,958

## Birth rate

Countries by birth rate

As of 2009, the average birth rate (unclear whether this is the weighted average rate per country [with each country getting a weight of 1], or the unweighted average of the entire world population) for the whole world is 19.95 per year per 1000 total population, a 0.48% decline from 2003's world birth rate of 20.43 per 1000 total population.

World historical and predicted crude birth rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2008 rev.[96] Years | CBR | Years | CBR

|
|
|

1950–1955 | 37.2 | 2000–2005 | 21.2
1955–1960 | 35.3 | 2005–2010 | 20.3
1960–1965 | 34.9 | 2010–2015 | 19.4
1965–1970 | 33.4 | 2015–2020 | 18.2
1970–1975 | 30.8 | 2020–2025 | 16.9
1975–1980 | 28.4 | 2025–2030 | 15.8
1980–1985 | 27.9 | 2030–2035 | 15.0
1985–1990 | 27.3 | 2035–2040 | 14.5
1990–1995 | 24.7 | 2040–2045 | 14.0
1995–2000 | 22.5 | 2045–2050 | 13.4

According to the CIA – The World Factbook, the country with the highest birth rate currently is Niger at 51.26 births per 1000 people. The country with the lowest birth rate is Japan at 7.64 births per 1000 people. Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, is at 7.42 births per 1000 people. As compared to the 1950s, birth rate was at 36 births per 1000 in the 1950s,[97] birth rate has declined by 16 births per 1000 people. In July 2011, the U.S. National Institutes of Health announced that the adolescent birth rate continues to decline.[98]

Birth rates vary even within the same geographic areas. In Europe, as of July 2011, Ireland's birth rate is 16.5 percent, which is 3.5 percent higher than the next-ranked country, the UK. France has a birth rate of 12.8 per cent while Sweden is at 12.3 percent.[99] In July 2011, the UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a 2.4% increase in live births in the UK in 2010 alone.[100] This is the highest birth rate in the UK in 40 years.[100] By contrast, the birth rate in Germany is only 8.3 per 1,000, which is so low that both the UK and France, which have significantly smaller populations, produced more births in 2010.[101] Birth rates also vary within the same geographic area, based on different demographic groups. For example, in April 2011, the U.S. CDC announced that the birth rate for women over the age of 40 in the U.S. rose between 2007 and 2009, while it fell among every other age group during the same time span.[102] In August 2011, Taiwan's government announced that its birth rate declined in the previous year, despite the fact that it implemented a host of approaches to encourage its citizens to have babies.[103]

Birth rates ranging from 10 to 20 births per 1000 are considered low, while rates from 40 to 50 births per 1000 are considered high. There are problems associated with both an extremely high birth rate and an extremely low birth rate. High birth rates can cause stress on the government welfare and family programs to support a youthful population. Additional problems faced by a country with a high birth rate include educating a growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they enter the workforce, and dealing with the environmental effects that a large population can produce. Low birth rates can put stress on the government to provide adequate senior welfare systems and also the stress on families to support the elders themselves. There will be less children or working age population to support the constantly growing aging population.

### Highest and lowest birth rates (annual births per 1000 persons)

The ten countries with the highest and lowest crude birth rate, according to the 2018 and 2022 CIA World Factbook estimates, are:[104]

(These lists include independent countries only, not regions.)[But St Pierre & Miquelon is not a country.]

| Rank
(2022) | Country | Highest (2022)

|
|

1 |  Niger | 47.08
2 |  Angola | 41.80
3 |  Benin | 41.15
4 |  Mali | 41.07
5 |  Uganda | 40.94
6 |  Chad | 40.45
7 | Template:Country data DRC | 40.08
8 |  Somalia | 37.98
9 |  South Sudan | 37.69
10 |  Mozambique | 37.47
|  | Rank
(2022) | Country | Lowest (2022)

|
|

1 |  Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 6.47
2 |  Monaco | 6.66
3 |  Andorra | 6.88
4 |  South Korea | 6.92
5 |  Japan | 6.95
6 |  Italy | 6.95
7 |  Spain | 7.13
8 |  Taiwan | 7.39
9 |  Greece | 7.61
10 |  Puerto Rico | 7.87
| Rank
(2018) | Country | Highest (2018)

|
|

1 |  Angola | 43.7
2 |  Niger | 43.6
3 |  Mali | 43.2
4 |  Chad | 43.0
5 |  Uganda | 42.4
6 |  Zambia | 41.1
7 |  Burundi | 40.9
8 |  Malawi | 40.7
9 |  Somalia | 39.3
10 |  Liberia | 37.9
|  | Rank
(2018) | Country | Lowest (2018)

|
|

1 |  Monaco | 6.5
2 |  Andorra | 7.3
3 |  Japan | 7.5
4 |  Portugal | 8.2
5 |  Taiwan | 8.2
6 |  Greece | 8.3
7 |  South Korea | 8.3
8 |  Bulgaria | 8.5
9 |  Italy | 8.5
10 |  Germany | 8.6

## Death rate

The ten countries with the highest and lowest crude death rate, according to the 2018 and 2022 CIA World Factbook estimates, are:[105]

| Rank
(2022) | Country | Highest death rates (2022)
(annual deaths/1000 persons)

|
|

1 |  Serbia | 16.39
2 |  Romania | 15.26
3 |  Lithuania | 15.12
4 |  Latvia | 14.65
5 |  Bulgaria | 14.41
6 |  Ukraine | 13.77
7 |  Russia | 13.36
8 |  Estonia | 13.10
9 |  Belarus | 12.88
10 |  Croatia | 12.88

| Rank
(2022) | Country | Lowest death rates (2022)
(annual deaths/1000 persons)

|
|

1 |  Qatar | 1.42
2 |  United Arab Emirates | 1.56
3 |  Kuwait | 2.25
4 |  Bahrain | 2.82
5 |  Palestine, Gaza Strip | 2.91
6 |  Oman | 3.23
7 |  Palestine, West Bank | 3.40
8 |  Saudi Arabia | 3.42
9 |  Libya | 3.45
10 |  Jordan | 3.45

| Rank
(2018) | Country | Highest death rates (2018)
(annual deaths/1000 persons)

|
|

1 |  South Sudan | 19.30
2 |  Lesotho | 15.10
3 |  Lithuania | 14.80
4 |  Bulgaria | 14.50
5 |  Latvia | 14.50
6 |  Ukraine | 14.30
7 |  Serbia | 13.60
8 |  Russia | 13.40
9 |  Afghanistan | 13.20
10 |  Belarus | 13.20

| Rank
(2018) | Country | Lowest death rates (2018)
(annual deaths/1000 persons)[lower-alpha 9]

|
|

1 |  Qatar | 1.60
2 |  United Arab Emirates | 1.70
3 |  Kuwait | 2.30
4 |  Bahrain | 2.80
5 |  Oman | 3.30
6 |  Saudi Arabia | 3.30
7 |  Jordan | 3.40
8 |  Singapore | 3.50
9 |  Brunei | 3.70
10 |  Libya | 3.70

World historical and predicted crude death rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2008 rev.[106] Years | CDR | Years | CDR

|
|
|

1950–1955 | 19.5 | 2000–2005 | 8.6
1955–1960 | 17.3 | 2005–2010 | 8.5
1960–1965 | 15.5 | 2010–2015 | 8.3
1965–1970 | 13.2 | 2015–2020 | 8.3
1970–1975 | 11.4 | 2020–2025 | 8.3
1975–1980 | 10.7 | 2025–2030 | 8.5
1980–1985 | 10.3 | 2030–2035 | 8.8
1985–1990 | 9.7 | 2035–2040 | 9.2
1990–1995 | 9.4 | 2040–2045 | 9.6
1995–2000 | 8.9 | 2045–2050 | 10

See list of countries by mortality rate for worldwide statistics.

According to the World Health Organization, the 10 leading causes of death in 2002 were:

1. 12.6% Ischemic heart disease
2. 9.7% Cerebrovascular disease
3. 6.8% Lower respiratory infections
4. 4.9% HIV/AIDS
5. 4.8% Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
6. 3.2% Diarrhoeal diseases
7. 2.7% Tuberculosis
8. 2.2% Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
9. 2.2% Malaria
10. 2.1% Road traffic accidents

Causes of death vary greatly between first and third world countries.

According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 millions people, all causes of death combined, die each year. In 2006, more than 36 millions died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".[107]

Of the roughly 150,000 people who died each day across the globe, about two-thirds—100,000 per day—died of age-related causes in 2001, according to an article which counts all deaths "due to causes that kill hardly anyone under the age of 40" as age-related.[108] In industrialized nations, the proportion was even higher according to that article, reaching 90%.[108]

## Total fertility rate

The Total fertility rate is the average number of children born per mother. In 2021, fertility levels high were found in sub-Saharan Africa (4.6 births per woman), Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand (3.1), Northern Africa and Western Asia (2.8), and Central and Southern Asia (2.3).[30]

There is an inverse correlation between income and fertility, wherein developed countries usually have a much lower fertility rate. Various fertility factors may be involved, such as education and urbanization. Mortality rates are low, birth control is understood and easily accessible, and costs are often deemed very high because of education, clothing, feeding, and social amenities. With wealth, contraception becomes affordable. However, in countries like Iran where contraception was made artificially affordable before the economy accelerated, birth rate also rapidly declined. Further, longer periods of time spent getting higher education often mean women have children later in life.[109] Female labor participation rate also has substantial negative impact on fertility. However, this effect is neutralized among Nordic or liberalist countries.[110] In undeveloped countries on the other hand, families desire children for their labour and as caregivers for their parents in old age. Fertility rates are also higher due to the lack of access to contraceptives, generally lower levels of female education, patriarchal culture and lower rates of female employment in industry.

Total fertility rates by region, 2010–2015

Total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman.

Region  | Total fertility rate
(2010–2015)[111]

|

World  | 2.5
Africa  | 4.7
Sub-Saharan Africa  | 5.1
Western Africa  | 5.5
Middle Africa  | 5.8
Eastern Africa  | 4.9
Northern Africa  | 3.3
Southern Africa  | 2.5
Oceania  | 2.4
Asia  | 2.2
Europe  | 1.6
Latin America-Caribbean  | 2.2
North America  | 1.9

## Health

Life expectancy (as of 2016) varies greatly from country to country. It is lowest in certain countries in Africa and higher in Japan, Australia and Spain.[112]

>80

77.5–80

75–77.5

72.5–75

70–72.5

67.5–70

65–67.5

60–65

55–60

50–55

|

The average number of hospital beds per 1,000 population is 2.94. It is highest in Switzerland (18.3) and lowest in Mexico (1.1)[113]

96% of the urban population has access to improved drinking water, while only 78% of rural inhabitants have improved drinking water. A total average of 87% of urban and rural have access to improved drinking water.

76% of the urban population has access to sanitation facilities, while only 45% of the rural population has access. A total world average of 39% do not have access to sanitation facilities.

As of 2009, there are an estimated 33.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS, which is approximately 0.8% of the world population, and there have been an estimated 1.8 million deaths attributed to HIV/AIDS.

As of 2010, 925 million people are undernourished.[114]

Life Expectancy at Birth:

* total population: 71.4 years
* male: 69.1 years
* female: 73.8 years (2015 est.)[112]

World historical and predicted total life expectancy at birth (1950–2050)
UN, 2017 rev.[115] Years  | LEB  | Years  | LEB

|
|
|

1950–1955  | 47.9  | 2000–2005  | 67.2
1955–1960  | 49.3  | 2005–2010  | 69.1
1960–1965  | 51.2  | 2010–2015  | 70.8
1965–1970  | 55.5  | 2015–2020  | 72.0
1970–1975  | 58.1  | 2020–2025  | 73.0
1975–1980  | 60.3  | 2025–2030  | 73.8
1980–1985  | 62.1  | 2030–2035  | 74.7
1985–1990  | 63.7  | 2035–2040  | 75.5
1990–1995  | 64.6  | 2040–2045  | 76.2
1995–2000  | 65.7  | 2045–2050  | 77.0

## Sex ratio

Map indicating the human sex ratio by country.

Countries with more females than males.

Countries with similar number of males and females.

Countries with more males than females.

No data

The value for the entire world population is 1.02 males/female,[5] with 1.07 at birth, 1.06 for those under 15, 1.02 for those between 15 and 64, and 0.78 for those over 65.

The Northern Mariana Islands have the highest female ratio with 0.77 males per female. Qatar has the highest male ratio, with 2.87 males/female. For the group aged below 15, Sierra Leone has the highest female ratio with 0.96 males/female, and Georgia and China are tied for the highest male ratio with 1.13 males/female (according to the 2006 CIA World Factbook).

The "First World" G7 members all have a gender ratio in the range of 0.95–0.98 for the total population, of 1.05–1.07 at birth, of 1.05–1.06 for the group below 15, of 1.00–1.04 for the group aged 15–64, and of 0.70–0.75 for those over 65.

Countries on the Arabian Peninsula tend to have a "natural" ratio of about 1.05 at birth but a very high ratio of males for those over 65 (Saudi Arabia 1.13, United Arab Emirates 2.73, Qatar 2.84), indicating either an above-average mortality rate for females or a below-average mortality for males, or, more likely in this case, a large population of aging male guest workers. Conversely, countries of Eastern Europe (the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia) tend to have a "normal" ratio at birth but a very low ratio of males among those over 65 (Russia 0.46, Latvia 0.48, Ukraine 0.52); similarly, Armenia has a far above average male ratio at birth (1.17), and a below-average male ratio above 65 (0.67). This effect may be caused by emigration and higher male mortality as result of higher post-Soviet era deaths; it may also be related to the enormous (by western standards) rate of alcoholism in the former Soviet states. Another possible contributory factor is an aging population, with a higher than normal proportion of relatively elderly people: we recall that due to higher differential mortality rates the ratio of males to females reduces for each year of age.

## Unemployment rate

8.7% (2010 est.) 8.2% (2009 est.) note: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment (2007 est.)

## Languages

Official language is by country in the world Map of the human language families

Main article: Social:Language family

Worldwide, English is used widely as a lingua franca and can be seen to be the dominant language at this time. The world's largest language by native speakers is Mandarin Chinese which is a first language of around 1,100 million people, or 12.44% of the population, predominantly in Greater China. Spanish is spoken by around 330 to 400 million people, predominantly in the Americas and Spain. Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) is spoken by about 370 to 420 million speakers, mostly in India and Pakistan.

Arabic is spoken by around 350 million people predominantly in Arab world. Bengali is spoken by around 250 million people worldwide, predominantly in Bangladesh and India. Portuguese is spoken by about 230 million speakers in Portugal, Brazil, East Timor, and Southern Africa.

There are numerous other languages, grouped into nine major families:

1. Indo-European languages 46% (Europe, Western Asia, South Asia, North Asia, North America, South America, and Oceania)
2. Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, and South Asia)
3. Niger–Congo languages 6.4% (Sub-Saharan Africa)
4. Afroasiatic languages 6.0% (North Africa to Horn of Africa, and Western Asia)
5. Austronesian languages 5.9% (Oceania, Madagascar, and Maritime Southeast Asia)
6. Dravidian languages 3.7% (South Asia)
7. Altaic languages (controversial combination of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic families) 2.3% (Central Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and Anatolia)[lower-alpha 10]
8. Austroasiatic languages 1.7% (Mainland Southeast Asia)
9. Kra–Dai languages 1.3% (Southeast Asia)

There are also hundreds of non-verbal sign languages.

## Education

World map of countries shaded according to the literacy rate for all people aged 15 and over, as of 2015.[116]

## See also

* Demographics of Africa
* Demographics of Antarctica
* Demographics of Asia
* Demographics of Europe
* Demographics of North America
* List of Caribbean countries by population
* Demographics of Oceania
* Demographics of South America
* World population

## Notes

1. ↑ The area figures are taken from individual national censuses according to the criteria and statistical concepts noted in the World Urbanization Prospects.
2. ↑ As defined by the Statistics Bureau of Japan; refers to Kanto major metropolitan area (M.M.A.)
3. ↑ The population of the city is composed of population in all City Districts meeting the criteria such as "contiguous built-up area", being the location of the local government, being a Street or Having a Resident Committee.
4. ↑ Based on a definition of urban agglomeration that is not restricted to state boundaries.
5. ↑ The Greater Mumbai urban agglomeration is defined by the municipal corporations of Greater Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Thane and Ulhasnagar, plus the municipal councils of Ambarnath, Badlapur and Mira-Bhayandar. Not to be confused with the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, which includes some additional urban and rural units.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The number of people who consider themselves party to a "folk tradition" is impossible to determine.
7. ↑ Figures for the population of Jains differ from just over six million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain. Following a major advertising campaign urging Jains to register as such, the 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains. This was estimated at the time to still be half the true number. The 2001 Census of India had 8.4 million Jains.
8. ↑ Historically, the Baháʼí Faith arose in 19th century Persia, in the context of Shia Islam, and thus may be classed on this basis as a divergent strand of Islam, placing it in the Abrahamic tradition. However, the Baháʼí Faith considers itself an independent religious tradition, which draws from Islam but also other traditions. The Baháʼí Faith may also be classed as a new religious movement, due to its comparatively recent origin, or may be considered sufficiently old and established for such classification to not be applicable.
9. ↑ This list includes only independent countries, not regions.
10. ↑ Since the Mongolic and Tungusic language families have only a relatively small number of speakers, the majority of the Altaic percentage represents speakers of Turkic languages.

## References

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1. ↑ "China's Population 1.4 billion 2020". https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-population-now-14-billion-birthrate-falls-68348982.
2. ↑ "India Population 1.38 billion UN Data Estimate". https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/#:~:text=The current population of India,of the total world population..
3. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2018-06-13). "Urbanization". Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization.
4. ↑ "Urban population (% of total population) | Data". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?end=2018&start=2018&view=bar.
5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 CIA.gov World Factbook – World Statistics
6. ↑ World Population Becomes More Urban That Rural
7. ↑ "Country Comparison :: Population". U.S. Census Bureau. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html.
8. ↑ "World Population Prospects: Data Portal – Population Division". https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/19/locations/900/start/1990/end/2024/table/pivotbylocation?df=b6640d00-eafe-48da-b650-2e91476bbf4c.
9. ↑ "The surprising global variation in replacement fertility". Population Research and Policy Review 22 (5/6): 575. 2003. doi:10.1023/B:POPU.0000020882.29684.8e. , Introduction and Table 1, p. 580
10. ↑ "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Korea, Rep.". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?most_recent_value_desc=false&locations=KR.
11. ↑ "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Niger". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=NE.
12. ↑ "Census.gov". Census.gov. 7 January 2009. https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldpop.html.
13. ↑ "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) | Data". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?end=2018&start=2018&view=bar.
14. ↑ Blanchard, Maren⁴ (May 7, 2024). "The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Literacy: How Literacy is Influenced by and Influences SES" (in en). University of Michigan Journal of Economics. https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/mje/2023/01/05/the-relationship-between-socioeconomic-status-and-literacy-how-literacy-is-influenced-by-and-influences-ses/.
15. ↑ "Illiteracy rates by world region 2016" (in en). https://www.statista.com/statistics/262886/illiteracy-rates-by-world-regions/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database
17. ↑ "The World at". Un.org. 12 October 1999. https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm.
18. ↑ "Population Growth over Human History". Globalchange.umich.edu. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html.
19. ↑ World Population Milestones
20. ↑ "United Nations Population Fund". UNFPA. 13 May 1968. http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/factsheets/pid/3856.
21. ↑ Roser, Max (2022-03-15). "The future is vast – what does this mean for our own life?" (in en). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/the-future-is-vast.
22. ↑ "World's population reaches six billion". BBC News. 5 August 1999. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/411162.stm.
23. ↑ "UN population estimates.". Population Division, United Nations. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp.
24. ↑ Whitehouse, David (19 May 2005). "Half of humanity set to go urban". BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4561183.stm.
25. ↑ [1] Urban, Suburban, and Rural Victimization, 1993–98] U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics,. Accessed 29 October 2006
26. ↑ "World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision". Population Division, United Nations. http://esa.un.org/unup/CD-ROM/Urban-Rural-Population.htm.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Maddison (27 July 2016). "Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820". http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf.
28. ↑ "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Population growth of the whole country". http://populstat.info/Americas/usac.htm.
29. ↑ Template:Cite UN WPP
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results. New York. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 https://www.populationpyramid.net [bare URL]
32. ↑ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision Population Database". United Nations. http://esa.un.org/wup2009/wup/source/country.aspx.
33. ↑ "USA: Combined Metropolitan Areas". CityPopulation.de. August 2021. http://citypopulation.de/en/usa/combmetro/.
34. ↑ Censusreporter.org. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
35. ↑ . https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2021/estimativa_dou_2021.pdf.
36. ↑ The Evolving Urban Form: Cairo, New Geography, 13 June 2012, http://www.newgeography.com/content/002901-the-evolving-urban-form-cairo, retrieved 9 Oct 2015
37. ↑ "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province)". 5 August 2023. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf.
38. ↑ Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal; Kolkata District. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
39. ↑ "World Demographics Profile 2012". Index Mundi. http://www.indexmundi.com/world/demographics_profile.html.
40. ↑ "Day of Eight Billion". https://www.un.org/en/dayof8billion.
41. ↑ Matt Rosenberg (22 July 2016). "Population Density". http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/popdensity.htm.
42. ↑ Matt Rosenberg (2 January 2019). "Population Density Information and Statistics". https://www.thoughtco.com/population-density-overview-1435467.
43. ↑ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
44. ↑ The Monaco government uses a smaller surface area figure resulting in a population density of 18,078 per km2
45. ↑ World Christian Database Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary Centre for the Study of Global Christianity
46. ↑ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/.
47. ↑ Kettani, H. (2014). The World Muslim Population, History & Prospect. Singapore: Research Publishing Service
48. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". 7 October 2009. http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450.
49. ↑ "World distribution of muslim population". Pew Centre. October 2009. http://pewresearch.org/assets/pewforum-muslim-project/weighted-map.htm.
50. ↑ Clarke, Peter B. (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. 125
51. ↑ Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents[Usurped!], adherents.com[Usurped!]. "Archived copy". http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html.
52. ↑ Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid, et al. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy & Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen. Shambhala: Boston (English: pub. 1994; orig. German: 1986); pg. 50.
53. ↑ "Tây Tạng một cái nhìn toàn cục" (in vi). BBC. 23 March 2008. https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/forum/story/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.
54. ↑ "Asia Sentinel – How Now Tao?". http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=468&Itemid=206.
55. ↑ Japanese government
56. ↑ Indian Registrar General & Census Commissioner. "Religious Composition". Census of India, 2001
57. ↑ "QuickLists: World Religions (2010)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_125.asp. "Baha'is (sic) 7,305,110"
58. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica (2002). "Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2002". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-555-7.
59. ↑ MacEoin, Denis (2000). "Baha'i Faith". in Hinnells, John R.. The New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions: Second Edition. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-051480-3.
60. ↑ "QuickLists: Most Baha'i (sic) Nations (2010)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp.
61. ↑ Sergei Blagov. "Caodaism in Vietnam : Religion vs Restrictions and Persecution ". IARF World Congress, Vancouver, Canada, 31 July 1999.
62. ↑ Self-reported figures from 1999; North Korea only (South Korean followers are minimal according to self-reported figures). In The A to Z of New Religious Movements by George D. Chryssides. ISBN 978-0-8108-5588-5
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Self-reported figures printed in Japanese Ministry of Education's 宗教年間 Shuukyou Nenkan, 2003
64. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2004) p. 82
65. ↑ Clarke, Peter B. (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. 208. "Sekai Kyuseikyo has about one million members, a growing number of them in the west and the third world, especially Brazil and Thailand. "
66. ↑ Leonard E. Barrett. The Rastafarians: Sounds of Cultural Dissonance. Beacon Press, 1988. p. viii.
67. ↑ American Religious Identification Survey
68. ↑ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global Christianity". Pew Research Center. http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx.
69. ↑ "Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues". Pew Research Center. October 29, 2018. https://www.pewforum.org/2018/10/29/eastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues/.
70. ↑ The results have been studied and found "highly correlated with other sources of data", but "consistently gave a higher estimate for percent Christian in comparison to other cross-national data sets." Hsu, Becky; Reynolds, Amy; Hackett, Conrad; Gibbon, James (9 July 2008). "Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47 (4): 678–693. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x. http://www.princeton.edu/~bhsu/Hsu2008.pdf.
71. ↑ International Community, Baháʼí (1992). "How many Baháʼís are there?". The Baháʼís: p. 14. http://www.bahai.com/thebahais/pg14.htm.
72. ↑ Barrett, David A. (2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-507963-0. http://www.bible.ca/global-religion-statistics-world-christian-encyclopedia.htm.
73. ↑ Barrett, David; Johnson, Todd (2001). "Global adherents of the World's 19 distinct major religions". William Carey Library. http://www.gordonconwell.edu/ockenga/globalchristianity/gd/wct-1-2.pdf.
74. ↑ "The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions". Foreign Policy (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace). May 2007. https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835.
75. ↑ Pew Research Center (19 December 2002). "Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Research Center. http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=167.
76. ↑ Pew Research Center (1 January 2008). "Income and Religiosity". http://benmuse.typepad.com/ben_muse/2008/01/wealth-and-reli.html.
77. ↑ "Shall the religious inherit the earth?". April 6, 2010. https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/shall_the_religious_inherit_the_earth/.
78. ↑ McClendon, David (Autumn 2013). "Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century, by ERIC KAUFMANN". Sociology of Religion 74 (3): 417–9. doi:10.1093/socrel/srt026. https://academic.oup.com/socrel/article-abstract/74/3/417/1640161.
79. ↑ Kolk, M.; Cownden, D.; Enquist, M. (29 January 2014). "Correlations in fertility across generations: can low fertility persist?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1779). doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2561. PMID 24478294.
80. ↑ Burger, Oskar; DeLong, John P. (28 March 2016). "What if fertility decline is not permanent? The need for an evolutionarily informed approach to understanding low fertility". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1692). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0157. PMID 27022084.
81. ↑ "Population paradox: Europe's time bomb". The Independent. 9 August 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/population-paradox-europes-time-bomb-888030.html.
82. ↑ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe "Mean age at first marriage by sex". Accessed 21 May 2011.
83. ↑ "Population by age group". https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-by-age-group.
84. ↑ Age structure of the world – 2021 CIA World Factbook
85. ↑ Shackman, Gene; Wang, Xun; Liu, Yalin. "Brief Review of World Demographic Trends Trends in Age Distributions". http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/demsumAging.html.
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Jeff Desjardins (15 February 2019). "Mapped: The Median Age of the Population on Every Continent". https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-the-median-age-of-every-continent/.
87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 U.S. Census Bureau, January 2010
88. ↑ "The end of India's green revolution?". BBC News. 29 May 2006. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4994590.stm.
89. ↑ Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy
90. ↑ "Rising food prices curb aid to global poor". The Christian Science Monitor. 24 July 2007. https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0724/p01s01-wogi.html.
91. ↑ "Irish business news". Finfacts. http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml.
92. ↑ UN population projections
93. ↑ "Japan sees biggest population fall". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/02/japan-population.
94. ↑ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971–2008 IEA (pdf pages 83–85)
95. ↑ Template:Cite UN WPP
96. ↑ UNdata: Crude birth rate (per 1,000 population)
97. ↑ Uneca.org: Crude Birth Rates – The World and its Major Regions, 1950–2050
98. ↑ Federal report shows drop in adolescent birth rate, July 7, 2011 News Release – National Institutes of Health (NIH)
99. ↑ "Ireland has one of highest birth and lowest death rates in EU". Thejournal.ie. 29 July 2011. http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-has-one-of-highest-birth-and-lowest-death-rates-in-eu-189080-Jul2011/.
100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "Call for more midwives as birth rate reaches 40-year high". The Guardian. 13 July 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/13/more-midwives-birth-rate-40-year-high.
101. ↑ "Germany faces up to its kinder surprise". The Irish Times. 9 June 2018. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2011/0809/1224302081071.html.
102. ↑ "CDC records rise in birth rate for women over 40". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/04/01/cdc.births.decline/index.html.
103. ↑ "Taiwanese birth rate plummets despite measures". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14525525.
104. ↑ "Birth rate - The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/birth-rate/.
105. ↑ "Death rate - The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/death-rate/.
106. ↑ UNdata: Crude death rate (per 1,000 population)
107. ↑ Jean Ziegler, L'Empire de la honte, Fayard, 2007 ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2, p.130.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations". Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 1 (1, Article 5). doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
109. ↑ Gallagher, James (15 July 2020). "'Jaw-dropping' world fertility rate crash expected" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-53409521.
110. ↑ "Graph Charts of TFR and FLR using Google Motion Chart using World Bank's World Development Index.". http://homepage3.nifty.com/sociology/motion.html.
111. ↑ Nicole Mun Sim Lai (14 October 2016). "Global Population Age Structures and Sustainable Development". Expert Group Meeting on Changing Population Age Structures and Sustainable Development New York, 13–14 October 2016. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/25/2016-EGM_Nicole Mun Sam Lai.pdf.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B: tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally". World Health Organization. 2016. p. 110. https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/EN_WHS2016_AnnexB.pdf.
113. ↑ "Countries Compared by Health > Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people. International Statistics at". Nationmaster.com. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_hos_bed-health-hospital-beds.
114. ↑ SOFI | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO. 2021. doi:10.4060/CB4474EN. ISBN 978-92-5-134325-8. http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
115. ↑ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/.
116. ↑ "Literacy Statistics Metadata Information Table". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. September 2015. http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Excel/LITEA/Metadata on literacy - Métadonnées sur l’alphabétisme.xlsx.

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* Desalination
* Desertification
* Environmental impact
* of agriculture
* of aviation
* of biodiesel
* of concrete
* of electricity generation
* of the energy industry
* of fishing
* of irrigation
* of mining
* of off-roading
* of oil shale industry
* of palm oil
* of paper
* of the petroleum industry
* of reservoirs
* of shipping
* of war
* Industrialisation
* Land degradation
* Land reclamation
* Overconsumption
* Pollution
* Quarrying
* Urbanization
* Loss of green belts
* Urban sprawl
* Waste
* Water scarcity
* Overdrafting

Population
ecology

* Carrying capacity
* Deep ecology
* Earth's energy budget
* Food security
* Habitat destruction
* I = P × A × T
* Kaya identity
* Malthusian growth model
* Overshoot (population)
* World energy consumption
* World energy resources
* World3 model

Literature|

* A Modest Proposal
* Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
* An Essay on the Principle of Population
* "How Much Land Does a Man Need?"
* Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
* Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits
* The Limits to Growth
* The Population Bomb
* The Skeptical Environmentalist
* The Ultimate Resource

Publications|

* Population and Environment
* Population and Development Review

Lists|

* Population and housing censuses by country
* Metropolitan areas by population
* Population milestone babies

Events and
organizations

* 7 Billion Actions
* Extinction Rebellion
* International Conference on Population and Development
* Population Action International
* Population Connection
* Population Matters
* Population Research Institute
* United Nations Population Fund
* Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
* World Population Day
* World Population Foundation

Related topics|

* Classic Maya collapse
* Fertility and intelligence
* Green Revolution
* Holocene extinction
* Migration

* Commons
* Human overpopulation
* Human activities with impact on the environment
* Human migration

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