Ecological genetics

Short description: The study of genetics in natural populations

Part of a series on

Evolutionary biology

Darwin's finches by John Gould

Key topics

* Introduction to evolution
* Evidence of evolution
* Common descent
* Evidence of common descent

Processes and outcomes

* Population genetics
* Variation
* Diversity
* Mutation
* Natural selection
* Adaptation
* Polymorphism
* Genetic drift
* Gene flow
* Speciation
* Adaptive radiation
* Co-operation
* Coevolution
* Coextinction
* Divergence
* Convergence
* Parallel evolution
* Extinction

Natural history

* Origin of life
* History of life
* Timeline of evolution
* Human evolution
* Phylogeny
* Biodiversity
* Biogeography
* Classification
* Evolutionary taxonomy
* Cladistics
* Transitional fossil
* Extinction event

History of evolutionary theory

* Overview
* Renaissance
* Before Darwin
* Darwin
* Origin of Species
* Before synthesis
* Modern synthesis
* Molecular evolution
* Evo-devo
* Current research
* History of speciation
* History of paleontology (timeline)

Fields and applications

* Applications of evolution
* Biosocial criminology
* Ecological genetics
* Evolutionary aesthetics
* Evolutionary anthropology
* Evolutionary computation
* Evolutionary ecology
* Evolutionary economics
* Evolutionary epistemology
* Evolutionary ethics
* Evolutionary game theory
* Evolutionary linguistics
* Evolutionary medicine
* Evolutionary neuroscience
* Evolutionary physiology
* Evolutionary psychology
* Experimental evolution
* Phylogenetics
* Paleontology
* Selective breeding
* Speciation experiments
* Sociobiology
* Systematics
* Universal Darwinism

Social implications

* Evolution as fact and theory
* Social effects
* Creation–evolution controversy
* Objections to evolution
* Level of support

*   * Category
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Ecological genetics is the study of genetics in natural populations.

This contrasts with classical genetics, which works mostly on crosses between laboratory strains, and DNA sequence analysis, which studies genes at the molecular level.

Research in this field is on traits of ecological significance—that is, traits related to fitness, which affect an organism's survival and reproduction. Examples might be: flowering time, drought tolerance, polymorphism, mimicry, avoidance of attacks by predators.

Research usually involves a mixture of field and laboratory studies.[1] Samples of natural populations may be taken back to the laboratory for their genetic variation to be analysed. Changes in the populations at different times and places will be noted, and the pattern of mortality in these populations will be studied. Research is often done on insects and other organisms that have short generation times.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## History

Although work on natural populations had been done previously, it is acknowledged that the field was founded by the United Kingdom biologist E.B. Ford (1901–1988) in the early 20th century. Ford was taught genetics at Oxford University by Julian Huxley, and started research on the genetics of natural populations in 1924. Ford also had a long working relationship with R.A. Fisher. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism,[2][3] Fisher had got accustomed to high natural selection values in nature. This was one of the main outcomes of research on natural populations. Ford's magnum opus was Ecological genetics, which ran to four editions and was widely influential.[4]

Other notable ecological geneticists would include Theodosius Dobzhansky who worked on chromosome polymorphism in fruit flies. As a young researcher in Russia, Dobzhansky had been influenced by Sergei Chetverikov, who also deserves to be remembered as a founder of genetics in the field, though his significance was not appreciated until much later. Dobzhansky and colleagues carried out studies on natural populations of Drosophila species in western USA and Mexico over many years.[5][6][7]

Philip Sheppard, Cyril Clarke, Bernard Kettlewell and A.J. Cain were all strongly influenced by Ford; their careers date from the post World War II era. Collectively, their work on lepidoptera, and on human blood groups, established the field, and threw light on selection in natural populations where its role had been once doubted.

Work of this kind needs long-term funding, as well as grounding in both ecology and genetics. These are both difficult requirements. Research projects can last longer than a researcher's career; for instance, research into mimicry started 150 years ago, and is still going strongly.[8][9] Funding of this type of research is still rather erratic, but at least the value of working with natural populations in the field cannot now be doubted.

## See also

* Antibiotic resistance
* Genetic monitoring
* Peppered moth, Biston betularia,
* Pesticide resistance
* Polymorphism

## References

1. ↑ Ford E.B. 1981. Taking genetics into the countryside. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
2. ↑ Ford E.B. 1940. Polymorphism and taxonomy. In Huxley J. The new systematics. Oxford University Press.
3. ↑ Ford E.B. 1965. Genetic polymorphism. All Souls Studies, Faber & Faber, London.
4. ↑ Ford E.B. 1975. Ecological genetics, 4th ed. Chapman and Hall, London.
5. ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius. Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia, N.Y. 1st ed 1937; second ed 1941; 3rd ed 1951.
6. ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius 1970. Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia, New York.
7. ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius 1981. Dobzhansky's genetics of natural populations I-XLIII. R.C. Lewontin, J.A. Moore, W.B. Provine & B. Wallace, eds. Columbia University Press, New York 1981. (reprints the 43 papers in this series, all but two of which were authored or co-authored by Dobzhansky)
8. ↑ Mallet J. and Joron M. 1999. Evolution in diversity in warning color and mimicry: polymorphisms, shifting balance and speciation. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 1999\. 30 201–233
9. ↑ Ruxton G.D. Sherratt T.N. and Speed M.P. 2004. Avoiding attack: the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals & mimicry. Oxford University Press.

## Further reading

* Cain A.J. and W.B. Provine 1992. Genes and ecology in history. In: R.J. Berry, T.J. Crawford and G.M. Hewitt (eds). Genes in ecology. Blackwell Scientific: Oxford. Provides a good historical background.
* Conner J.K. and Hartl D.L. 2004. A primer of ecological genetics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Provides basic and intermediate level processes and methods.

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Genetics

* Introduction
* Outline
* History
* Index
* Glossary

Key components|

* Chromosome
* DNA
* RNA
* Nucleotide
* Genome

Fields|

* Classical
* Conservation
* Ecological
* Immunogenetics
* Molecular
* Population
* Quantitative

Archaeogenetics of|

* the Americas
* the British Isles
* Europe
* Italy
* the Near East
* South Asia

Related topics|

* Behavioural genetics
* Epigenetics
* Geneticist
* Genome editing
* Genomics
* Genetic code
* Medical genetics
* Molecular evolution
* Reverse genetics
* Genetic engineering
* Genetic diversity
* Heredity
* Genetic monitoring
* Genetic genealogy
* Lulu and Nana controversy

Lists|

* List of genetic codes
* List of genetics research organizations

* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject

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Evolutionary biology

* Introduction
* Outline
* Timeline of evolution
* Evolutionary history of life
* Index

Evolution|

* Abiogenesis
* Adaptation
* Adaptive radiation
* Cladistics
* Coevolution
* Common descent
* Convergence
* Divergence
* Earliest known life forms
* Evidence of evolution
* Extinction
* Event
* Gene-centered view
* Homology
* Last universal common ancestor
* Macroevolution
* Microevolution
* Origin of life
* Panspermia
* Parallel evolution
* Speciation
* Taxonomy

Population genetics|

* Biodiversity
* Gene flow
* Genetic drift
* Mutation
* Natural selection
* Artificial selection
* Variation
* Sexual selection
* Social selection

Development|

* Canalisation
* Evolutionary developmental biology
* Inversion
* Modularity
* Phenotypic plasticity

Of taxa|

* Birds
* origin
* Brachiopods
* Molluscs
* Cephalopods
* Dinosaurs
* Fish
* Fungi
* Insects
* butterflies
* Life
* Mammals
* cats
* canids
* wolves
* dogs
* hyenas
* dolphins and whales
* horses
* Kangaroos
* primates
* humans
* lemurs
* sea cows
* Plants
* Reptiles
* Spiders
* Tetrapods
* Viruses
* influenza

Of organs|

* Cell
* DNA
* Flagella
* Eukaryotes
* symbiogenesis
* chromosome
* endomembrane system
* mitochondria
* nucleus
* plastids
* In animals
* eye
* hair
* auditory ossicle
* nervous system
* brain

Of processes|

* Aging
* Death
* Programmed cell death
* Avian flight
* Biological complexity
* Cooperation
* Color vision
* in primates
* Emotion
* Empathy
* Ethics
* Eusociality
* Immune system
* Metabolism
* Monogamy
* Morality
* Mosaic evolution
* Multicellularity
* Sexual reproduction
* Gamete differentiation/sexes
* Life cycles/nuclear phases
* Mating types
* Meiosis
* Sex-determination
* Snake venom

Tempo and modes|

* Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism
* Micromutation/Macromutation
* Uniformitarianism/Catastrophism

Speciation|

* Allopatric
* Anagenesis
* Catagenesis
* Cladogenesis
* Cospeciation
* Ecological
* Hybrid
* Parapatric
* Peripatric
* Reinforcement
* Sympatric

History|

* Renaissance and Enlightenment
* Transmutation of species
* Charles Darwin
* On the Origin of Species
* History of paleontology
* Transitional fossil
* Blending inheritance
* Mendelian inheritance
* The eclipse of Darwinism
* Modern synthesis
* History of molecular evolution
* Extended evolutionary synthesis

Philosophy|

* Darwinism
* Alternatives
* Catastrophism
* Lamarckism
* Orthogenesis
* Mutationism
* Saltationism
* Structuralism
* Spandrel
* Theistic
* Vitalism
* Teleology in biology

Related|

* Biogeography
* Ecological genetics
* Molecular evolution
* Phylogenetics
* Tree
* Polymorphism
* Protocell
* Systematics

* Category
* Commons
* Portal
* WikiProject

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