Edaphology

Edaphology (from Greek ἔδαφος, edaphos 'ground' + -λογία, -logia) is concerned with the influence of soils on living beings, particularly plants.[1][2][3] It is one of two main divisions of soil science, the other being pedology.[4][5][6] Edaphology includes the study of how soil influences humankind's use of land for plant growth[7] as well as people's overall use of the land.[8] General subfields within edaphology are agricultural soil science (known by the term agrology in some regions) and environmental soil science.[9] Pedology deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, and soil classification.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Areas of study
* 2.1 Agricultural soil science
* 2.2 Environmental soil science
* 3 Industrialization and edaphology
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

The history of edaphology is not simple, as the two main alternative terms for soil science—pedology and edaphology—were initially poorly distinguished.[10] Friedrich Albert Fallou originally conceived pedology in the 19th century as a fundamental science separate from the applied science of agrology,[11] a predecessor term for edaphology,[12] a distinction retained in the current understanding of edaphology. During the 20th century, the term edaphology was "driven out of [pedology-centric] soil science" but remained in use to address edaphic problems in other disciplines.[13] In the case of Russian soil scientists, edaphology was used as an equivalent term to pedology,[14] and in Spain, soil scientists adopted edaphology in preference to the term pedology.[15] In the 21st century, edaphology is recognized by soil scientists as a branch of soil science necessary and complementary to the pedology branch.[16]

Xenophon (431-355 BC), and Cato (234-149 BC), were early edaphologists. Xenophon noted the beneficial effect of turning a cover crop into the earth. Cato wrote De Agri Cultura ("On Farming"), which recommended tillage, crop rotation, and the use of legumes in the rotation to build soil nitrogen. He also devised the first soil capability classification for specific crops.

Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577-1644) performed a famous experiment, growing a willow tree in a pot of soil and supplying only rainwater for five years. The weight gained by the tree was greater than the weight loss of the soil. He concluded that the willow was made of water. Although only partly correct, his experiment reignited interest in edaphology.[17]

## Areas of study

### Agricultural soil science

Main article: Earth:Agricultural soil science

Agricultural soil science is the application of soil chemistry, physics, and biology dealing with the production of crops. In terms of soil chemistry, it places particular emphasis on plant nutrients of importance to farming and horticulture, especially with regard to soil fertility and fertilizer components.

Physical edaphology is strongly associated with crop irrigation and drainage.

Soil husbandry is a strong tradition within agricultural soil science. Beyond preventing soil erosion and degradation in cropland, soil husbandry seeks to sustain the agricultural soil resource though the use of soil conditioners and cover crops.

### Environmental soil science

Main article: Earth:Environmental soil science

Environmental soil science studies our interaction with the pedosphere on beyond crop production. Fundamental and applied aspects of the field address vadose zone functions, septic drain field site assessment and function, land treatment of wastewater, stormwater, erosion control, soil contamination with metals and pesticides, remediation of contaminated soils, restoration of wetlands, soil degradation, and environmental nutrient management. It also studies soil in the context of land-use planning, global warming, and acid rain.

## Industrialization and edaphology

Industrialization has impacted the way that soil interacts with plants in various ways. Increased mechanical production has led to higher amount of heavy metals within soils. These heavy metals have also been found in crops.[18] While, the increased use of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides has decreased the nutrient availability of soils.[19]

Changes in agricultural practices, such as monocropping and tilling, as a result of industrialization have also impacted aspects of edaphology. Monocropping techniques are efficient for harvesting and business strategies but lead to a decrease in biodiversity. Decreased biodiversity is shown to decrease the nutrients available in soils.[20] Furthermore, monocropping leads to an increased dependency on chemical fertilizer.[21] While intensive tilling disturbs the community of microorganism that live with in soil. These microorganisms help maintain soil moisture and air circulation which are critical to plant growth.[22]

## See also

* Soil functions
* Soil zoology
* Sustainable agriculture

## Notes

1. ↑ Lal, R.; Shukla, M. K. (2004). Principles of soil physics. 102. Switzerland: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8247-5324-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=3leGCMKvPZwC. "study of soil in relation to plant growth is called edaphology"
2. ↑ Arya, R. L.; Arya, S.; Arya, R.; Kumar, J. (2020). Fundamentals of Agriculture. 2. Jodhpur (INDIA): Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-93-89412-77-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=TMf3DwAAQBAJ. "Edaphology is the study of soil in relation to soil-dependent uses."
3. ↑ Shaw, C. F. (2001). "Is Pedology Soil Science? (1930)". Soil Science Society of America Journal B11: 30–33. doi:10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x. "The use Edaphology by Lyon and Buckman is interpreted by Dr. Buckman (personal communication) in the rather restricted sense of 'the soil in its relation to plants' rather than with a pure soil science meaning. Their interpretation is essentially like that given to Fallou to the word 'Agrology'".
4. ↑ Muhs, D. R. (2021). "Soils and paleosols". Publications of the Us Geological Survey. Bibcode: 2021enge.book..370M. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgspubs/177/. "The study of soils as naturally occurring bodies on the Earth's surface is called pedology (in contrast to edaphology, which is the study of soils and their relations with plants, particularly crops).".
5. ↑ Buckman, Harry O.; Brady, Nyle C. (1960). The Nature and Property of Soils - A College Text of Edaphology (6th ed.). New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 8.
6. ↑ Gardiner, Duane T.. "Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils?". ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html.
7. ↑ Research Branch (1976). "Glossary of Terms in Soil Science". Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.. http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/glossary/.
8. ↑ Whittow, John B. (1984). The Penguin Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-051094-2.
9. ↑ Rana, Lalita (2008). Geographical Thought. A Systematic Record of Evolution. New Delhi (INDIA): Concept Publishing Company. p. 24. ISBN 978-93-5125-092-0. https://www.conceptpub.com/servlet/Detail?bookno=00001927.
10. ↑ Shaw, C. F. (2001). "A Glossary of Soil Terms (1928)". Soil Science Society of America Journal 9: 23. "Edaphology … is a much more desirable term to indicate Soil Science".
11. ↑ Fallou, F. A. (1862). Pedology or General and Special Soil Science. Dresden. https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5. "Agricultural soil science (agrology) is the knowledge of the soil in its relation to the plant and agricultural use. It has only to do with arable land suitable for agriculture, and in a way of speaking it is a kind of liturgy of the soil, for in order to grow usable plants upon it, it must first be artificially prepared."
12. ↑ Shaw, C. F. (2001). "Is Pedology Soil Science? (1930)". Soil Science Society of America Journal B11: 30–33. doi:10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x. "Fallou is quoted as having stated that 'Natural Soil Science or Pedology is a description the nature of soil, no matter whether it has or has not some bearing to vegetation or to its use for industrial purposes.' He used 'Agrology' as a knowledge of soil in its relationship to vegetation and agricultural use.".
13. ↑ Chertov, O. G.; Nadporozhskaya, M. A.; Palenova, M. M.; Priputina, I. V. (2018). "Edaphology in the structure of soil science and ecosystem ecology". Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology 3 (3). doi:10.21685/2500-0578-2018-3-2. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193460896. "In the 20th century, the term edaphology was driven out of soil science and used when addressing edaphic problems in other disciplines. ...edaphic problems remained and they were solved both within basic soil science and adjoined sciences.".
14. ↑ Tseits, M. A.; Devin, B. A. (2005). "Soil Science Web Resources: A Practical Guide to Search Procedures and Search Engines". Eurasian Soil Science 38 (2): 223. http://soil.msu.ru/downloads/sswebresources_eng.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
15. ↑ Herreño, Brian; De la Colina, Federico; Delgado-Iniesta, María José (September 2023). "Edaphosphere: A Perspective of Soil Inside the Biosphere" (in en). Earth 4 (3): 691–697. doi:10.3390/earth4030036. ISSN 2673-4834. Bibcode: 2023Earth...4..691H.
16. ↑ Chertov, O. G.; Nadporozhskaya, M. A.; Palenova, M. M.; Priputina, I. V. (2018). "Edaphology in the structure of soil science and ecosystem ecology". Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology 3 (3). doi:10.21685/2500-0578-2018-3-2. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193460896. "The restoration of the edaphic branch in soil science is necessary for addressing theoretical and especially practical problems in sustainable forest and environmental management under the rapidly changing environment and developing economy.".
17. ↑ Xenophon, Cato and Van Helmont: see page 9-12 in Miller, Raymond W.; Gardiner, Duane T. (1998). Soils in Our Environment (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-610882-5. https://archive.org/details/soilsinourenviro00mill.
18. ↑ Saeed, Maimona; Ilyas, Noshin; Bibi, Fatima; Shabir, Sumera; Mehmood, Sabiha; Akhtar, Nosheen; Ali, Iftikhar; Bawazeer, Sami et al. (2023-01-01). "Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview" (in en). Nanotechnology Reviews 12 (1). doi:10.1515/ntrev-2023-0156. ISSN 2191-9097.
19. ↑ Arora, Sanjay; Sahni, Divya (2016-06-01). "Pesticides effect on soil microbial ecology and enzyme activity- An overview" (in en). Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8 (2): 1126–1132. doi:10.31018/jans.v8i2.929. ISSN 2231-5209. https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/view/929.
20. ↑ Fahad, Shah; Chavan, Sangram Bhanudas; Chichaghare, Akash Ravindra; Uthappa, Appanderanda Ramani; Kumar, Manish; Kakade, Vijaysinha; Pradhan, Aliza; Jinger, Dinesh et al. (January 2022). "Agroforestry Systems for Soil Health Improvement and Maintenance" (in en). Sustainability 14 (22). doi:10.3390/su142214877. ISSN 2071-1050. Bibcode: 2022Sust...1414877F.
21. ↑ Ehrmann, Jürgen; Ritz, Karl (2014-03-01). "Plant: soil interactions in temperate multi-cropping production systems" (in en). Plant and Soil 376 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1921-8. ISSN 1573-5036. Bibcode: 2014PlSoi.376....1E.
22. ↑ Indoria, A. K.; Rao, Ch. Srinivasa; Sharma, K. L.; Reddy, K. Sammi (2017). "Conservation agriculture – a panacea to improve soil physical health". Current Science 112 (1): 52–61. doi:10.18520/cs/v112/i01/52-61. ISSN 0011-3891. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911616.

## References

* European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET) Url last accessed 2006-01-10
* SSSA Soil Science Glossary Url last accessed 2016-01-10

## External links

* v
* t
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Topics in soil science

Main fields|

* Pedology
* Edaphology
* Soil biology
* Soil microbiology
* Soil zoology
* Soil ecology
* Soil physics
* Soil mechanics
* Soil chemistry
* Environmental soil science
* Agricultural soil science

Soil topics|

* Soil
* Pedosphere
* Soil morphology
* Pedodiversity
* Pedogenesis
* Soil erosion
* Soil contamination
* Soil retrogression and degradation
* Soil compaction
* Soil compaction (agriculture)
* Soil salinity
* Alkali soil
* Soil pH
* Soil acidification
* Soil health
* Soil life
* Soil biodiversity
* Soil quality
* Soil value
* Soil fertility
* Soil resilience
* Soil color
* Soil texture
* Soil structure
* Pore space in soil
* Pore water pressure
* Soil crust
* Soil horizon
* Soil biomantle
* Soil carbon
* Soil gas
* Soil respiration
* Soil organic matter
* Soil moisture
* Soil water (retention)

Soil type|

* v
* t
* e

Soil classification

USDA soil taxonomy|

* Alfisols
* Andisols
* Aridisols
* Entisols
* Gelisols
* Histosols
* Inceptisols
* Mollisols
* Oxisols
* Spodosols
* Ultisols
* Vertisols

World Reference Base
for Soil Resources (1998–)|

* Acrisols
* Alisols
* Andosols
* Anthrosols
* Arenosols
* Calcisols
* Cambisols
* Chernozem
* Cryosols
* Durisols
* Ferralsols
* Fluvisols
* Gleysols
* Gypsisols
* Histosol
* Kastanozems
* Leptosols
* Lixisols
* Luvisols
* Nitisols
* Phaeozems
* Planosols
* Plinthosols
* Podzols
* Regosols
* Retisols
* Solonchaks
* Solonetz
* Stagnosol
* Technosols
* Umbrisols
* Vertisols

Other systems|

* FAO soil classification (1974–98)
* Unified Soil Classification System
* AASHTO Soil Classification System
* Référentiel pédologique (French classification system)
* Canadian system of soil classification
* Australian Soil Classification
* Polish Soil Classification
* 1938 USDA soil taxonomy
* List of U.S. state soils
* List of vineyard soil types

Non-systematic soil types|

* Sand
* Silt
* Clay
* Loam
* Topsoil
* Subsoil
* Soil crust
* Claypan
* Hardpan
* Gypcrust
* Caliche
* Parent material
* Pedosphere
* Laimosphere
* Rhizosphere
* Bulk soil
* Alkali soil
* Bay mud
* Blue goo
* Brickearth
* Brown earth
* Calcareous grassland
* Dark earth
* Dry quicksand
* Eluvium
* Expansive clay
* Fill dirt
* Fuller's earth
* Hydrophobic soil
* Loess
* Lunar soil
* Martian soil
* Mud
* Muskeg
* Paleosol
* Peat
* Pedalfer
* Pedocal
* Podzol
* Prime farmland
* Serpentine soil
* Spodic soil
* Subaqueous soil
* Terra preta
* Terra rossa (soil)
* Tropical peat
* Yedoma

Types of soil

Applications|

* Soil conservation
* Soil management
* Soil guideline value
* Soil survey
* Soil test
* Soil governance
* Soil value
* Soil salinity control
* Erosion control
* Soil policy (Victoria, Australia)
* Agroecology
* Liming (soil)

Related fields|

* Geology
* Geochemistry
* Petrology
* Geomorphology
* Geotechnical engineering
* Hydrology
* Hydrogeology
* Biogeography
* Earth materials
* Archaeology
* Agricultural science
* Agrology

Societies, Initiatives|

* Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
* Canadian Society of Soil Science
* Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (India)
* German Soil Science Society
* Indian Institute of Soil Science
* International Union of Soil Sciences
* International Year of Soil
* National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists (USA)
* OPAL Soil Centre (UK)
* Soil Science Society of Poland
* Soil and Water Conservation Society (USA)
* Soil Science Society of America
* World Congress of Soil Science

Scientific journals|

* Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
* Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
* Plant and Soil
* Pochvovedenie
* Soil Research
* Soil Science Society of America Journal

See also|

* Land use
* Land conversion
* Land management
* Vegetation
* Infiltration (hydrology)
* Groundwater
* Crust (geology)
* Impervious surface/Surface runoff

* Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil
* Category soil
* Category soil science
* Index of soil-related articles
* List of soil scientists

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* Atmospheric science / Meteorology
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