Eight-thousander

The eight-thousanders are 14 mountains recognised by the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) with summits that exceed 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) in elevation above sea level and are sufficiently independent of neighbouring peaks as measured by topographic prominence. There is no formally agreed-upon definition of prominence, however, and at times the UIAA has considered whether the list of 8,000-metre peaks should be expanded to 20 peaks by including the major satellite peaks of the canonical 14 eight-thousanders. All of the Earth's eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia, and their summits lie in the altitude range known as the death zone, where atmospheric oxygen pressure is insufficient to sustain human life for extended periods of time.

From 1950 to 1964, all 14 of the eight-thousanders were first summited by expedition climbers in the summer season (the first to be summited was Annapurna I in 1950, and the last was Shishapangma in 1964); from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter season (the first to be summited in winter was Mount Everest in 1980, and the last was K2 in 2021). As measured by a variety of statistical techniques, the deadliest eight-thousander is Annapurna I, with one death (climber or climber support) for every three summiteers, followed by K2 and Nanga Parbat (each with one death for every four to five summiteers), and then Dhaulagiri and Kangchenjunga (each with one death for every six to seven summiteers).

The first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders was the Italian climber Reinhold Messner in 1986, who did not use any supplementary oxygen. In 2010, Edurne Pasaban, a Basque Spanish mountaineer, became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, though with the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2011, Austrian Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2013, South Korean Kim Chang-ho set a speed record by climbing all 14 eight-thousanders in 7 years and 310 days, without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In July 2023, Kristin Harila and Tenjen Lama Sherpa set a speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, with supplementary oxygen. In July 2022, Sanu Sherpa became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice, which he did from 2006 to 2022.

## Contents

* 1 Climbing history
* 1.1 First ascents
* 1.2 All 14
* 1.3 Deadliest
* 2 List of first ascents
* 3 List of climbers of all 14
* 3.1 Verified ascents
* 3.2 Disputed ascents
* 3.3 Verification issues
* 4 Proposed expansion
* 5 Gallery
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Climbing history

### First ascents

Flight over the Khumbu region; six eight-thousanders are visible

The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery, Geoffrey Hastings and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Nanga Parbat in 1895. The attempt failed when Mummery and two Gurkhas, Ragobir Thapa and Goman Singh, died in an avalanche.[1]

The first successful ascent of an eight-thousander was by the French climbers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, who reached the summit of Annapurna on 3 June 1950 using expedition climbing techniques as part of the 1950 French Annapurna expedition.[2] Due to its location in Tibet, Shishapangma was the last eight-thousander to be ascended for the first time, which was completed by a Chinese team led by Xu Jing in 1964 (Tibet's mountains were closed by China to foreigners until 1978).[3]

The first winter ascent of an eight-thousander was by a Polish team led by Andrzej Zawada on Mount Everest, with Leszek Cichy and Krzysztof Wielicki reaching the summit on 17 February 1980;[4] all-Polish teams would complete nine of the first fourteen winter ascents of eight-thousanders.[5] The final eight-thousander to be climbed in winter was K2, whose summit was ascended by a 10-person Nepalese team on 16 January 2021.[6]

Only two climbers have completed the first ascent of more than one eight-thousander, Hermann Buhl (Nanga Parbat and Broad Peak, in 1953 and 1957) and Kurt Diemberger (Broad Peak and Dhaulagiri, in 1957 and 1960). Buhl's summit of Nanga Parbat in 1953 is notable as being the only solo first-ascent of an eight-thousander.[7] The Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka is noted for creating over ten new routes on various eight-thousander mountains.[5] Italian climber Simone Moro made the first winter ascent of four eight-thousanders (Shishapangma, Makalu, Gasherbrum II, and Nanga Parbat),[8] while three Polish climbers have each made three first winter ascents of an eight-thousander, Maciej Berbeka (Cho Oyu, Manaslu, and Broad Peak), Krzysztof Wielicki (Everest, Kangchenjunga, and Lhotse) and Jerzy Kukuczka (Dhaulagiri I, Kangchenjunga, and Annapurna I).[5]

### All 14

Comparison of the heights of the Eight-thousanders (red triangles) with the Seven Summits and Seven Second Summits The 30–highest peaks in the world with over 500 m (1,640 ft) in prominence[9]

On 16 October 1986, Italian Reinhold Messner became the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. In 1987, Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka became the second person to accomplish this feat.[5] Messner summited each of the 14 peaks without the aid of bottled oxygen, a feat that was only repeated by the Swiss Erhard Loretan nine years later in 1995 (Kukuczka had used supplementary oxygen while summiting Everest but on no other eight-thousander[5]).[10]

On 17 May 2010, Spanish climber Edurne Pasaban became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders.[11] In August 2011, Austrian climber Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to climb the 14 eight-thousanders without the use of supplementary oxygen.[12][13]

The first couple and team to summit all 14 eight-thousanders were the Italians Nives Meroi (who was the second woman to accomplish this feat without supplementary oxygen), and her husband Romano Benet (it) on 11 May 2017.[14][15] The couple climbed alpine style, without the use of supplementary oxygen or other support.[15][16]

On 22 May 2024, Nepali guide Kami Rita summited Everest for the 30th time (a record for Everest), also becoming the first-ever person to climb an eight-thousander 41 times.[17] In July 2022, Sanu Sherpa became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice.[18] He started with Cho Oyu in 2006, and completed the double by summiting Gasherbrum II in July 2022.[19]

On 20 May 2013, South Korean climber Kim Chang-ho set a new speed record of climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, without the use of supplementary oxygen, in 7 years and 310 days. On 29 October 2019, the British-Nepali climber Nirmal Purja set a speed record of 6 months and 6 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with the use of supplementary oxygen.[20][21][22] On 27 July 2023, Kristin Harila and Tenjen Lama Sherpa set a new speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with supplementary oxygen.[23][24]

### Deadliest

Eight
thousander  | From 1950 to March 2012[25] | Climber
death rate
[26][27][lower-alpha 1]

|
|

Total
ascents[lower-alpha 2] | Total
deaths[lower-alpha 3] | Deaths as
% of ascents[lower-alpha 4]
Everest | 5656 | 223 | 3.9% | 1.52%
K2  | 800 | 96 | 12% | –[lower-alpha 5]
Kangchenjunga  | 243 | 40 | 16% | 3.00%
Lhotse  | 461 | 13 | 2.8% | 1.03%
Makalu  | 361 | 31 | 8.6% | 1.63%
Cho Oyu  | 3138 | 44 | 1.4% | 0.64%
Dhaulagiri I  | 448 | 69 | 15.4% | 2.94%
Manaslu  | 661 | 65 | 9.8% | 2.77%
Nanga Parbat  | 335 | 68 | 20.3% | –[lower-alpha 5]
Annapurna I  | 191 | 61 | 31.9% | 4.05%
Gasherbrum I
(Hidden Peak)  | 334 | 29 | 8.7% | –[lower-alpha 5]
Broad Peak  | 404 | 21 | 5.2% | –[lower-alpha 5]
Gasherbrum II  | 930 | 21 | 2.3% | –[lower-alpha 5]
Shishapangma  | 302 | 25 | 8.3% |

The eight-thousanders are some of the world's deadliest mountains. The extreme altitude and the fact that the summits of all eight-thousanders lie in the Death Zone mean that climber mortality (or death rate) is high.[29] Two metrics are quoted to establish a death rate (i.e. broad and narrow) that are used to rank the eight-thousanders in order of deadliest.[28][30]

* Broad death rate: The first metric is the ratio of total deaths[lower-alpha 3] on the mountain to successful climbers summiting over a given period.[28] The Guinness Book of World Records uses this metric to name Annapurna I as the deadliest eight-thousander, and the world's deadliest mountain with roughly one person dying for every three people who successfully summit, i.e. a ratio of circa 30%.[31] Using consistent data from 1950 to 2012, mountaineering statistician Eberhard Jurgalski (see table) used this metric to show Annapurna is the deadliest mountain (31.9%), followed by K2 (26.5%), Nanga Parbat (20.3%), Dhaulagiri (15.4%) and Kangchenjunga (14.1%).[28] Other statistical sources including MountainIQ, used a mix of data periods from 1900 to Spring 2021 but had similar results showing Annapurna still being the deadliest mountain (27.2%), followed by K2 (22.8%), Nanga Parbat (20.75%), Kangchenjunga (15%), and Dhaulagiri (13.5%).[30][29] Cho Oyu was the safest at 1.4%.[28][30]
* Narrow death rate: The drawback of the first metric is that it includes the deaths of any support climbers or climbing sherpas that went above base camp in assisting the climb; therefore, rather than being the probability that a climber will die attempting to summit an eight-thousander, it is more akin to the total human cost in getting a climber to the summit.[26] In the Himalayan Database (HDB) tables, the climber (or member) "Death Rate" is the ratio of deaths above base camp, of all climbers who were hoping to summit and who went above base camp (calculated for 1950 to 2009), and is closer to a true probability of death (see table below).[26] The data is only for the Nepalese Himalaya and therefore does not include K2 or Nanga Parbat.[26] HDB estimates the probability of death for a climber attempting the summit of an eight-thousander is still highest for Annapurna I (4%), followed by Kangchenjunga (3%) and Dhaulagiri (3%); the safest is still Cho Oyu at 0.6%.[26]

The tables from the HDB for eight-thousanders also show that the death rate of climbers for the period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period, i.e. climbing is becoming safer for the climbers attempting the summit.[26]

## List of first ascents

From 1950 to 1964, all 14 of the eight-thousanders were summited in the summer (the first was Annapurna I in 1950, and the last was Shishapangma in 1964), and from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter (the first being Everest in 1980, and the last being K2 in 2021).

First ascent and first winter ascent for each of the 14 eight-thousanders[32][25] Mountain[32] | First ascent[32] | First winter ascent[32]

|
|

Name  | Height[33] | Prom.[33] | Country  | Date  | Summiteer(s)  | Date  | Summiteer(s)
Everest | 8,849 m
(29,032 ft)[34] | 8,849 m
(29,032 ft)  |  Nepal
China | 29 May 1953[lower-alpha 6]
|  Edmund Hillary

Tenzing Norgay
on British expedition[lower-alpha 6]

| 17 February 1980
|  Krzysztof Wielicki
Leszek Cichy
K2  | 8,611 m
(28,251 ft)  | 4,020 m
(13,190 ft)  |  Pakistan
China[35] | 31 July 1954  |  Achille Compagnoni
Lino Lacedelli

on Italian expedition

| 16 January 2021[6] | Template:Country data NPL Nirmal Purja[39]

Template:Country data NPL Gelje Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Mingma David Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Mingma Gyalje Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Sona Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Mingma Tenzi Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Pem Chhiri Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Dawa Temba Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Kili Pemba Sherpa
Template:Country data NPL Dawa Tenjing Sherpa

Kangchenjunga  | 8,586 m
(28,169 ft)  | 3,922 m
(12,867 ft)  |  Nepal
India[40] | 25 May 1955  |  George Band
Joe Brown
on British expedition  | 11 January 1986  |  Krzysztof Wielicki
Jerzy Kukuczka
Lhotse  | 8,516 m
(27,940 ft)  | 610 m
(2,000 ft)  |  Nepal
China | 18 May 1956  | Template:Country data CH Fritz Luchsinger
Template:Country data CH Ernst Reiss | 31 December 1988  |  Krzysztof Wielicki
Makalu  | 8,485 m
(27,838 ft)  | 2,378 m
(7,802 ft)  |  Nepal
China | 15 May 1955  | France Jean Couzy
France Lionel Terray
on French expedition | 9 February 2009  |  Simone Moro
Denis Urubko
Cho Oyu  | 8,188 m
(26,864 ft)  | 2,344 m
(7,690 ft)  |  Nepal
China | 19 October 1954  |  Joseph Joechler (de)
Template:Country data NEP Pasang Dawa Lama
Herbert Tichy | 12 February 1985  |  Maciej Berbeka
Maciej Pawlikowski
Dhaulagiri I  | 8,167 m
(26,795 ft)  | 3,357 m
(11,014 ft)  |  Nepal | 13 May 1960  |  Kurt Diemberger
Peter Diener (de)
Template:Country data NEP Nawang Dorje
Template:Country data NEP Nima Dorje
Template:Country data CH Ernst Forrer
Template:Country data CH Albin Schelbert | 21 January 1985  |  Andrzej Czok
Jerzy Kukuczka
Manaslu  | 8,163 m
(26,781 ft)  | 3,092 m
(10,144 ft)  |  Nepal | 9 May 1956  | Japan Toshio Imanishi (ja)
Template:Country data NEP Gyalzen Norbu | 12 January 1984  |  Maciej Berbeka
Ryszard Gajewski
Nanga Parbat  | 8,125 m
(26,657 ft)  | 4,608 m
(15,118 ft)  |  Pakistan | 3 July 1953  |  Hermann Buhl
on German–Austrian expedition  | 26 February 2016  |  Muhammad Ali Sadpara
Simone Moro
Alex Txikon (es)
Annapurna I  | 8,091 m
(26,545 ft)  | 2,984 m
(9,790 ft)  |  Nepal | 3 June 1950  | France Maurice Herzog
France Louis Lachenal

on French expedition

| 3 February 1987  |  Jerzy Kukuczka
Artur Hajzer
Gasherbrum I
(Hidden Peak)  | 8,080 m
(26,510 ft)  | 2,155 m
(7,070 ft)  |  Pakistan
China | 5 July 1958  |  Andrew Kauffman
Pete Schoening | 9 March 2012  |  Adam Bielecki
Janusz Gołąb (pl)
Broad Peak  | 8,051 m
(26,414 ft)  | 1,701 m
(5,581 ft)  |  Pakistan
China | 9 June 1957  |  Fritz Wintersteller
Marcus Schmuck
Kurt Diemberger
Hermann Buhl
| 5 March 2013  |  Maciej Berbeka
Adam Bielecki
Tomasz Kowalski (mountaineer) (pl)
Artur Małek (pl)
Gasherbrum II  | 8,034 m
(26,358 ft)  | 1,524 m
(5,000 ft)  |  Pakistan
China | 7 July 1956  |  Fritz Moravec
Josef Larch (de)
Hans Willenpart (de) | 2 February 2011  |  Simone Moro
Denis Urubko
Cory Richards
Shishapangma  | 8,027 m
(26,335 ft)  | 2,897 m
(9,505 ft)  |  China | 2 May 1964  |  Xu Jing
Chang Chun-yen
Wang Fuzhou
Chen San
Cheng Tien-liang
Wu Tsung-yue
Sodnam Doji
Migmar Trashi
Doji
Yonten | 14 January 2005  |  Piotr Morawski
Simone Moro

## List of climbers of all 14

First to climb all 14 eight-thousanders

File:GianAngelo Pistoia - Reinhold Messner - Foto 1.TIF

Reinhold Messner, first to climb all 14, and without oxygen

Edurne Pasaban, the first woman to climb all 14 after Oh Eun-sun's claim was disputed

Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner, the first woman to climb all 14 without oxygen

There is no single undisputed source or arbitrator for verified ascents of Himalayan eight-thousander peaks.

Various mountaineering journals, including the Alpine Journal and the American Alpine Journal, also maintain extensive records and archives on expeditions to the eight-thousanders, but do not always opine on disputed ascents, and nor do they maintain registers or lists of verified ascents of the eight-thousanders.[41][42]

Elizabeth Hawley's The Himalayan Database,[43] is considered as an important source for verified ascents for the Nepalese Himalayas.[44][45] Online databases of Himalayan ascents pay close regard to The Himalayan Database, including the website AdventureStats.com,[46] and the Eberhard Jurgalski List.[41][42][47]

### Verified ascents

First person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, and first to do so without supplementary oxygen

First female to summit all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen

First female to summit all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen (legacy)

Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen

Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen

Youngest person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders

First disabled person to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders

The "No O2" column lists people who have climbed all 14 eight-thousanders without supplementary oxygen.

Order  | Order
(No O2)  | Name  | Period climbing
eight-thousanders  | Born  | Age  | Nationality

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | 1  | Reinhold Messner | 1970–1986  | 1944  | 42  |  Italian
2  |  | Jerzy Kukuczka  | 1979–1987  | 1948  | 39  |  Polish
3  | 2  | Erhard Loretan  | 1982–1995  | 1959  | 36  | Switzerland Swiss
4  | [48] | Carlos Carsolio  | 1985–1996  | 1962  | 33  |  Mexican
5  |  | Krzysztof Wielicki  | 1980–1996  | 1950  | 46  |  Polish
6  | 3  | Juanito Oiarzabal  | 1985–1999  | 1956  | 43  |  Spanish
7  |  | Sergio Martini  | 1983–2000  | 1949  | 51  |  Italian
8  |  | Park Young-seok  | 1993–2001  | 1963  | 38  |  Korean
9  |  | Um Hong-gil  | 1988–2001  | 1960[49] | 40  |  Korean
10  | 4  | Alberto Iñurrategi  | 1991–2002[50] | 1968  | 33  |  Spanish
11  |  | Han Wang-yong  | 1994–2003  | 1966  | 37  |  Korean
12  | 5[51] | Ed Viesturs  | 1989–2005  | 1959  | 46  |  American
13  | 6[52][53][54] | Silvio Mondinelli  | 1993–2007  | 1958  | 49  |  Italian
14  | 7[55] | Iván Vallejo  | 1997–2008  | 1959  | 49  |  Ecuadorian
15  | 8[56] | Denis Urubko  | 2000–2009  | 1973  | 35  |  Kazakhstani
16  |  | Ralf Dujmovits  | 1990–2009  | 1961[57] | 47  |  German
17[58] | 9[59] | Veikka Gustafsson  | 1993–2009  | 1968  | 41  |  Finnish
18[60] |  | Andrew Lock  | 1993–2009  | 1961[61] | 48  |  Australian
19  | 10  | João Garcia  | 1993–2010  | 1967  | 43  | Portugal Portuguese
20[62] |  | Piotr Pustelnik  | 1990–2010  | 1951  | 58  |  Polish
21[63] |  | Edurne Pasaban  | 2001–2010  | 1973  | 36  |  Spanish
22[64] |  | Abele Blanc  | 1992–2011[65][66] | 1954  | 56  |  Italian
23  |  | Mingma Sherpa  | 2000–2011[65] | 1978  | 33  |  Nepali
24  | 11  | Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner[67] | 1998–2011[65] | 1970  | 40  |  Austrian
25  |  | Vassily Pivtsov (de)  | 2001–2011[65] | 1975  | 36  |  Kazakhstani
26  | 12  | Maxut Zhumayev  | 2001–2011[65] | 1977  | 34  |  Kazakhstani
27  |  | Kim Jae-soo (de)  | 2000–2011[65] | 1961  | 50  |  Korean
28[68] | 13  | Mario Panzeri  | 1988–2012  | 1964  | 48  |  Italian
29[69] |  | Hirotaka Takeuchi [ja]  | 1995–2012[69] | 1971  | 41  |  Japanese
30  |  | Chhang Dawa Sherpa  | 2001–2013[65] | 1982  | 30  |  Nepali
31  | 14  | Kim Chang-ho  | 2005–2013[65] | 1970  | 43  |  Korean
32  |  | Jorge Egocheaga (eu)  | 2002–2014[70] | 1968  | 45  |  Spanish
33  | 15  | Radek Jaroš  | 1998–2014[65] | 1964  | 50  |  Czech
34/35[71] | 16/17[71] | Nives Meroi  | 1998–2017[72][73] | 1961  | 55  |  Italian
34/35[71] | 16/17[71] | Romano Benet (it)  | 1998–2017[72][73][74] | 1962  | 55  |  Italian /  Slovenian
36  |  | Peter Hámor (sk)  | 1998–2017[75][76][77] | 1964  | 52  |  Slovak
37  | 18  | Azim Gheychisaz  | 2008–2017[78] | 1981  | 37  |  Iranian
38  |  | Ferran Latorre  | 1999–2017[79] | 1970  | 46  |  Spanish
39  | 19  | Òscar Cadiach  | 1984–2017[80] | 1952  | 64  |  Spanish
40  |  | Kim Mi-gon  | 2000–2018[81][82] | 1973  | 45  |  Korean
41  |  | Sanu Sherpa  | 2006–2019[83] | 1975  | 44  |  Nepali
42  |  | Nirmal Purja[84][85] | 2014–2019[22][86][lower-alpha 7] | 1983  | 36  | British[36][37][38]
43  |  | Mingma Gyabu Sherpa  | 2010–2019[87][88] | 1989  | 30  |  Nepali
44  |  | Kim Hong-bin  | 2006–2021[89][90][91] | 1964  | 57  |  Korean
45  |  | Nima Gyalzen Sherpa  | 2004–2022[92][93] | 1985  | 37  |  Nepali
46  |  | Dong Hong Juan  | 2015–2023[94][95] | 1981  | 42  |  Chinese
47  |  | Kristin Harila  | 2021–2023[96][97] | 1986  | 37  |  Norwegian
48  |  | Sophie Lavaud (fr)  | 2012–2023[98][99][100][101] | 1968  | 55  | Template:Country data Swiss Swiss /  French /  Canadian
49  |  | Tunç Fındık  | 2001–2023[100][101] | 1972  | 51  |  Turkish
50  |  | Tenjen Lama Sherpa  | 2016–2023[23][24][102] |  | 35[103] |  Nepali
51  |  | Gelje Sherpa  | 2017–2023[104][105][106] | 1992[104] | 30  |  Nepali
52  |  | Chris Warner  | 1999–2023[107] | 1965  | 58  |  American
53  | 20  | Marco Camandona  | 2000–2024[108][109] | 1970  | 54  |  Italian
54  |  | Naoki Ishikawa  | 2001–4 October 2024[110][111] | 1977  | 47  |  Japanese
54  |  | Tracee Metcalfe  | 2016–4 October 2024[112][110] |  | 50[112] |  American
54  | 21  | Sirbaz Khan  | 2017–4 October 2024[113][114][115][110] | 1987  | 37  |  Pakistani
54  |  | Dawa Gyalje Sherpa  | ?–4 October 2024[110] |  |  |  Nepali
54  | 22  | Mingma Gyalje Sherpa  | ?–4 October 2024[110] |  |  |  Nepali
59  | 23  | Mario Vielmo (it)  | 1998–9 October 2024[116][117] | 1964  | 60  |  Italian
59  |  | Naoko Watanabe [ja]  | 2006–9 October 2024[116][118][119] | 1981  | 42  |  Japanese
59  |  | Adrian Laza  | 2016–9 October 2024[116][120] | 1963  | 60  |  Romanian
59  |  | Pasang Nurbu Sherpa  | 2016-9 October 2024[116][121][122][123] |  |  |  Nepali
59  |  | Shehroze Kashif  | 2019–9 October 2024[116][124][125][126] | 2002  | 22  |  Pakistani
59  |  | Dorota Rasińska-Samoćko (pl)  | 2021–9 October 2024[116][127][128] |  |  |  Polish
59  |  | Adriana Brownlee  | 2021–9 October 2024[116] | 2001  | 23  |  British
59  |  | Nima Rinji Sherpa  | 2022–9 October 2024[116][129][130] | 2006[131] | 18  |  Nepali
59  |  | Alasdair McKenzie  | 2022–9 October 2024[116] | 2004  | 20  |  French /  British
59  |  | Alina Pekova  | 2023–9 October 2024[116][132] |  |  |  Russian
59  |  | Ko-Erh Tseng  | ?–9 October 2024[116] |  |  |  Taiwanese
70  |  | Mingtemba Sherpa  | 2013-2024[133][134] |  |  |  Nepali
71  |  | Tejan Gurung  | 2022-2024[135][136] |  |  |  Nepali /  British
72  |  | Pasang Tendi  | 2011-2024[137] |  |  |  Nepali
73  |  | Uta Ibrahimi  | 2017-2025 [138][139] | 1983  | 42  |  Kosovo
74  |  | Saško Kedev  | 2009-2025[140] | 1962  | 63  |  Macedonian
75  |  | Afsane Hesamifard  | 2021-2025[141] | 1976  | 49  |  Iranian
76  |  | Chhiring Sherpa  | ?-2025[141] |  |  |  Nepali
75  |  | Nikol Algerdos Kovalchuk  | 2023-2025[142][143] | 1983  | 42  |  Russian

### Disputed ascents

Claims have been made for summiting all 14 peaks for which not enough evidence was provided to verify the ascent; the disputed ascent in each claim is shown in parentheses in the table below. In most cases, the Himalayan chronicler Elizabeth Hawley is considered a definitive source regarding the facts of the dispute. Her The Himalayan Database is the source for other online Himalayan ascent databases (e.g. AdventureStats.com).[44][45] The Eberhard Jurgalski List is also another important source for independent verification of claims to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders.[41][42]

Name and details  | Period climbing
eight-thousanders  | Born  | Age  | Nationality

|
|
|
|

1983–1998  | 1952  | 46  |  Italian
Alan Hinkes (Cho Oyu 1990)Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag[144])[145][146]
As he did not claim the main summit of Shishapangma, this status is unlikely to change. | 1993–2004
(deceased)  | 1953  | 49  |  Ukrainian
Oh Eun-sun (Kangchenjunga 2009)[147][148][149]
As the potential first female climber of all 14, this dispute was followed internationally.[148] | 1997–2010  | 1966  | 44  |  Korean
Carlos Pauner (es) (Shishapangma 2012)[150]
Pauner acknowledged his uncertainty as it was dark; said he might reclimb.[151] | 2001–2013  | 1963  | 50  |  Spanish
Zhang Liang (Shishapangma 2018)[152][153][154]
Suspected the 2018 Chinese Shishapangma expedition stopped at central summit. | 2000–2018  | 1964  | 54  |  Chinese

### Verification issues

A recurrent problem with verification is the confirmation that the climber reached the true peak of the eight-thousander. Eight-thousanders present unique problems in this regard as they are so infrequently summited, their summits have not yet been exhaustively surveyed, and summiting climbers are often suffering the extreme altitude and weather effects of being in the death zone.[41][42]

Cho Oyu for example, is a recurrent problem eight-thousander as its true peak is a small hump about a thirty minutes walk into the large flat summit plateau that lies in the death zone. The true peak is often obscured in very poor weather, and this led to the disputed ascent (per the table above) of British climber, Alan Hinkes (who has refused to re-climb the peak).[155][156] Shishapangma is another problem peak because of its dual summits, which despite being close in height, are up to two hours climbing time apart and require the crossing of an exposed and dangerous snow ridge.[41][157] When Hawley judged that Ed Viesturs had not reached the true summit of Shishapangma (which she deduced from his summit photos and interviews), he then re-climbed the mountain to definitively establish his ascent.[158][41]

In a May 2021 interview with the New York Times, Jurgalski pointed out further issues with false summits on Annapurna I (a long ridge with multiple summits), Dhaulagiri (misleading false summit metal pole), and Manaslu (additional sharp and dangerous ridge to the true summit, like Shishapangma), noting that of the existing 44 accepted claims (as per the table earlier), at least 7 had serious question marks (these were in addition to the table of disputed ascents), and even noting that "It is possible that no one has ever been on the true summit of all 14 of the 8,000-meter peaks".[41] In June 2021, Australian climber Damien Gildea wrote an article in the American Alpine Journal on the work that Jurgalski and a team of international experts were doing in this area, including publishing detailed surveys of the problem summits using data from the German Aerospace Center.[42]

In July 2022, Jurgalski posted conclusions of the team's research (the wider team being of Rodolphe Popier and Tobias Pantel of The Himalayan Database, and Damien Gildea, Federico Bernardi, and Thaneswar Guragai).[159][160] According to their analysis, only three climbers, Ed Viesturs, Veikka Gustafsson and Nirmal Purja have stood on the true summit of all 14 eight-thousanders, and no female climber had yet done so.[159] Viesturs is also the first to have done so without the use of oxygen.[159] Jurgalski allowed for the fact that they had deliberately not stood on the true summit of Kangchenjunga out of religious respect.[159] The team has not formally published their work, and according to Popier, they had not decided about "the best respectful form to present it".[159]

## Proposed expansion

In 2012, to relieve capacity pressure and overcrowding on the world's highest mountain, greater restrictions were placed on expeditions to the summit of Mount Everest.[161] To address the growing capacity constraints, Nepal lobbied the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (or UIAA) to reclassify five subsidiary summits (two on Lhotse and three on Kanchenjunga), as standalone eight-thousanders, while Pakistan lobbied for a sixth subsidiary summit (on Broad Peak) as a standalone eight-thousander.[162] See table below for list of all subsidiary summits of eight-thousanders.

In 2012, the UIAA initiated the ARUGA Project, with an aim to see if these six new 8,000 m (26,247 ft)-plus peaks could feasibly achieve international recognition.[162] The proposed six new eight-thousander peaks have a topographic prominence above 60 m (197 ft), but none would meet the wider UIAA prominence threshold of 600 m (1,969 ft) (the lowest prominence of the existing 14 eight-thousanders is Lhotse, at 610 metres (2,001 ft)).[163][164] Critics noted that of the six proposed, only Broad Peak Central, with a prominence of 181 metres (594 ft), would even meet the 150 metres (492 ft) prominence threshold to be a British Isles Marilyn.[163] The appeal noted the UIAA's 1994 reclassification of Alpine four-thousander peaks used a prominence threshold of 30 m (98 ft),[lower-alpha 8] amongst other criteria; the logic being that if 30 m (98 ft) worked for 4,000 m (13,123 ft) summits, then 60 m (197 ft) is proportional for 8,000 m (26,247 ft) summits.[165]

As of April 2024[update], there has been no conclusion by the UIAA and the proposals appear to have been set aside.

Proposed to the UIAA in 2012 for reclassification as standalone eight-thousanders.[162]

Proposed new eight-thousander  | Height
(m)  | Prominence
(m)  | Dominance
(Prom / Height)
as a %[166] | Dominance
classification[166]

|
|
|
|

Broad Peak Central | 8011 | 181 | 2.26 | B2
Kangchenjunga W-Peak (Yalung Kang) | 8505 | 135 | 1.59 | C1
Kangchenjunga S-Peak | 8476 | 116 | 1.37 | C2
Kangchenjunga C-Peak | 8473 | 63 | 0.74 | C2
Lhotse C-Peak I (Lhotse Middle) | 8410 | 65 | 0.77 | C2
Lhotse Shar | 8382 | 72 | 0.86 | C2
K 2 SW-Peak | 8580 | 30 | 0.35 | D1
Lhotse C-Peak II | 8372 | 37 | 0.44 | D1
Everest W-Peak | 8296 | 30 | 0.36 | D1
Yalung Kang Shoulder | 8077 | 40 | 0.49 | D1
Kangchenjunga SE-Peak | 8150 | 30 | 0.37 | D1
K 2 P. 8134 (SW-Ridge) | 8134 | 35 | 0.43 | D1
Annapurna C-Peak | 8013 | 49 | 0.61 | D1
Nanga Parbat S-Peak | 8042 | 30 | 0.37 | D1
Annapurna E-Peak | 7986 | 65 | 0.81 | C2
Shisha Pangma C-Peak | 8008 | 30 | 0.37 | D1
Everest NE-Shoulder | 8423 | 19 | 0.23 | D2
Everest NE-Pinnacle III | 8383 | 13 | 0.16 | D2
Lhotse N-Pinnacle III | 8327 | 10 | 0.12 | D2
Lhotse N-Pinnacle II | 8307 | 12 | 0.14 | D2
Lhotse N-Pinnacle I | 8290 | 10 | 0.12 | D2
Everest NE-Pinnacle II | 8282 | 25 | 0.30 | D2

## Gallery

* No. 1 – Mount Everest

* No. 2 – K2

* No. 3 – Kangchenjunga

* No. 4 – Lhotse

* No. 5 – Makalu

* No. 6 – Cho Oyu

* No. 7 – Dhaulagiri

* No. 8 – Manaslu

* No. 9 – Nanga Parbat

* No. 10 – Annapurna

* No. 11 – Gasherbrum I

* No. 12 – Broad Peak

* No. 13 – Gasherbrum II

* No. 14 – Shishapangma

## See also

* List of deaths on eight-thousanders
* List of Mount Everest summiteers by frequency
* List of ski descents of eight-thousanders
* Three Poles Challenge, the North Pole, the South Pole, and Mount Everest
* Explorers Grand Slam, the North Pole, the South Pole, and the Seven Summits
* Volcanic Seven Summits, the highest volcanos on each continent
* Fourteener, peak with at least 14,000 ft. elevation
* List of mountains by elevation

## Notes

1. ↑ Per The Himalayan Database (HDB) tables, the Climber (or Member) Death Rate is the ratio of deaths above base camp, of all climbers who were hoping to summit and who went above base camp, for 1950 to 2009, and is closer to a true probability of death; the data is only for Nepalese Himalaya. Summary tables from the HDB report for all mountains above 8,000 metres, imply that the death rate for the period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period.[26]
2. ↑ As recorded by Eberhard Jurgalski
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 As recorded by Eberhard Jurgalski and being any death (climber or other) above Base Camp.[28]
4. ↑ This should not be mistaken as being a death rate; it does not imply a probability of death for a climber attempting to climb an eight-thousander as it includes all deaths from all activities undertaken above base camp (e.g. training or reconnaissance trips, camp stocking activities by porters who will not be summiting the mountain, rescue attempts etc.). Thus it compares deaths from the larger group of people who were, and were not, making a summit attempt, with the smaller group who were making a summit attempt. While it is not a probability, the statistic does reflect the ratio of people who died above base camp for each climber who summited.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Data is not available for the Karakoram Himalayas
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 It remains unclear whether George Mallory and Andrew Irvine reached the summit in 1924 or not. For more details, see 1924 British Mount Everest expedition.
7. ↑ Nirmal Purja climbed all fourteen 8,000m peaks between April 2019 and October 2019, but climbed his first, Dhaulagiri, in 2014.
8. ↑ The UIAA main list also includes summits that have a prominence far lower than 30 metres.

## References

1. ↑ "Fast Facts About Nanga Parbat". climbing.about.com. http://climbing.about.com/od/8000metermountains/a/NangaParbatFact.htm.
2. ↑ Herzog, Maurice (1951). Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak. Translated from the French by Nea Morin and Janet Adam Smith. New York: E.P Dutton & Co.. p. 257.
3. ↑ Yi Wyn Yen (14 November 2004). "Finding China". https://vault.si.com/vault/2004/11/15/finding-china.
4. ↑ Zawada, Andrzej (1984). "Mount Everest: The First Winter Ascent". The Alpine Journal: 50–59. https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1984_files/AJ 1984 50-59 Zawada Everest.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hobley, Nicholas (24 October 2019). "Remembering Jerzy Kukuczka, the legendary Polish mountaineer". https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/remembering-jerzy-kukuczka-the-legendary-polish-mountaineer.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Farmer, Ben (16 January 2021). "Former Gurkha Nirmal Purja among Nepalese climbers to complete first winter ascent of deadly K2". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/01/16/former-gurkha-nirmal-purja-among-nepalese-climbers-complete/.
7. ↑ Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (2008). Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes. Yale University Press. pp. 326–327. ISBN 9780300164206. https://archive.org/details/fallengiantshist00isse/mode/2up?q="en+norbu". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
8. ↑ Rossi, Marcello (13 December 2021). ""It's a Suffering Game": Simone Moro and the Fine Art of Climbing 8,000m Peaks in Winter". https://www.climbing.com/people/simon-moro-worlds-greatest-winter-mountaneer/.
9. ↑ PEAKBAGGER: World 7200-meter Peaks (Ranked Peaks have 500 meters of Clean Prominence)
10. ↑ Stefanello, Vinicio (29 April 2011). "Erhard Loretan, good-bye to a great alpinist". https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/erhard-loretan-good-bye-to-a-great-alpinist.html.
11. ↑ "Oh Eun-Sun report, final: Edurne Pasaban takes the throne". ExplorersWeb. 10 December 2010. http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19771.
12. ↑ "Austrian woman claims Himalayas climbing record". BBC News. 23 August 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14641414.
13. ↑ "Austrian is first woman to scale 14 peaks without oxygen". AsiaOne. 30 August 2011. http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/World/Story/A1Story20110823-295884.html.
14. ↑ "Italians become first couple to scale all eight-thousanders" (in en). ansa.it. 2017-05-11. https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2017/05/11/italians-become-first-couple-to-scale-all-eight-thousanders_d773a802-f6b2-4d88-b485-b1ce4c015618.html.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Stefanello, Vinicio (11 May 2017). "Nives Meroi and Romano Benet summit Annapurna, their 14th 8000er". https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/nives-meroi-and-romano-benet-summit-annapurna-their-14th-8000er.html.
16. ↑ "Alpinismo, il record di Meroi-Benet: è italiana la prima coppia su tutti gli Ottomila". 11 May 2017. http://www.repubblica.it/sport/vari/2017/05/11/news/nives_meroi_romano_benet_prima_coppia_su_tutti_ottomila-165156761/.
17. ↑ "Most climbs over 8,000 metres". 23 May 2023. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/384190-most-climbs-over-8-000-m.
18. ↑ Sharma, Gopal (21 July 2022). "Nepali Sherpa sets climbing record on Pakistan mountain". https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nepali-sherpa-sets-climbing-record-pakistan-mountain-2022-07-21/.
19. ↑ "World record: Sanu Sherpa has climbed all 14 eight-thousanders twice". 28 July 2022. https://www.lacrux.com/en/alpinism/world-record-sanu-sherpa-has-climbed-all-14-eight-thousanders-twice/.
20. ↑ Atwal, Sanj (3 December 2021). "14 Peaks: All the records Nims Purja broke in new Netflix documentary". https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/12/14-peaks-all-the-records-nims-purja-broke-in-new-netflix-documentary-684255.
21. ↑ "Nirmal Purja: Ex-soldier climbs 14 highest mountains in six months". 29 October 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50217376. "A Nepali mountaineer and former British Marine has climbed the world's tallest 14 peaks in six months - beating an earlier record of almost eight years."
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Freddie Wilkinson. "Nepal climber makes history speed climbing world's tallest peaks". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/05/climber-record-summits-six-eight-thousand-meter-peaks-one-month/. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "On October 29th, Nirmal Purja Magar announced via Instagram that he had summited China's Shishapangma. This marked the fourteenth 8,000-meter peak he had climbed in seven months and the completion of an extraordinary project to speed climb the world's tallest mountains in rapid succession.".
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Arnette, Alan (2023-07-27). "K2 2023 Coverage: Kristin Harila gets K2 for her Last 8000er" (in en). https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2023/07/27/k2-2023-coverage-kristin-harila-gets-k2-for-her-last-8000er/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Kristin Harila, Tenjen Sherpa world's fastest to climb 14 peaks in 92 days" (in en). 2023-07-27. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kristin-harila-tenjen-sherpa-worlds-fastest-to-climb-14-peaks-in-92-days.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `economist2013`
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 "The Himalaya by the Numbers: A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya". 2011. p. 129. http://www.himalayandatabase.com/downloads/hbnsampl.pdf. "Table D-3: Deaths for peaks with more than 750 members above base camp from 1950–2009"
27. ↑ "Himalayan Death Tolls". The Washington Post. 24 April 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/himalayan-death-tolls/2014/04/24/6eafed0e-cbee-11e3-93eb-6c0037dde2ad_graphic.html?noredirect=on.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Eberhard Jurgalski. "Fatalities tables". 8000ers.com. http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/downloads-info-mainmenu-231.html. "Included are only fatalities from, at or above BC or caused from there. Fatalities on approach or return marches are not listed."
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Armstrong, Martin (10 December 2021). "Deadly Peaks". https://www.statista.com/chart/26383/expedition-death-rate-of-mountains-over-8-thousand-meters/.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Whitman, Mark (22 December 2020). "Eight Thousanders – The Complete 8000ers Guide". https://www.mountainiq.com/guides/eight-thousanders/.
31. ↑ "Deadliest mountain to climb". 2019. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/deadliest-mountain-to-climb.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `8000ersGen`
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 PeakBagger: World 8000–metre Peaks
34. ↑ "Mount Everest is two feet taller, China and Nepal announce". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/.
35. ↑ "K2 lies in Pakistan, near the northern border with China". BBC News. 26 July 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28500721.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "All-Nepali winter first on K2". Nepali Times. 16 January 2021. https://www.nepalitimes.com/here-now/all-nepali-winter-first-on-K2/.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Naresh Koirala (16 January 2022). "A matter of pride". The Kathmandu Times. https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2022/01/16/a-matter-of-pride.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Tom Robbins (1 January 2022). "Life lessons from mountaineer Nirmal Purja, of Netflix's 14 Peaks fame". CNA Luxury. https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/people/nirmal-purja-netflix-14-peaks-193581.
39. ↑ [36][37][38]
40. ↑ Harding, Luke (13 July 2000). "Climbers banned from sacred peak". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/13/lukeharding.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 Branch, John (21 May 2021). "What is a summit: Only 44 people have reached the summit of all 14 of the world's 8,000-meter peaks, according to the people who chronicle such things.". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/sports/tallest-mountain-summit.html.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Template:Cite aaj
43. ↑ "The Himalayan Database, The Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley". The Himalayan Database. 2018. http://www.himalayandatabase.com/.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 If a mountaineer wants worldwide recognition that they have reached the summit of some of the most formidable mountains in the world, they will need to get the approval of Elizabeth Hawley."Elizabeth Hawley, unrivalled Himalayan record keeper". BBC News. 29 August 2010. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-10268549.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Elizabeth Hawley, Who Chronicled Everest Treks, Dies at 94". The New York Times. 26 January 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/26/obituaries/elizabeth-hawley-who-chronicled-everest-treks-dies-at-94.html.
46. ↑ "High Altitude Mountaineering statistics". AdventureStats.com. 2018. http://www.adventurestats.com/#mountain.
47. ↑ "Climbers who have ascended to the summits of all of the world's 14 mountains over 8000 metres". 8000ers.com (Eberhard Jurgalski). 2018. http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=155.
48. ↑ Carlos Carsolio required emergency oxygen on his descent from Makalu in 1988.
49. ↑ EverestNews2004.com, News (age calculated: in 2004 Hong-Gil Um was 44). "Mr. Um Hong Gil has bagged his 15th 8000 meter peak". http://www.kukuxumusu.com/web/news_nove1.php?id=36&lang=eng.
50. ↑ Kukuxumusu, Spanish News. "Alberto Iñurrategi achieves his fourteenth "eight thousand meters"". http://www.kukuxumusu.com/web/news_nove1.php?id=36&lang=eng.
51. ↑ "Best of ExplorersWeb 2005 Awards: Ed Viesturs and Christian Kuntner". Mounteverest.net. http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1332. "...the American climber became one of only five men in the world to accomplish the quest entirely without supplementary oxygen."
52. ↑ Mounteverest.net. "The wolf is back: Gnaro bags Baruntse". http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17691. "Last year, Silvio 'Gnaro' Mondinelli broke the haunted 13 when he summited the last peak on his list of 14, 8000ers – becoming only the 6th mountaineer in the world to have bagged them all without supplementary oxygen."
53. ↑ "The day after: Silvio Mondinelli, Broad Peak and all 14 8000m summits". PlanetMountain.com. http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews.lasso?l=2&keyid=35710. "13/07 interview with Silvio Mondinelli after the summit of his 14th 8000m peak without supplementary oxygen."
54. ↑ "The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue". Mounteverest.net. http://www.k2climb.net/news.php?id=17248. "Implied in text: ...Following Italian Silvio "Gnaro" Mondinelli last year and American Ed Viesturs in 2005, Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen."
55. ↑ "The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue". Mounteverest.net. http://www.k2climb.net/news.php?id=17248. "...Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen."
56. ↑ "Denis Urubko, Cho Oyu and all 14 8000m peaks". PlanetMountain.com. http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?l=2&keyid=36767.
57. ↑ "Ralf Dujmovits". Ralf-dujmovits.de. http://www.ralf-dujmovits.de/biografie.php.
58. ↑ "GI summits - Veikka Gustafsson completes the 14x8000ers list!". Explorersweb.com. https://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=18539.
59. ↑ "Best of ExplorersWeb 2009 Awards: the 14x8000ers". Explorersweb.com. https://explorersweb.com/stats/news.php?id=18964.
60. ↑ "Summit 8000 – Andrew Lock's quest to climb all fourteen of the highest mountains in the world". Andrew-lock.com. http://www.andrew-lock.com/summit-8000.shtml.
61. ↑ "Australia's Most Accomplished Mountaineer". Andrew Lock. 2 October 2009. http://www.andrew-lock.com.
62. ↑ "Piotr Pustelnik summits Annapurna – bags the 14x8000ers!". Explorersweb.com. http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19295.
63. ↑ "Shisha Pangma: Edurne Pasaban summits – completes the 14x800ers". Explorersweb.com. http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19361.
64. ↑ "Abele Blanc summits Annapurna and all 8000ers". Planetmountain.com. http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?keyid=38110.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.7 65.8 "Climbers - First 14, updated table on 8000ers.com". 8000ers.com. http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/download.html?func=fileinfo&id=155.
66. ↑ "Everest – Mount Everest by climbers, news". Mounteverest.net. 18 May 2005. http://www.mounteverest.net/story/ChristianKuntner-amountaineeringlegendisgoneMay182005.shtml.
67. ↑ https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/103053-first-woman-to-climb-all-8-000-m-mountains-without-oxygen
68. ↑ "Mario Panzeri: sono in cima! E finalmente sono 14 ottomila". Montagna.tv. http://www.montagna.tv/cms/?p=40662.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "日本人初の快挙、8000m峰14座登頂 竹内洋岳". Nikkei.com. 26 May 2012. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZZO41829260V20C12A5000000/.
70. ↑ "Climbers – First 14". 8000ers.com. 13 August 2014. http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=155.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 Nives Meroi and Romano Benet climbed all the Eight-thousanders together, it wasn't revealed if one of them climbed the last peak a few moments before the other, thus they share the same position
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "Nives Meroi and Romano Benet summit Annapurna, their 14th 8000er" (in en). PlanetMountain.com. http://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/nives-meroi-and-romano-benet-summit-annapurna-their-14th-8000er.html.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Nives Meroi in Roman Benet preplezala 14 osemtisočakov" (in sl). Sta.si. https://www.sta.si/2385964/nives-meroi-in-roman-benet-preplezala-14-osemtisocakov.
74. ↑ "Slovenec s 15. osemtisočaka" (in sl). Delo.si. http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/nedeljskobranje/slovenec-s-15-osemtisocaka.html.
75. ↑ "Pokoril všetky osemtisícovky". skrsi.rtvs.sk. 16 May 2017. http://skrsi.rtvs.sk/clanky/spravy/133615/pokoril-vsetky-osemtisicovky.
76. ↑ "È vetta per Peter Hamor. Con il Dhaulagiri sono 14 anche per lui" (in it). www.montagna.tv. 15 May 2017. https://www.montagna.tv/108135/e-vetta-per-peter-hamor-con-il-dhaulagiri-sono-14-anche-per-lui/.
77. ↑ Tom Nicholson (4 June 1998). "HZDS flag flies from Everest summit". spectator.sme.sk. https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20013308/hzds-flag-flies-from-everest-summit.html.
78. ↑ "قیچی‌ساز حماسه ساز شد/کوهنورد تبریزی به هشت هزاری‌ها پیوست". yjc. 19 May 2017. http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/6093547/قیچی‌ساز-حماسه-ساز-شدکوهنورد-تبریزی-به-هشت-هزاری‌ها-پیوست.
79. ↑ "Ferran Latorre completa los catorce ochomiles en el Everest" (in es). desnivel.com. 27 May 2017. http://desnivel.com/expediciones/ferran-latorre-completa-los-catorce-ochomiles-en-el-everest.
80. ↑ "Cadiach, camino del campo 3 tras coronar el Broad Peak" (in es). La Vanguardia. 27 July 2017. http://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/otros-deportes/20170727/43126255449/alpinismo-oscar-cadiach-14-ochomiles-broad-peak.html.
81. ↑ "김미곤 히말라야 14봉 등정 보고회 열려" (in ko). Mountain Journal. 27 July 2018. http://www.mountainjournal.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=183.
82. ↑ "South Korean Climbs Nanga Parbat, Completes 8,000ers". Gripped. 12 July 2018. https://gripped.com/news/south-korean-climbs-nanga-parbat-completes-8000ers/.
83. ↑ "Sanu Sherpa becomes third Nepali to complete 14 peaks as Sergi Mingote scales 7 mountains in 444 days". The Himalayan Times. 3 October 2019. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sanu-sherpa-becomes-third-nepali-to-complete-14-peaks-as-sergi-mingote-scales-7-mountains-in-444-days/.
84. ↑ https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/623486-fastest-ascent-of-all-mountains-over-8-000-m-without-supplementary-oxygen-male
85. ↑ https://www.nimsdai.com/post/nimsdai-completes-14-peaks-without-the-use-of-supplemental-oxygen
86. ↑ Dream Wanderlust (May 24, 2019). "Nirmal Purja summits 5th eight-thousander in 12 days, ends 1st phase of 'Project Possible'". Dreamwanderlust.com.com. http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/nirmal-purja-summits-5th-eight-thousander-in-12-days-ends-1st-phase-of-project-possible.
87. ↑ "Reflections While Waiting for News from Shishapangma". Explorersweb.com. 29 October 2019. https://explorersweb.com/2019/10/29/reflections-while-waiting-for-news-from-shishapangma/.
88. ↑ Kennedy, Merrit (29 October 2019). "Nepalese Climber Summits World's 14 Highest Peaks in 6 Months, Smashing Record". https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774350376/nepalese-climber-summits-worlds-14-highest-peaks-in-6-months-smashing-record.
89. ↑ Munir Ahmed (20 July 2021). "South Korean missing after fall while scaling Pakistani peak". Times Union. https://www.timesunion.com/sports/article/South-Korean-missing-after-fall-while-scaling-16325874.php.
90. ↑ "Fingerless Korean goes missing after achieving the feat of climbing all 14 Himalayan peaks". The Korea Times. 20 July 2021. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/sports/2021/07/600_312429.html.
91. ↑ Stefan Nestler (10 July 2019). "Kim Hong-bin: Without fingers on 13 eight-thousanders". Adventure Mountain. https://abenteuer-berg.de/en/kim-hong-bin-without-fingers-on-13-eight-thousanders/.
92. ↑ "Nima Gyalzen Sherpa becomes the 6th Nepali in the 14 Peaks club". everestchronicle.com. 11 August 2022. https://everestchronicle.com/nima-gyalzen-sherpa-becomes-the-6th-nepali-in-the-14-peaks-club/.
93. ↑ "Nima Gyalzen completes 14 peaks as Grace Tseng, Kristin Harila scale G-I". thehimalayantimes.com. 11 August 2022. https://thehimalayantimes.com/ampArticle/1014468.
94. ↑ Benavides, Angela (2023-04-26). "Dong Hong Juan Climbs Shishapangma; May Be the First Woman to Summit all 14 8,000'ers » Explorersweb". https://explorersweb.com/dong-hong-juan-shishapangma-first-woman/.
95. ↑ "China's Dong becomes first woman to conquer all 14 peaks above-8,000m" (in en). 2023-05-01. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202305/01/WS644fb676a310b6054fad0a6f.html.
96. ↑ "Kristin Harila scales Mount Shishapangma". everestchronicle.com. 26 April 2023. https://everestchronicle.com/kristin-harila-scales-mount-shishapangma/.
97. ↑ "Kristin Harila completes 14 peaks as she scales Cho Oyu" (in en). 2023-05-03. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kristin-harila-completes-14-peaks-as-she-scales-cho-oyu.
98. ↑ "Sophie Lavaud, first French mountaineer to climb all the peaks over 8,000 m on the planet – Liberation". Time News. 26 June 2023. https://time.news/sophie-lavaud-first-french-mountaineer-to-climb-all-the-peaks-over-8000-m-on-the-planet-liberation/.
99. ↑ "Sophie Lavaud becomes first French person to climb world's highest peaks". RFI. 26 June 2023. https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20230626-sophie-lavaud-becomes-first-french-person-to-climb-world-s-highest-peaks.
100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Benavides, Angela (2023-06-26). "Nanga Parbat Summits » Explorersweb". https://explorersweb.com/nanga-parbat-summits/.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "A 17-year-old Nepali teenager scales the 'Killer Mountain'". 2023-06-26. https://everestchronicle.com/a-17-year-old-nepali-teenager-scales-the-killer-mountain/.
102. ↑ "Seven Summit Treks Tenjen Sherpa (Lama)". https://www.sevensummittreks.com/team/field-staffs/tenjen-sherpa-lama/.
103. ↑ Gopal Sharma (2023-07-27). "Norwegian woman, Nepali sherpa become world's fastest to climb all 14 tallest peaks" (in en). https://www.reuters.com/world/norwegian-woman-nepali-sherpa-become-worlds-fastest-climb-all-14-tallest-peaks-2023-07-27/.
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Dream Wanderlust (30 March 2021). "After K2 in Winter, Gelje Sherpa (28) aims to become the youngest to climb all 14 8Ks". DreamWanderlust.com. https://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/after-k2-in-winter-gelje-sherpa-aims-to-become-the-youngest-to-climb-all-14-8ks.
105. ↑ "Gelje Sherpa joins the 14 peak club with summit on Cho Oyu; Nima Rinji sets youngest climber record". everestchronicle.com. 6 October 2023. https://everestchronicle.com/gelje-sherpa-joins-the-14-peak-club/.
106. ↑ "Nepali and Pakistani Climbers Make History on Cho Oyu". whatthenepal.com. 6 October 2023. https://whatthenepal.com/2023/10/06/nepali-and-pakistani-climbers-make-history-on-cho-oyu/.
107. ↑ Stern, Jake (22 September 2023). "This Climber Just Became the Second American to climb Every 8,000 Meter Peak". https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/everest/this-climber-just-became-the-second-american-to-summit-every-8000-meter-peak/.
108. ↑ "Camandona completa la collezione degli ottomila, "quasi un gioco" - Notizie - Ansa.it" (in it). 2024-07-30. https://www.ansa.it/valledaosta/notizie/2024/07/30/camandona-completa-collezione-degli-ottomila-quasi-un-gioco_7382c518-03b1-493e-a7ff-97877769fcd2.html.
109. ↑ Annapurna, Kris (2024-07-30). "More Summits on K2, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II". https://explorersweb.com/more-summits-on-k2-broad-peak-gasherbrum-ii/.
110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.4 "Imagine Nepal: 11 climbers reach the true summit, where five of them complete all 14 highest peaks, and Mingma G sets an oxygen-free record." (in en). imagine-nepal.com. 2024-10-04. https://imagine-nepal.com/shishapangma-summit-2024.
111. ↑ "写真家・石川直樹さん、ヒマラヤ8000ｍ峰全14座を制覇…最後のシシャパンマに登頂". Yomiuri Shimbun. 7 October 2024. https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20241007-OYT1T50135/.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Benavides, Angela (2024-10-07). "Tracee Metcalfe Becomes First U.S. Woman to Climb the World's Highest Peaks » Explorersweb". https://explorersweb.com/tracee-metcalfe-becomes-first-u-s-woman-to-climb-the-worlds-highest-peaks/.
113. ↑ "Sirbaz Khan becomes first Pakistani to conquer 14 world's highest peaks" (in en-US). https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/39357-sirbaz-khan-becomes-first-pakistani-to-conquer-14-worlds-highest-peaks.
114. ↑ "Sirbaz to become first Pakistani to summit 14 eight-thousanders" (in en-US). 2024-10-03. https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/sirbaz-to-become-first-pakistani-to-summit-14-eight-thousanders/.
115. ↑ "Sirbaz Khan to Become First Pakistani Mountaineer to Summit All 14 Eight-Thousanders". 3 October 2024. https://propakistani.pk/2024/10/03/sirbaz-khan-to-become-first-pakistani-mountaineer-to-summit-all-14-eight-thousanders/.
116. ↑ 116.00 116.01 116.02 116.03 116.04 116.05 116.06 116.07 116.08 116.09 116.10 "Seven Summit Treks announces 100% summit success on Shisha Pangma" (in en). thehimalayantimes.com. 2024-10-09. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/seven-summit-treks-announce-100-summit-success-on-shisha-pangma.
117. ↑ "Mario Vielmo come Messner, l'alpinista ha conquistato anche l'ultimo Ottomila" (in it). Corriere della Sera. 10 October 2024. https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/notizie/vicenza/cronaca/24_ottobre_10/mario-vielmo-come-messner-ha-conquistato-anche-l-ultimo-ottomila-2e3cf537-0e2e-47f6-9b31-c2daa301fxlk.shtml?refresh_ce.
118. ↑ "Face the Mountains, Face Yourself: Watanabe Naoko / Mountaineer, Nurse". NHK. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/shows/2105181/.
119. ↑ "日本人女性初「8000m峰」全14座を制覇 登山家・渡邊直子さん（43）衝撃の苦労話も". Yahoo Japan News. https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/d238fed6b7ad7204d208063de498db47e631cdfb.
120. ↑ "Reuşită în Himalaya. Adrian Laza, alt optmiar cucerit. "Este un alt fel de om. Nu face parte din această lume" FOTO" (in ro). 2023-05-30. https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/piatra-neamt/reusita-in-himalaya-adrian-laza-alt-optmiar-2271473.html.
121. ↑ https://www.nimsdai.com/post/breaking-kathmandu-celebration-for-nimsdai-team-and-fellow-record-breaking-
122. ↑ "Tenjen, Ming Temba, And Pasang Nurbu Sherpa Completed Ascent Of Mt Manaslu" (in en). 2023-09-22. https://tourismmail.com/news/detail/102716/.
123. ↑ "Nima Rinji Sherpa becomes youngest to summit 14 highest peaks" (in en-US). 2024-10-09. https://everestchronicle.com/nima-rinji-sherpa-becomes-youngest-to-summit-14-highest-peaks/.
124. ↑ "Shehroze Kashif sets record as youngest Pakistani to summit top 14 peaks" (in en). 2024-10-09. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2501668/shehroze-kashif-sets-record-as-youngest-pakistani-to-summit-all-14-peaks.
125. ↑ "Shehroze Kashif becomes youngest Pakistani to summit world's 8,000m peaks" (in en). 9 October 2024. https://www.dawn.com/news/1864091.
126. ↑ "Shehroze Kashif Becomes Youngest Pakistani To Summit All 8,000M Mountains" (in en). 2024-10-09. https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Oct-2024/shehroze-kashif-becomes-youngest-pakistani-to-summit-all-8-000m-mountains.
127. ↑ Maciej Skorupa (2024-10-09). "Pierwsza Polka z Koroną Himalajów i Karakorum! To się naprawdę stało, brawo!" (in pl). przegladsportowy.onet.pl. https://przegladsportowy.onet.pl/wspinaczka-sportowa/pierwsza-polka-z-korona-himalajow-i-karakorum-to-sie-naprawde-stalo-brawo/l0sk2zq.
128. ↑ "Shisha Pangma: Dorota Rasińska-Samoćko wchodzi na szczyt i zdobywa Koronę Himalajów i Karakorum" (in pl). wspinanie.pl. 2024-10-09. https://wspinanie.pl/2024/10/shisha-pangma-dorota-rasinska-samocko-korona/.
129. ↑ "Nima Rinji becomes world's youngest to scale all 14 peaks" (in en). 2024-10-09. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nima-rinji-becomes-worlds-youngest-to-scale-all-14-peaks.
130. ↑ Benavides, Angela (2024-09-28). "No Oxygen Claims Create Uncertainty on Shisha Pangma » Explorersweb". https://explorersweb.com/no-oxygen-claims-create-uncertainty-on-shisha-pangma/.
131. ↑ "Youngest person to climb the higher 8,000ers (male)" (in en-GB). https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/771970-youngest-person-to-climb-the-higher-8-000ers-male.
132. ↑ "More than a dozen newcomers to the list of climbers with all 14 eight-thousanders" (in en). 2024-10-09. https://abenteuer-berg.de/en/more-than-a-dozen-newcomers-to-the-list-of-climbers-with-all-14-eight-thousanders/.
133. ↑ "Nimsdai - BREAKING: Kathmandu celebration for Nimsdai team and fellow record-breaking Nepalis" (in en). https://www.nimsdai.com/post/breaking-kathmandu-celebration-for-nimsdai-team-and-fellow-record-breaking-nepalis.
134. ↑ "Adriana Brownlee becomes youngest female climber to complete 14 peaks" (in en-US). 2024-10-09. https://everestchronicle.com/adriana-brownlee-becomes-youngest-female-climber-to-complete-14-peaks/.
135. ↑ https://www.si.com/onsi/adventure/mountaineering-feed-page/british-army-veterans-make-mountaineering-history-with-summit-of-shishapangma-
136. ↑ https://www.si.com/onsi/adventure/mountaineering-feed-page/celebrations-held-in-kathmandu-recognizing-nepalis-mountaineers-accomplishments
137. ↑ https://www.si.com/onsi/adventure/mountaineering-feed-page/celebrations-held-in-kathmandu-recognizing-nepalis-mountaineers-accomplishments-
138. ↑ Sherifi, Elife (2019-07-23). "Uta Ibrahimi 'pushton' vargmalet e Pakistanit, vajza e parë në histori nga Ballkani" (in sq). https://2lonline.com/uta-ibrahimi-pushton-vargmalet-e-pakistanit-vajza-e-pare-ne-histori-nga-ballkani/.
139. ↑ "Uta Ibrahimi, the first Kosovar to conquer the Himalayas" (in en-US). 2017-05-22. https://balkaneu.com/uta-ibrahimi-the-first-kosovar-to-conquer-the-himalayas/.
140. ↑ "From Macedonia to the Summits: Dr. Kedev Joins Mountaineering's Elite Club" (in en-US). https://everesttoday.com/from-macedonia-to-summits-dr-kedev-joins-mountaineerings-elite-club/.
141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 "Hesamifard becomes first Iranian woman to summit all 14 peaks above 8000m" (in en-US). https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/519104/Hesamifard-becomes-first-Iranian-woman-to-summit-all-14-peaks/.
142. ↑ https://www.mountainlifemedia.ca/2025/04/nikol-kovalchuk-and-the-true-explorers-grand-slam/
143. ↑ https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/23/469735/
144. ↑ "AdventureStats – by Explorersweb". http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/10-13_8000er.shtml.
145. ↑ Russianclimb.com, Mountaineering World of Russia & CIS. "Vladislav Terzyul, List of ascents". http://www.russianclimb.com/persons/terzyul.html.
146. ↑ "Sad results on Makalu and Unanswered Questions: 1 missing climber and 1 passed away on Makalu". Everestnews2004.com. http://www.everestnews2004.com/everestnews4/missingonmaklau2004.htm.
147. ↑ "Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb – More dark clouds mounting on Anna summit push; Miss Oh's Kanchen summit "disputed" after renewed accusations". Explorersweb.com. 26 April 2010. http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19284.
148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 "New doubts over Korean Oh Eun-Sun's climbing record, Hawley to investigate". BBC News. 27 August 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10266282.
149. ↑ What would appear to be the most serious blow to Miss Oh, on 26 August this year the Korean Alpine Federation, the nation's largest climbing association, concluded that Miss Oh had not reached the top of Kangchenjunga."Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985–2014". Elizabeth Hawley. 2014. p. 394. http://www.himalayandatabase.com/downloads/EAH Seasonal Stories.pdf.
150. ↑ "Desnivel; Carlos Pauner consigue la cima del Everest". Desnivel.com. http://desnivel.com/expediciones/carlos-pauner-consigue-la-cima-del-everest.
151. ↑ "Carlos Pauner is not sure if they hit the top of the Shisha Pangma (8,027)". lainformacion.com. 18 February 2016. https://www.lainformacion.com/deporte/alpinismo-montanismo/carlos-pauner-no-tiene-claro-si-hollaron-la-cima-del-shisha-pangma-8-027_RtasCrUfYbQZ3CoKnrTlJ3/.
152. ↑ "CCTV; 罗静等23名中国登山者登顶希夏邦马峰". CCTV. 29 September 2018. http://sports.cctv.com/2018/09/29/ARTI8SX3cn1pzRqEScSdzaSU180929.shtml.
153. ↑ "The Himalayan Times; Four Chinese climbers complete all 14 peaks above 8,000m this autumn". The Himalayan Times. 29 September 2018. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/four-chinese-climbers-complete-all-14-above-8000-metre-peaks-this-autumn/.
154. ↑ "Luo Jing no alcanzó la cima principal del Shisha Pangma" (in es). Desnivel.com. 4 October 2018. https://www.desnivel.com/expediciones/luo-jing-cuarta-mujer-con-los-14x8000-y-en-tiempo-record/.
155. ↑ I have summited Cho Oyu 4 times and will be heading for my fifth this coming season. Each time I have watched the Koreans and Japanese go only to where they can see Everest, not the summit because they know this is what will be asked."Cho Oyu summit: Where is it exactly". Explorersweb.com. September 2017. https://explorersweb.com/2017/05/09/cho-oyu-summit-where-is-it-exactly-2017-05-09-60289/.
156. ↑ Many people who climb Cho Oyu in Tibet stop at a set of prayer flags with views of Everest and believe they’ve reached the top, unaware they still have to walk for 15 minutes across the summit plateau until they can see the Gokyo Lakes in Nepal."When is a summit not a summit?". Mark Horrell. 12 November 2014. http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/when-is-a-summit-not-a-summit/.
157. ↑ "Asia, Tibet, Cho Oyu and Shisha Pangma Central (West) Summit". American Alpine Journal. 1991. http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199129002/Asia-Tibet-Cho-Oyu-and-Shisha-Pangma-Central-West-Summit.
158. ↑ Keeper of the Mountains: The Elizabeth Hawley Story. Rocky Mountain Books. 5 October 2012. pp. 185–195. ISBN 978-1927330159.
159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 159.3 159.4 Franz, Derek (20 July 2022). "Researchers challenge historical records for 8000-meter peaks". https://alpinist.com/newswire/researchers-challenge-historical-records-for-8000-meter-peaks/.
160. ↑ Dewan Rai (19 September 2022). "The Debate Over Manaslu's Summit Is Over. Now, Hundreds of Climbers Want to Reach It.". outsideonline.com. https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/everest/manaslu-summit-debate-record-climbers/.
161. ↑ Richard Gray (23 August 2013). "The new peaks opened as alternatives to Mount Everest". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/mounteverest/10260776/The-new-peaks-opened-as-alternatives-to-Mount-Everest.html. "Nepal"
162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 162.2 Navin Singh Khadka (18 October 2013). "Nepal mountain peak expansion bid stalls". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24571309.
163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 "Do we really need more 8000m peaks". Mark Horrell. 23 October 2013. https://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2013/do-we-really-need-more-8000m-peaks/. "The most prominent one, Broad Peak Central is just 196m high and the least prominent, Lhotse Middle, is a meagre 60m. To put this in context, the highest mountain in Malta is 253m, while the Eiffel Tower stands a whopping 300m."
164. ↑ "A funny name for a mountain". Mark Horrell. 4 June 2014. http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/a-funny-name-for-a-mountain/.
165. ↑ "UIAA Mountain Classification: 4,000ERS OF THE ALPS". UIAA. March 1994. https://www.theuiaa.org/mountaineering/mountain-classification/. "Topographic criterium: for each summit, the level difference between it and the highest adjacent pass or notch should be at least 30 m (98 ft) (calculated as average of the summits at the limit of acceptability). An additional criterium can be the horizontal distance between a summit and the base of another adjacent 4000er."
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 Eberhard Jurgalski. "Dominance". 8000ers.com. http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/dominance-mainmenu-178.html. "Accordingly, the author introduced altitude classes (AC) and a proportional prominence, which he named orometrical dominance (D). D is calculated easily but fittingly: (P/Alt) x 100. Thus, it indicates the percentage of independence for every elevation, no matter what the altitude, prominence or mountain type it is. From a scientific point of view, altitude could be seen as the thesis, prominence as the antithesis, whereas dominance would be the synthesis."

## External links

* 8000ers.com, a site dedicated to statistics on 8000m peaks and climbs
* PeakBagger.com World 8000-meter Peaks, a database of global peaks
* The Himalayan Database, statistics on Nepalese Himalayan (but not Pakistan Himalaya) climbs from 1905 to 2018
* AdventureStats.com (High Altitude Mountaineering)[Usurped!], a site dedicated to recording adventure statistics
* NASA Earth Observatory: The Eight-Thousanders

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