Embankment (earthworks)

Short description: Wall or bank to carry a road or rail over low ground or water's edge

A diagram showing an embankment Disbanded West Somerset Mineral Railway embankment near Gupworthy, UK Cream-colored concrete abutment marks a gap in an embankment and gives vertical support to the dark red trestle bridge, and to the fill of the bridge approach embankment. To reduce the metal cost of the bridge here it is further supported by erecting metal piers.

A road, railway line, or canal is normally raised onto an embankment made of compacted soil (typically clay or rock-based) to avoid a change in level required by the terrain, the alternatives being either to have an unacceptable change in level or detour to follow a contour. A cutting is used for the same purpose where the land is originally higher than required.

## Contents

* 1 Materials
* 2 Intersection of embankments
* 3 Notable embankments
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
* 6.1 Works cited

## Materials

Embankments are often constructed using material obtained from a cutting. Embankments need to be constructed using non-aerated and waterproofed, compacted (or entirely non-porous) material to provide adequate support to the formation and a long-term level surface with stability. An example material for road embankment building is sand-bentonite mixture often used as a protective to protect underground utility cables and pipelines. [1]

## Intersection of embankments

To intersect an embankment without a high flyover, a series of tunnels can consist of a section of high tensile strength viaduct (typically built of brick and/or metal) or pair of facing abutments for a bridge.

## Notable embankments

* Burnley Embankment: The largest canal embankment in Britain.
* Harsimus Stem Embankment: The remains of a railway built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
* Stanley Embankment: A railway, road and cycleway that connects the Island of Anglesey and Holy Island, Wales. It carries the North Wales Coast Line and the A5 road.

## See also

* Causeway
* Cut and fill
* Cut (earthmoving)
* Fill dirt
* Grade (slope)
* Land reclamation
* Levee
* Roadbed
* Track bed
* Retaining wall

## References

1. ↑ Zakarka, Mindaugas; Skuodis, Šarūnas; Šiupšinskas, Giedrius; Bielskus, Juozas (1 January 2021). "Compressive strength and thermal properties of sand–bentonite mixture" (in en). Open Geosciences 13 (1): 988–998. doi:10.1515/geo-2020-0289. ISSN 2391-5447. Bibcode: 2021OGeo...13..289Z.

## External links

* Federal Highway Administration Design Manual: Deep Mixing for Embankment and Foundation Support Federal Highway Administration

### Works cited

* Scott, J., Loveridge, F., & O'Brien, A. S. (2007). of climate and vegetation on railway embankments[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}].

* v
* t
* e

Geotechnical engineering

Investigation|

| In situ|

* Cone penetration test
* Standard penetration test
* Groundwater monitoring
* Well
* Piezometer
* Borehole
* Crosshole sonic logging
* Nuclear densometer test
* Static load testing
* Trial pit
* Exploration geophysics

|

Laboratory|

* Atterberg limits
* California bearing ratio
* Direct shear test
* Hydrometer
* Proctor compaction test
* R-value
* Sieve analysis
* Triaxial shear test
* Hydraulic conductivity tests
* Water content tests

Soil|

| Materials|

* Clay
* Silt
* Sand
* Gravel
* Peat
* Permafrost
* Loam
* Loess

|

Properties|

* Soil classification
* Hydraulic conductivity
* Water content
* Void ratio
* Bulk density
* Thixotropy
* Reynolds' dilatancy
* Angle of repose
* Cohesion
* Porosity
* Permeability
* Specific storage

Mechanics|

* Effective stress
* Pore water pressure
* Shear strength
* Overburden pressure
* Consolidation
* Compaction
* Shear wave
* Lateral earth pressure

Foundations|

* Shallow
* Deep
* Bearing capacity
* Dynamic load testing
* Pile integrity test
* Wave equation analysis
* Statnamic load test

Retaining walls|

* Gabion
* Ground freezing
* Mechanically stabilized earth
* Pressure grouting
* Slurry wall
* Soil nailing
* Tieback

Stability|

* Slope
* analysis
* mass wasting
* landslide
* Deformation monitoring
* automated

Earthquakes|

* Soil liquefaction
* Response spectrum
* Seismic hazard
* Ground–structure interaction

Geosynthetics|

* Geotextile
* Geomembrane
* Geosynthetic clay liner
* Cellular confinement

Numerical analysis|

* SEEP2D
* STABL
* SVFlux
* SVSlope
* UTEXAS

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