Enchanted Rock

Enchanted Rock District

Enchanted Rock, as seen from the trail leading to its summit on a busy hiking day.

Highest point
Elevation| 1,825 ft (556 m) [1]
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 30°30′24″N 98°49′08″W﻿ / ﻿30.5065789°N 98.8189305°W﻿ / 30.5065789; -98.8189305 [2]
Geography

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Location| near Fredericksburg, Texas, United States
Geology
Mountain type| granite dome

Enchanted Rock Archeological District

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. Historic district

U.S. National Natural Landmark

Area| 1,643 acres (665 ha)
NRHP reference #| 84001740[3]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| August 29, 1984
Designated NNL| 1971

Enchanted Rock (16710 Ranch Rd 965, Fredericksburg TX) is a pink granite mountain located in the Llano Uplift approximately 17 miles (27 km) north of Fredericksburg, Texas and 24 miles (39 km) south of Llano, Texas, United States. Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, which includes Enchanted Rock and surrounding land, spans the border between Gillespie County and Llano County, south of the Llano River. Enchanted Rock covers approximately 640 acres (260 ha) and rises approximately 425 feet (130 m) above the surrounding terrain to elevation of 1,825 feet (556 m) above sea level. It is the largest pink granite monadnock in the United States. Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, a part of the Texas state park system, includes 1,644 acres (665 ha).[4] Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1936.[5] In 1971, Enchanted Rock was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.[6]

Enchanted Rock was rated in 2017 as the best campsite in Texas in a 50-state survey conducted by Msn.com.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Geology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Vandalism
* 3 Legends
* 4 Flora and fauna
* 5 Enchanted Rock State Natural Area and Conservation
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Geology

Geological exfoliation of granite at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area

The prominent granite dome is visible for many miles in the surrounding basin of the Llano Uplift. The weathered dome, standing above the surrounding plain is known to geologists as a monadnock. The rock is actually the visible above-ground part of a segmented ridge, the surface expression of a large igneous batholith, called the Town Mountain Granite[8] of middle Precambrian (1,082 ± 6 million years ago)[9] material that intruded into earlier metamorphic schist, called the Packsaddle Schist.[8] The intrusive granite of the rock mass, or pluton, was exposed by extensive erosion of the surrounding sedimentary rock, primarily the Cretaceous Edwards limestone, which is exposed a few miles to the south of Enchanted Rock.[8]

Enchanted Rock panorama

Full-width Enchanted Rock panorama

## History

View of Enchanted Rock from base camp Timeline of Enchanted Rock History [10][11]

Date  | Event
1838 |

* March 16, Anavato and Maria Martinez issued headright grant ownership

1841 |

* James Robinson, Texas politician, acquires property

1844 |

* James W. Robinson sells to Samuel Maverick, lawyer, politician and a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence.
* Samuel Maverick has the land surveyed for minerals.

1880–1881 |

* Samuel Maverick's widow sells to N. P. P. Browne

1886 |

* N. P. P. Browne sells to John R. Moss
* John R. Moss sells to J. D. Slator

1895 |

* J.D. Slator sells to two ranching brothers C. T. and A. F. Moss

1927 |

* C.T. Moss's son Tate Moss inherits and opens to tourism

1946 |

* Tate Moss sells to Albert Faltin, who later sells a half interest to Llano rancher Charles H. Moss, C. T.'s grandson

1970 |

* Declared a National Natural Landmark.[12]

1978 |

* Charles H. and Ruth Moss, by then having full rights, decide to sell the rock. First offer goes to the Texas Parks and Wildlife who are unable to afford the asking price.
* March 1, The Nature Conservancy, a private concern based in Arlington, Virginia, at the behest of Lady Bird Johnson, acquires the property for $1.3 million, and agrees to act as interim owner until State of Texas can take over, thus guaranteeing that the area will not be open to private development.
* March 7, The Nature Conservancy, deeds the land to the State of Texas with the agreement that Moss will continue to operate it until June 1 of that year. United States Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus tells Governor Dolph Briscoe that a Federal land and water conservation grant will be made available for purchase of the area when matched by state funds.

1984 |

* The State of Texas opens it as Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities.
* Enchanted Rock added to the National Register of Historic Places

Archaeological evidence indicates human visitation at the rock going back at least 11,000 years.

According to the book [13] The Enchanted Rock published in 1999 by Ira Kennedy [14][15]

> These hunter-gatherers had flint-tipped spears, fire, and stories. With these resources, some twelve thousand years ago, the first Texans became the wellspring of Plains Indian culture. On the basis of archaeological evidence, human habitation at Enchanted Rock can be traced back at least 10,000 years. Paleo-Indian projectile points, or arrowheads, 11–12,000 years old have been found in the area upstream and downstream from The Rock. The oldest authenticated projectile point found within the present day park is a Plainview point type, dating back 10,000 years.

The rock has been the subject of numerous geological surveys and paintings.

### Vandalism

In 2016, two citizens of San Marcos, Texas were arrested for vandalizing the "south face of the summit at Enchanted Rock State Park". The vandalism is a state felony in Texas, carrying a "sentence of 2 years in jail, and a fine of $10,000 if convicted."[16]

## Legends

Folklore of local Tonkawa, Apache and Comanche tribes ascribes magical and spiritual powers to the rock (hence the name 'Enchanted Rock'). While attempting to hide from Anglo settlers in the area, the natives would hide on the top two tiers of the rock, where they were invisible from the ground below. The first European to visit the area was probably Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1536. The Tonkawa, who inhabited the area in the 16th century, believed that ghost fires flickered at the top of the dome. In particular they heard unexplained creaking and groaning, which geologists attribute to the rock's night-time contraction after being heated by the sun during the day. The name "Enchanted Rock" derives from Spanish and Anglo-Texan interpretations of such legends and related folklore; the name "Crying Rock" has also been given to the formation.

A plaque formerly embedded in Enchanted Rock near the top, but now removed to a kiosk below, reads:[17]

> From its summit in 1841, Captain John C. Hays, while surrounded by Comanche Indians who cut him off from his ranging company repulsed the whole band and inflicted upon them such heavy losses that they fled.

> --Marked by the State of Texas 1936

Other legends [18] [19] associated with Enchanted Rock are

* Named "Spirit Song Rock" for native legends
* Revered by native tribes as a holy portal to other worlds
* Anyone spending the night on the rock becomes invisible
* Spanish priest fled to the rock pursued by native tribes, disappeared, and returned to tell a mystic tale of falling into a cavern and being swallowed by the rock, encountering many spirits in the tunnels, eventually to be spit out two days later
* Haunted by spirits of warriors of a now-extinct Native American tribe who were slaughtered at Enchanted Rock by a rival tribe
* Haunted by a Native American princess who threw herself off the rock after witnessing the slaughter of her people
* Alleged sacrifices at the rock by both Comanche and Tonkawa tribes
* Believed to be a lost silver mine, or the lost El Dorado gold
* Bad fortune and death will befall anyone who climbs the rock with bad intent
* Footprint indentations on the rock of Native American chief who sacrificed his daughter, condemned to walk Enchanted Rock forever
* Woman's screams at night are of a white woman who took refuge on Enchanted Rock after escaping a kidnapping by Native Americans
* Spanish soldier Don Jesús Navarro's Enchanted Rock rescue of native maiden Rosa, daughter of Chief Tehuan, after her kidnap by Comanches intent on sacrificing her on the rock

## Flora and fauna

View of Little Rock Sedum growing on top of Enchanted Rock near a vernal pool. A vernal pool on Enchanted Rock Vernal pool at the top of Enchanted Rock in 1998.

More than 500 species of plants,[20] from four chief plant communities — open oak woodland, mesquite grassland, floodplain, and granite rock community — inhabit the rock. Vernal pools, ecologically threatened depressions of flora and fauna adapted to harsh environments, contain fragile invertebrate fairy shrimp. Other wildlife includes bats, ringtails, squirrels, and fox. A wide variety of lizards, including the Texas horned lizard also make the Enchanted Rock area their home.

Designated a key bird watching site,[21] bird enthusiasts can observe wild turkey, greater roadrunner, golden-fronted woodpecker, Woodhouse's scrub jay, canyon towhee, rufous-crowned sparrow and black-throated sparrow, lesser goldfinch, common poorwill, chuck-will's-widow, black-chinned hummingbird, vermilion flycatcher, scissor-tailed flycatcher, Bell's vireo and yellow-throated vireo, blue grosbeak, painted bunting, orchard oriole, vesper sparrow, fox sparrow, Harris's sparrow and Lark sparrow.

## Enchanted Rock State Natural Area and Conservation

Entrance to caves on backface

Park activities include caving,[22] hiking, primitive backpack camping, rock climbing and picnicking. The Summit Trail[23] is the most popular hiking path.

The Granite Gripper is an annual rock climbing competition that acts as a fund raiser for park conservation through the Friends of Enchanted Rock.[24]

Emphasis is placed on activity safety and ecological preservation. Visitors are asked to keep human incursion at a minimum by not disturbing plants, animals or artifacts.[25]

The top of the rock

Federal and state statutes, regulations and rules governing archeological and historic sites apply.[26] The state Game Warden as a commissioned peace officer is authorized to inspect natural resources and take any necessary action for the preservation of the resources.[27] As of March 1, 2016, dogs are not allowed on the summit trail anymore.

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department partners with Friends of Enchanted Rock,[28] a volunteer-based nonprofit organization that works for the improvement and preservation of Enchanted Rock State Natural Area. Scheduled Summit Trail tours are the third Saturday of the month starting April, May, September, October, November, and December. Private tours are available for groups at other times.

## See also

* Albert, Texas
* Cherry Springs Dance Hall
* Doss, Texas
* Easter Fire
* Fredericksburg, Texas
* Harper, Texas
* Llano, Texas
* Luckenbach, Texas
* Spy Rock
* Stonewall, Texas
* Texas Hill Country
* List of National Natural Landmarks in Texas
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Gillespie County, Texas
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Llano County, Texas

## References

1. ↑ "Enchanted Rock, Texas". http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=26954.
2. ↑ "Enchanted Rock". United States Geological Survey. https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1357019.
3. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP.
4. ↑ "State Natural Area, Enchanted Rock". Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/enchanted_rock/. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
5. ↑ "Details for Enchanted Rock (Atlas Number 5171010035)". Texas Historical Commission. https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5171010035. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
6. ↑ "National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nnlandmarks/site.htm?Site=ENRO-TX. ""Year designated: 1971""
7. ↑ "The best campsite in every state". Msn.com. http://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/the-best-campsite-in-every-state/ss-BBCaSA8?ocid=spartanntp#image=19. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Barnes, V.E., Hartmann, Barbara and Scranton, D.F., 1992, Geologic map of Texas: University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, scale 1:500000. [1]
9. ↑ Walker, Nicholas, Middle Proterozoic geologic evolution of Llano uplift, Texas: Evidence from U-Pb zircon geochronometry, Geological Society of America Bulletin 1992;104;494–504
10. ↑ Kohout, Martin Donell: State Natural Area, Enchanted Rock from the Handbook of Texas Online.  Retrieved 06 May 2010. Texas State Historical Association
11. ↑ "History, Enchanted Rock State Natural Area". Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/enchanted_rock/#hist. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
12. ↑ "National Landmark, Enchanted Rock". National Park Service. http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/Texas/NNL/ER/index.cfm. Retrieved 6 May 2010. National Park Service
13. ↑ "History, The Enchanted Rock". TexFiles. http://www.texfiles.com/enchantedrocktexas/enchantedrockhistory/partone.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2010. TexFiles
14. ↑ "Kennedy, Ira – Bio". TexFiles. http://www.texfiles.com/irakennedy/index.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2010. TexFiles
15. ↑ "Kennedy, Ira – Articles". TexFiles. http://www.texfiles.com/irakennedy/articles.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2010. TexFiles
16. ↑ "Suspects in Enchanted Rock Vandalism Arrested". April 6, 2016. https://www.kvue.com/mobile/article/news/crime/suspects-in-enchanted-rock-vandalism-arrested/122946733. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
17. ↑ "Hays, John C. – Plaque". Alison Chains – Flickr. https://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://farm1.static.flickr.com/171/424588254_875afef0ff.jpg?v=0&imgrefurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/alison_chains/424588254/&usg=__2Wyq3dEj_DYlBeYaKuo-ZlHN1qU=&h=334&w=500&sz=114&hl=en&start=8&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=z0hJEtAIS-AcoM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=enchanted+rock+plaque&um;=1&hl;=en&client;=firefox-a&rls;=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbs;=isch:1. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
18. ↑ Kohout, Martin Donell: Legends, Enchanted Rock from the Handbook of Texas Online.  Retrieved 06 May 2010. Texas State Historical Association
19. ↑ "Legends & History of Sacred Enchanted Rock". Scribd. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091123053510/http://www.scribd.com/doc/21751527/The-Legends-History-of-Sacred-Enchanted-Rock. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Texas Tourism Press
20. ↑ "Photo Experience and Plant Life, Enchanted Rock". Enchanted Rock State Natural Area. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100427023148/http://www.enchantedrockstatenaturalarea.com/enchanted-rock-photo-experience-and-plant-life/. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Enchanted Rock State Natural Area
21. ↑ "Bird Watching Sites, Enchanted Rock State Natural Area". Trails.com. http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.aspx?trailid=XFA044-031. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Trails.com
22. ↑ "Caving at Enchanted Rock State Park (a video tour)". Morning Star Productions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9LCapEbMt4. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Morning Star Productions
23. ↑ "Summit Trail, Enchanted Rock". Austin Explorer. http://www.austinexplorer.com/Locations/ShowLocation.aspx?LocationID=1712. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Barron, Robert
24. ↑ "Friends of Enchanted Rock". https://friendsofenchantedrock.com/. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
25. ↑ "Information Brochure, Enchanted Rock State Natural Area". Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_p4507_0119l.pdf. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
26. ↑ "Federal-State statutes, regulations, rules". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120102180527/http://www.thc.state.tx.us/rulesregs/rrdefault.shtml. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
27. ↑ "Game Warden". Texas Parks and Wildlife. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/warden/. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
28. ↑ "Friends of Enchanted Rock". Friends of Enchanted Rock. http://www.friendsofenchantedrock.com/. Retrieved 29 Sep 2010.

## Further reading

* Dobie, J Frank; Estill, Julia (1995). "The Enchanted Rock in Llano County". Legends of Texas: Volume II: Pirates' Gold and Other Tales. Pelican Publishing. pp. 78–82. ISBN 978-1-56554-073-6.
* Allred, Lance (2009). Enchanted Rock: A Natural and Human History. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71963-7.
* Moore, Stephen L (2007). "Enchanted Rock and Bird's Fort". Savage Frontier: 1840–1841: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-228-4.

## External links

* Enchanted Rock State Natural Area
* Texas Parks official web page
* Enchanted Rock from the Handbook of Texas Online
* E-Rock: Virtual Trip to Enchanted Rock
* Technical rock climbing at Enchanted Rock

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