Geologic timeline of Western North America

The geological timeline of Western North America includes significant geological events over millions of years in the evolution of Western North America, including several tectonic plate interactions involving the North American Plate and leading to the formation of various mountain ranges and seaways. Most of these events occurred during the Mesozoic Era (252 to 66 million years ago) and the Cenozoic Era (from 66 million years ago).

## Timeline

Dates in the table are approximate ("Ma" = millions of years ago).

Date  | Period/Epoch  | Event

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350 Ma  | Devonian | An unnamed terrane collides and accretes to the North American Plate, along a line roughly coinciding with the Nevada–Utah border and called the Carlin Unconformity.
250 Ma  | Permian | The Sonomia Terrane collides and accretes to the North American Plate, along a line called the Golconda Thrust (also the name of the event) which runs through central Nevada.
200 Ma  | Triassic | Sierra Nevada batholith first develops.
180 Ma  | Jurassic | The Intermontane Plate collides with the Pacific Northwest, the remnants of which form the Intermontane Belt today.
165 Ma  | Jurassic  | The Smartville Block, an island arc terrane, collides and accretes to the North American Plate, along a line which coincides with the Mother Lode country of California.
140 Ma  | Jurassic  | Second wave of plutons added to Sierra batholith.
115 Ma  | Cretaceous | The Insular Plate collides with the Pacific Northwest. The remnants of that terrane comprise the Insular Belt today, of which Vancouver Island is a part.
90 Ma  | Cretaceous  | Third and last wave of plutons added to Sierra batholith.
51 Ma  | Eocene | The Siletzia Plate collides with the Pacific Northwest, forming the coast of much of Washington and Oregon
43 Ma  | Eocene | The Pacific Plate changes its direction of motion from north to northwest.
35 Ma  | Eocene  | Rio Grande Rift begins to form.
20 Ma  | Miocene  | San Andreas Fault comes into being as the North American Plate begins splitting the Farallon Plate in two.
17 Ma - 14 Ma  | Miocene  | Columbia River Basalt Group Forms.
8 Ma  | Miocene  | Onset of faulting creating the Basin and Range geologic province.
5 Ma  | Miocene - Pliocene  | Northward propagation of the East Pacific Rise into the North American Plate initiates rifting off of the Baja California peninsula.
4 Ma  | Pliocene  | Sierra Nevada begins to rise.
3.5 Ma  | Pliocene  | The Pacific Plate changes its direction of motion about 11 degrees east of its previous heading, from northwest to the present northwest by north.

## External links

* Geologic History of California: A Brief Overview by Joel Michaelsen
* Dating of the Ages of Three Plutonic Episodes in the Sierra

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