Global Ocean Data Analysis Project

Short description: Synthesis project bringing together biogeochemical oceanographic data

The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data, featuring two major releases as of 2018. The central goal of GLODAP is to generate a global climatology of the World Ocean's carbon cycle for use in studies of both its natural and anthropogenically forced states. GLODAP is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation.

The first GLODAP release (v1.1) was produced from data collected during the 1990s by research cruises on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, Joint Global Ocean Flux Study and Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange Study programmes. The second GLODAP release (v2) extended the first using data from cruises from 2000 to 2013. The data are available both as individual "bottle data" from sample sites, and as interpolated fields on a standard longitude, latitude, depth grid.

## Contents

* 1 Dataset
* 2 Gallery
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Dataset

The GLODAPv1.1 climatology contains analysed fields of "present day" (1990s) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, carbon-14 (14C), CFC-11 and CFC-12.[1] The fields consist of three-dimensional, objectively-analysed global grids at 1° horizontal resolution, interpolated onto 33 standardised vertical intervals[2] from the surface (0 m) to the abyssal seafloor (5500 m). In terms of temporal resolution, the relative scarcity of the source data mean that, unlike the World Ocean Atlas, averaged fields are only produced for the annual time-scale. The GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the Arctic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and Maritime Southeast Asia.

Additionally, analysis has attempted to separate natural from anthropogenic DIC, to produce fields of pre-industrial (18th century) DIC and "present day" anthropogenic CO
2. This separation allows estimation of the magnitude of the ocean sink for anthropogenic CO
2, and is important for studies of phenomena such as ocean acidification.[3][4] However, as anthropogenic DIC is chemically and physically identical to natural DIC, this separation is difficult. GLODAP used a mathematical technique known as C* (C-star)[5] to deconvolute anthropogenic from natural DIC (there are a number of alternative methods). This uses information about ocean biogeochemistry and CO
2 surface disequilibrium together with other ocean tracers including carbon-14, CFC-11 and CFC-12 (which indicate water mass age) to try to separate out natural CO
2 from that added during the ongoing anthropogenic transient. The technique is not straightforward and has associated errors, although it is gradually being refined to improve it. Its findings are generally supported by independent predictions made by dynamic models.[3][6]

The GLODAPv2 climatology largely repeats the earlier format, but makes use of the large number of observations of the ocean's carbon cycle made over the intervening period (2000–2013).[7][8] The analysed "present-day" fields in the resulting dataset are normalised to year 2002. Anthropogenic carbon was estimated in GLODAPv2 using a "transit-time distribution" (TTD) method (an approach using a Green's function).[9][8] In addition to updated fields of DIC (total and anthropogenic) and alkalinity, GLODAPv2 includes fields of seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω; omega). The latter is a non-dimensional number calculated by dividing the local carbonate ion concentration by the ambient saturation concentration for calcium carbonate (for the biomineral polymorphs calcite and aragonite), and relates to an oceanographic property, the carbonate compensation depth. Values of this below 1 indicate undersaturation, and potential dissolution, while values above 1 indicate supersaturation, and relative stability.

## Gallery

The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv1.1. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-day" is approximately the 1990s.

Pre-industrial DIC | "Present day" DIC | "Present day" anthropogenic CO

|
|

"Present day" alkalinity | "Present day" CFC-11 | "Present day" CFC-12

The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv2. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-day" is normalised to 2002. Note that these properties are shown in mass units (per kilogram of seawater) rather than the volume units (per cubic metre of seawater) used in the GLODAPv1.1 panels.

Surface ocean pre-industrial DIC concentration, GLODAPv2 | Surface ocean present-day DIC concentration, GLODAPv2 | Surface ocean anthropogenic CO2 concentration, GLODAPv2

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Surface ocean present-day total alkalinity, GLODAPv2 | Surface ocean present-day pH, GLODAPv2 | Surface ocean present-day omega calcite, GLODAPv2

## See also

* Biogeochemical cycle
* Biological pump
* Continental shelf pump
* Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
* Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
* Ocean acidification
* Solubility pump
* World Ocean Atlas
* World Ocean Circulation Experiment

## References

1. ↑ Key, R.M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C.L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J., Feely, R.A., Millero, F., Mordy, C. and Peng, T.-H. (2004). A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from GLODAP. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB4031
2. ↑ Standardised intervals are at 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 m
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Orr, J. C. et al. (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681–686
4. ↑ Raven, J. A. et al. (2005). Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Royal Society, London, UK
5. ↑ Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J.L. and Stocker, T.F. (1996). An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO
2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10:809– 837
6. ↑ Matsumoto, K.; Gruber, N. (2005). "How accurate is the estimation of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean? An evaluation of the DC* method". Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19 (3). doi:10.1029/2004GB002397. Bibcode: 2005GBioC..19.3014M.
7. ↑ Olsen, A.; Key, R.M.; van Heuven, S.; Lauvset, S.K.; Velo, A.; Lin, X.; Schirnick, C.; Kozyr, A. et al. (2016). "The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean". Earth System Science Data 8 (2): 297–323. doi:10.5194/essd-8-297-2016. Bibcode: 2016ESSD....8..297O.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lauvset, S.K.; Key, R.M.; Olsen, A.; van Heuven, S.; Velo, A.; Lin, X.; Schirnick, C.; Kozyr, A. et al. (2016). "A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2". Earth System Science Data 8 (2): 325–340. doi:10.5194/essd-8-325-2016. Bibcode: 2016ESSD....8..325L.
9. ↑ Waugh, D.W.; Hall, T.M.; McNeil, B.I.; Key, R.; Matear, R.J. (2006). "Anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans estimated using transit-time distributions". Tellus 58B (5): 376–390. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00222.x. Bibcode: 2006TellB..58..376W.

## External links

* GLODAP website, Bjerknes Climate Data Centre
* GLODAP v1.1 website, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* GLODAP v2 website, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

* v
* t
* e

Physical oceanography

Waves|

* Airy wave theory
* Ballantine scale
* Benjamin–Feir instability
* Boussinesq approximation
* Breaking wave
* Clapotis
* Cnoidal wave
* Cross sea
* Dispersion
* Edge wave
* Equatorial waves
* Fetch
* Gravity wave
* Green's law
* Infragravity wave
* Internal wave
* Iribarren number
* Kelvin wave
* Kinematic wave
* Longshore drift
* Luke's variational principle
* Mild-slope equation
* Radiation stress
* Rogue wave
* Rossby wave
* Rossby-gravity waves
* Sea state
* Seiche
* Significant wave height
* Soliton
* Stokes boundary layer
* Stokes drift
* Stokes wave
* Swell
* Trochoidal wave
* Tsunami
* megatsunami
* Undertow
* Ursell number
* Wave action
* Wave base
* Wave height
* Wave power
* Wave radar
* Wave setup
* Wave shoaling
* Wave turbulence
* Wave–current interaction
* Waves and shallow water
* one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
* shallow water equations
* Wind wave
* model

Circulation|

* Atmospheric circulation
* Baroclinity
* Boundary current
* Coriolis force
* Coriolis–Stokes force
* Craik–Leibovich vortex force
* Downwelling
* Eddy
* Ekman layer
* Ekman spiral
* Ekman transport
* El Niño–Southern Oscillation
* General circulation model
* Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
* Geostrophic current
* Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
* Gulf Stream
* Halothermal circulation
* Humboldt Current
* Hydrothermal circulation
* Langmuir circulation
* Longshore drift
* Loop Current
* Modular Ocean Model
* Ocean dynamics
* Ocean gyre
* Princeton ocean model
* Rip current
* Subsurface currents
* Sverdrup balance
* Thermohaline circulation
* shutdown
* Upwelling
* Whirlpool
* World Ocean Circulation Experiment

Tides|

* Amphidromic point
* Earth tide
* Head of tide
* Internal tide
* Lunitidal interval
* Perigean spring tide
* Rip tide
* Rule of twelfths
* Slack water
* Tidal bore
* Tidal force
* Tidal power
* Tidal race
* Tidal range
* Tidal resonance
* Tide gauge
* Tideline
* Theory of tides

Landforms|

* Abyssal fan
* Abyssal plain
* Atoll
* Bathymetric chart
* Coastal geography
* Cold seep
* Continental margin
* Continental rise
* Continental shelf
* Contourite
* Guyot
* Hydrography
* Oceanic basin
* Oceanic plateau
* Oceanic trench
* Passive margin
* Seabed
* Seamount
* Submarine canyon
* Submarine volcano

Plate
tectonics|

* Convergent boundary
* Divergent boundary
* Fracture zone
* Hydrothermal vent
* Marine geology
* Mid-ocean ridge
* Mohorovičić discontinuity
* Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
* Oceanic crust
* Outer trench swell
* Ridge push
* Seafloor spreading
* Slab pull
* Slab suction
* Slab window
* Subduction
* Transform fault
* Volcanic arc

Ocean zones|

* Benthic
* Deep ocean water
* Deep sea
* Littoral
* Mesopelagic
* Oceanic
* Pelagic
* Photic
* Surf
* Swash

Sea level|

* Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
* Future sea level
* Global Sea Level Observing System
* North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
* Sea-level curve
* Sea level rise
* World Geodetic System

Acoustics|

* Deep scattering layer
* Hydroacoustics
* Ocean acoustic tomography
* Sofar bomb
* SOFAR channel
* Underwater acoustics

Satellites|

* Jason-1
* Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission)
* Jason-3

Related|

* Argo
* Benthic lander
* Color of water
* DSV Alvin
* Marginal sea
* Marine energy
* Marine pollution
* Mooring
* National Oceanographic Data Center
* Ocean
* Ocean exploration
* Ocean observations
* Ocean reanalysis
* Ocean surface topography
* Ocean thermal energy conversion
* Oceanography
* Pelagic sediment
* Sea surface microlayer
* Sea surface temperature
* Seawater
* Science On a Sphere
* Thermocline
* Underwater glider
* Water column
* World Ocean Atlas

* Category
* Commons

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